Effects of Combined Organic-inorganic Fertilization on Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Maize under Equal Nitrogen Fertilization

The experiment was conducted in the abandoned land of Liangjia Village,Huayin City,Shaanxi Province from April to September 2019.The experimental crop was spring maize.A total of six treatments were set up in a randomized block design.The moisture content of the top 0-60 cm soil was determined regularly,and the yield and quality indices of maize at maturity were checked.The results show that:(i)combined organic-inorganic fertilization increased the yield of spring maize by 3%-8%.(ii)Compared with CK,fertilization treatments significantly improved the water use efficiency of spring maize,with an increase of 59.2%.The average water use efficiency of three combined organic-inorganic fertilization treatments was 27.81 kg/(ha·mm).Compared with CON,combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly improved the water use efficiency of spring maize,with an increase of 12.5%.(iii)The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased the moisture,total starch,crude protein and crude fat contents,and reduced crude fiber content of maize kernels.However,with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer,the crude protein content of maize kernels decreased.(iv)Yield of spring maize showed a significant parabolic relationship with soil water consumption.In summary,70%inorganic fertilizer+30%organic fertilizer is a scientific and reasonable way of fertilization.

Influence of Combinations of Pesticides and Fertilizers on Aquatic Productivity

We have examined the effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of widely used pesticides and fertilizers for rice paddy in Western Ghats regions of India on chlorophyll and zooplankton production using a laboratory mesocosm. Malathion (100 μg·L-1), Cypermethrin (25 μg·L-1), Nitrate-nitrogen (8 mg·L-1) and Phosphate-phosphorus (8 mg·L-1) in different combinations such as pesticide-pesticide and pesticide-fertilizer were tested in fully factorial manner for a period of 42 days. Study revealed that, chlorophyll production was supported by addition of fertilizers, while combinations of fertilizers with either one or two pesticides reduce the zooplankton density and diversity rendering chlorophyll concentration more than control groups. This could indicate the reason for eutrophication of ponds located in agro-ecosystems. Single application of combinations of pesticides (in spite of presence of fertilizers) even at low concentrations can produce severe negative effects on several taxonomic groups zooplankton living in small shallow water.

Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Black Soil Fertility and Maize Yield

By two years （2007-2008） located fertilizer experiment, the effect of long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on black soil fertility and crop yield was investigated in Shuangcheng City, Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could increase the organinc matter, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. At the same time, the increasing application of organic fertilizer could reduce the soil bulk density and improve the field moisture capacity. Field moisture capacity and organic matter of the combined application of high quantities of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers AtB5 treatment increased the fhstest, organic matter increased by 3.33 g. kg and field moisture capacity increased by 11.25% than the beginning of the experiment. Under the same fertilization, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers＇ increasing production range was higher than the single chemical fertilizers＇ which was from 0.8% to 9.4%. The results showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could increase the nutrient contents of soil and also was the highest productivity contribution to black soil fertility. It was the best fertilization structure of increasing productivity level and improving the soil fertility.

Advances in controlled-release fertilizer encapsulated by organic-inorganic composite membranes

Heavy use of conventional fertilizers can lead to negative environmental concerns.Controlled-release fertilizers(CRFs)can effectively reduce the amounts of fertilizers used,improve the availability of fer-tilizers,and which is conducive to the protection of the ecological environment and sustainable devel-opment of agriculture.Therefore,it is imperative to develop and use CRFs as an alternative to traditional fertilizers.This review aims to present the classification,raw material composition,benefits,release process,release mode,and manufacturing methods of fertilizers coated with organic-inorganic com-posite membranes(OICMs)in order to provide an overall update and summarize CRFs encapsulated by OICMs and provide an insight for future trends in the field of fertilizers.It is expected that utilizing CRFs encapsulated by OICMs and their characteristics for agricultural applications can provide innovative ideas and suggestions for developing novel CRFs suitable for modern and sustainable agriculture.

Effects of a Combined Application of Nitrogenous and Phosphorus Fertilizers on the Growth of Pinus radiata

In the arid valley of the upper reaches of the Minjiang river,combined application tests of nitrogenous and phosphorus fertilizers were conducted to the 1-year-old seedlings of Pinus radiate to investigate the appropriate amount of fertilization,so as to provide bases of fertilization management of young P.radiate in the arid val-ley.Different combined application amounts of nitrogenous and phosphorus were studied based on the randomized blocks design.The results showed that in comparing 3 treatment groups with the control,the first and second treatments significantly increased the ground diameter and height of P.radiate,while the third treatment merely significantly increased the ground diameter.Under the conditions of this study,the recommended fertilization amount was 30 g of urea and 150 g of calcium superphosphate per plant for the one-year-old P.radiate.

Selection of female parents with high fertility and high combining abilities for cross-breeding Populus tomentosa

To select maternal parents with high fertility and high combining ability during cross breeding of Populus tomentosa Carr., the ploidy level of 75 female clones was determined using flow cytometry. In addition, genetic variations and phenotypic correlations of seed traits and early growth traits, as well as the general combining ability(GCA) for seedling height(SH) and basal diameter(BD) of all diploid half-sib families were examined. A total of 26 natural triploid clones were identified. For all diploid families, family effects were significant for inflorescence length(IL), thousand kernel weight(TKW), seedling emergence rate(SER), and for SH and BD. There was a positive correlation between TKW and other traits,excluding IL. The seed-bearing coefficient(NS 9 SER)ranged from zero to 32.4%. Clones 3-10-2, 2-8, 3119,3206, and 3-10-1 had the best performance of the GCA for SH and BD. Based on the fertility and GCA for SH and BD, clone 3-10-2 and clone 3119 could be used as female parents for controlled cross-breeding of P. tomentosa.

Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizers on productivity of groundnut(Arachis hypogaea L.)varieties in East Hararghe,Eastern Ethiopia

Groundnut(Arachis hypogaea L.)is a high economic value oil crop commonly grown in low-land semi-arid areas of Ethiopia.The crop production is constrained by low soil fertility;however,the nutrient management practice has been given low attention.This study was therefore conducted during the main cropping season of 2015/2016 at Babile and Fedis sites of East Hararghe,Ethiopia to evaluate the growth,nodulation,and yield response of groundnut varieties to the application of combined mineral nitrogen,phosphorus,and vermicompost fertilizers,and zinc.Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three varieties(Ba-ha-Gudo,Ba-ha-Jidu,and Roba);three fertilizers combinations(0:0 kg N:POhawith no VC,46:46 kg N:POhawith no VC,and 46:46 kg N:POhawith 2.5 t VC ha);and three rates of Zn(0,5,and 10 kg Zn ha)in a randomized complete block design at both sites.The growth,nodulation,yield components,and yield data were subjected to analysis by SAS.The result revealed that plant height was significantly affected by variety and fertilizers combination,the number of branches plant-1affected by the interaction of variety and fertilizers combination while canopy spread and nodulation parameters were affected by the interaction of variety,fertilizers combination,and Zn rate.Pod plant-1and hundred seed weight,dry biomass,pod and seed yields,and seed oil content were significantly affected by the interaction of variety,fertilizers combination,and Zn rate.The highest dry biomass(7.26 t ha),pod(3.13 t ha),seed(2.16 t ha)yields and seed oil content(51.3%),net benefit($1704.2 ha)with a marginal rate of return of 242%were obtained from variety Ba-ha Gudo received the combined application of 46:46 kg N:POhaand 2.5 t VC hawith 5 kg Zn ha.Therefore,it can be concluded that the Ba-ha Gudo variety is preferably produced using the combined application of 46:46 kg N:POhaand 2.5 t VC hawith 5kg Zn hafor high productivity in the study sites and similar agro-ecologies.

Oligospermia due to partial maturation arrest responds to low dose estrogen-testosterone combination therapy resulting in live-birth: a case report

A man having severe oligospermia, due to partial maturation arrest at spermatid stage, was given low dose estrogen-testosterone combination therapy for three months. His sperm count increased enormously, following which his wife conceived and delivered a healthy baby at term.

Effects of Mixed Fertilizer Applications on Hay Yield of Alfalfa

[ Objective] To study the effects of combined application of different elements on alfalfa hay yield. [ Medthod] Potassium sulfate, ammonium chloride, superphosphate and magnesium oxide were applied to alfalfa field in the experiment, and quaternary quadratic regression orthogonal combination was used to examine the effects of the experiment factors on hay yield of alfalfa. [ Result] The order of targets based on the effects on hay yield is as follows： potassium sulfate 〉 ammonium chloride 〉 magnesium oxide 〉 superphosphate. Among them, the potassium sulfate had a significant impact on alfalfa hay yield. The interaction between potassium sulfate and magnesium oxide also had a significant impact on alfalfa hay yield. [ Conclusion] The optimal cultivation measures for alfalfa hay yield of more than 19 224.6 kg/hm^2 are as follows： potassium sulfate, 163.253 - 181.679 kg/hm^2 ; ammonium chloride, 155.877 - 174.258 kg/hm^2 ; superphosphate, 566.177 - 632.924 kg/hm^2 ; and magnesium oxide, 30.060 - 33.628 kg/hm^2.

氮磷配施和化肥减施对小麦生长、养分利用及产量性状的影响

为明确氮磷配施和化肥减施对小麦生长、养分利用及产量性状的影响,以8个晋南主栽品种为材料,于2019—2021年开展水培和大田定位试验,水培试验设置4个氮磷水平(N 0.2 mmol·L^(-1)+P 0.1 mmol·L^(-1)、N 0.2 mmol·L^(-1)+P 2.5 mmol·L^(-1)、N 4 mmol·L^(-1)+P 0.1 mmol·L^(-1)、N 4 mmol·L^(-1)+P 2.5 mmol·L^(-1)),对不同小麦品种苗期性状进行初步考察筛选;大田试验设置常规施肥(CF)、化肥减施(FR)和不施肥(CK)3个处理,研究不同年型下化肥减施对小麦生长发育、养分利用及产量的影响。结果表明,水培条件下,不同氮磷水平品育8161株高、根长、植株干重、根干重及根冠比均最低;良星67在低磷时正常氮较低氮植株干重增幅仅为17.07%,根干重反而降低,且在正常氮磷时根冠比较低。大田生产条件下,2019—2020年度(丰水年)化肥减施处理下以品育8012、济麦22产量较高,二者差异不显著,邯农1412产量最低,仅为7520.18 kg·hm^(-2)。其中,山农20、中麦4072和邯农1412产量均表现为化肥减施显著低于常规施肥。2020—2021年度(干旱年)化肥减施处理下济麦22产量为6191.53 kg·hm^(-2),显著高于品育8012和石农086,其籽粒氮素积累量和磷素吸收效率均最高,分别为130.35 kg·hm^(-2)和0.79 kg·kg^(-1)。干旱年减施化肥导致小麦生育后期叶片早衰,显著降低成熟期干物质积累,但对茎秆形态特征影响较小。综上,晋南小麦-玉米轮作区小麦生育期基施纯N 180.0 kg·hm^(-2)、P_(2)O_(5)105.0 kg·hm^(-2)、K_(2)O34.5 kg·hm^(-2),拔节期追施纯N 60.0 kg·hm^(-2)时,丰水年品育8012和济麦22产量较高,干旱年济麦22产量最高,且化肥减施有利于提高济麦22开花前营养器官干物质贮藏再转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率和第3节间厚度。单纯的连年化肥减施在干旱年份会导致小麦产量的稳定性和可持续性降低。本研究结果为晋南麦区小麦稳产高效栽培提供了技术参考。

氮磷钾配施对茉莉花产量及花汛期的影响

为了探寻氮磷钾配施最佳方案,为茉莉花科学施肥提供参考,选择立地条件具有区域代表性的地块为试验地,以试验地原有种植的树龄15年的广西壮族自治区横州市主栽品种横州市双瓣茉莉为供试材料,采用“3414”试验设计开展施肥效应试验,研究氮磷钾配施对横州市茉莉花产量及花汛的影响,以明晰横州市茉莉花种植区域环境条件下鲜花产量对氮磷钾的需求差异,为茉莉花科学施肥及鲜花增产提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)广西横州市茉莉花种植试验地的土壤养分对横县双瓣茉莉生产而言,速效氮含量过剩,而有效磷和速效钾处于中等偏低水平;(2)在氮磷钾3种肥料的互作效应中,磷肥和钾肥的互作效应最高,其次为氮磷钾肥和氮钾肥的互作效应;(3)不同的施肥处理的茉莉花日产量消长同步,不同氮磷钾配施对茉莉花花汛期的影响不显著;(4)在茉莉花的稳定花期(6—9月)中,各月均有花汛期出现,其中,7月平均日产量最高,8月平均日产量最稳定;(5)氮磷钾配施对茉莉花产量有显著影响,影响由大到小为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥;(6)本研究中,三元二次方程拟合不成功,一元二次方程方面仅有N的效应方程拟合成功,P、K的效应方程均拟合失败,而在二元二次方程中,NP、NK、PK的3个效应方程均拟合成功;对拟合成功的方程进行求解,排除实际操作中无法达到的施肥量,综合考虑试验地土壤速效氮含量过剩及减少种植户的投资成本等因素,推荐施肥方式及施肥量为磷肥393.64 kg/hm^(2),钾肥381.59 kg/hm^(2)。

盐碱地水肥耦合对基质栽培番茄生长与产量品质的影响

为探究盐碱地水肥耦合对基质栽培番茄生长的影响,设置3组灌溉水平W1(268 mm),W2(201 mm),W3(161 mm)和3组施肥水平(N-P_(2)O_(2)-K_(2)O,kg/hm^(2))F1(260-200-220 kg/hm^(2)),F2(208-160-176 kg/hm^(2)),F3(156-120-132 kg/hm^(2)),共9组耦合处理,以无基质水肥组合作为对照组CK,基于温室大棚试验研究水肥耦合对盐碱地土壤盐分、基质栽培番茄株高茎粗、根系特征、产量与品质的影响,并构建遗传算法多目标优化模型确定盐碱地基质栽培番茄的最优水肥调控策略.结果表明:与CK相比,基质处理株高、茎粗、根系特征、水肥利用效率、产量与品质具有显著优势;基质处理土壤表层盐分含量较低,土壤剖面0~30 cm表现为积盐过程,30~60 cm表现为脱盐过程;通过AHP-CRITIC主客观组合赋权的VIKOR法对番茄产量、风味品质进行评价,处理W3F1的利益比率最小,产量与品质最佳;基于遗传算法多目标优化模型求解Pareto最优解,确定盐碱地基质栽培番茄的最佳水肥耦合策略为W3F2,研究可为盐碱地高品质果蔬的水肥科学管理提供理论依据.

氮磷钾配比施肥对短葶山麦冬生长及有效成分的影响

文章采用L_(9)(3^(4))正交设计的大田试验方法,研究氮磷钾配比施肥对短葶山麦冬生长状况、块根产量和有效成分的影响,以期为提高短葶山麦冬块根产量和品质的生产技术提供理论依据。氮磷钾不同配比施肥对短葶山麦冬的生长状况、块根产量和有效成分均有显著性影响,隶属函数分析证明,短葶山麦冬最优施肥方案为处理5(N_(2)P_(2)K_(3)),即N 345 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O(5)120 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 540 kg/hm^(2)。该处理的短葶山麦冬生长状况、块根产量和有效成分均表现最优,其株高、叶片数、分蘖数、单株块根鲜重、产量、多糖含量和皂苷C含量分别比对照组高45.83%、45.36%、45.91%、63.57%、57.97%、45.01%和35.71%。“中低”等级肥力条件下短葶山麦冬最佳施肥处理中氮磷钾配比为1∶0.35∶1.57,该配方可最大程度提高短葶山麦冬产量和有效成分含量,获得“中低”等级肥力条件下的短葶山麦冬最佳氮磷钾施肥配比。

半湿润偏旱区水肥耦合对大豆产量的影响

以洛阳市农林科学院长期定位14 a(2004年始)的水肥耦合试验为平台,于2017-2020年连续4 a采用二次饱和D—最优试验设计,对大豆产量及成产因素进行测定分析。探明半湿润偏旱区不同降水年景下大豆对水肥耦合的响应,为实现大豆增产及水分利用提供理论依据。结果表明:在大豆生育期干旱发生不同的4 a, 2017年苗期—花期,2018年荚期,2019年盛花期,2020年鼓粒期,大豆的产量趋势一致,同一年度产量随灌水量的增加而增加,在本试验条件下大于383 mm灌水能打破干旱的约束,可满足大豆的生长,使产量显著增加;氮肥对产量的影响较平缓,大体趋势是升-降-升-降,以N90达最大值。磷肥对产量影响更平缓,趋势与氮肥一致,4个年度以P84产量最高。3个因素影响大小为水>氮肥>磷肥。有效荚数对水肥的响应较敏感,百粒质量对水肥的响应较平稳。不同年景不同时期的干旱对大豆产量的影响要素不同,盛花期的干旱对有效荚数影响较大,荚期干旱对百粒质量影响最大,鼓粒期对产量影响较小;生产上应重视大豆花期和荚期的水分供应。

不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的影响

为探究不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥影响植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应,基于连续9年的田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF-1,当地常规推荐施肥)、80%化肥(CF-2)、80%化肥配施有机肥(OF-1)、60%化肥配施有机肥(OF-2)、70%化肥配施有机肥+生物有机肥(BOF)处理,对植烟土壤有机碳储量盈亏、固碳速率、有机碳组分含量、有机碳敏感指数、土壤碳库活度和土壤碳库管理指数进行对比,探讨不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应。与CF-1处理相比,连续不施肥(CK)处理植烟土壤有机碳组分、储量和土壤碳固存速率显著下降。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥的OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理,植烟土壤有机碳含量分别增加9.6%、20.9%和13.9%,土壤活性有机碳含量分别增加43.4%、68.0%和41.7%,土壤可溶性有机碳含量分别增加14.8%、19.1%和25.4%,土壤微生物量碳含量分别增加22.8%、37.2%和36.4%,土壤有机碳储量分别增加15.3%、30.2%和31.2%,年平均固碳速率分别提高191.3%、382.6%和391.3%,碳库管理指数分别提高100.8%、159.8%和79.6%。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥显著提升土壤活性有机碳敏感指数。与CF-1相比,OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理的烟叶产量分别提高10.3%、33.5%和35.3%,中上等烟叶比例分别提高14.6%、22.0%和18.0%。连续9年化肥减量配施有机肥显著提高植烟土壤有机碳组分含量和土壤有机碳固存速率,促进烟叶产质量提升,是烟叶绿色优质生产、农田土壤固碳增效的有效途径,以OF-2和BOF效应更好。

有机-无机肥配施对新疆核桃园土壤和叶片养分的影响

[目的]研究有机-无机肥配施对核桃园土壤和叶片养分的影响,筛选影响叶片养分的主要土壤化学因子,为新疆核桃园土壤养分资源高效管理提供科学依据。[方法]以新疆喀什地区叶城县核桃主栽区的10年生‘温185’核桃为研究对象,采用单因素完全随机区组设计,以当地主要的化肥施用类型(磷酸氢二铵和硫酸钾,YD)为对照,探究有机-无机肥配施(矿源黄腐酸钾和中量元素水溶肥,YZ)对核桃园土壤化学特性和叶片矿质元素的影响。[结果]与YD施肥措施相比,YZ处理显著降低了土壤pH、盐离子含量,提高了叶片矿质元素含量,但具有季节性差异。其中,5月,YZ处理显著提高了土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N(460.22%)、AK(46.46%)和叶片N(12.16%)、K(17.46%)、Zn(21.88%)元素含量;7月,YZ处理显著降低了土壤pH(2.21%)、EC(27.25%)、Cl^(-)-S(23.37%)、NH_(4)^(+)-N(61.09%)、AP(30.03%)、Na^(+)(13.24%)和叶片Cl^(-)-L(15.94%)元素含量(p<0.05),相反,显著提高了叶片N(4.16%)、P(13.25%)、Ca(20.73%)、Mg(44.04%)、Na(66.67%)、Fe(24.62%)、Mn(52.47%)、B(31.85%)元素含量(p<0.05);9月,YZ处理显著降低了土壤EC(20.45%)、NH_(4)^(+)-N(37.31%)、AP(21.74%)、Na^(+)(11.36%)含量(p<0.05),相反,显著提高了OM(22.17%)、NO_(3)^(-)-N(59.09%)、AK(56.47%)含量(p<0.05)。线性回归分析结果表明,土壤pH、Na+和Cl^(-)-S是新疆核桃园中影响核桃叶片矿质元素含量的重要土壤化学因子,增施有机肥并且降低土壤pH,有利于叶片N、P、K、Na、Fe、Zn元素的积累。[结论]YD处理提高了土壤EC、Na^(+)、Cl^(-)-S、NH_(4)^(+)-N等盐离子含量,长期施用可能会加剧新疆核桃园的土壤盐渍化水平;YZ处理可显著降低土壤pH、Na^(+)、EC、NH_(4)^(+)-N等盐离子含量,提高了叶片N、P、K、Fe等矿质元素含量,建议在新疆核桃主栽区核桃园,7月之前可通过有机-无机肥配施降低土壤盐渍化水平来减轻盐碱危害,同时平衡叶片矿质元素含量,而应尽量避免长期单一施用化肥。

灌溉与有机肥处理对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

探究不同灌溉量和有机无机肥配施的组合处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响,为冬小麦的科学施肥管理提供参考。以关中地区冬小麦‘小偃22’为研究对象,通过田间试验,采用等氮原则对有机肥与无机肥进行不同比例配施(F1,100%无机肥;F2,24%有机肥+76%无机肥;F3,48%有机肥+52%无机肥),结合2个水平的灌溉(充分灌溉W1和亏缺灌溉W2),共设计6个灌溉施肥组合处理(W1F1、W1F2、W1F3、W2F1、W2F2和W2F3)。通过测定冬小麦的生长指标(植株株高和叶面积指数)、0~200 cm土层土壤体积含水率(以20 cm为深度间隔)和小麦的产量及构成要素(干物质量、穗长、有效穗数、千粒质量和籽粒产量),分析灌水量与有机无机肥配施对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:(1)充分灌溉(W1)条件下,F2、F3处理株高较F1处理分别提高3.4%~21.2%和0.8%~15.9%,叶面积指数提高5.7%~18.5%和16.8%~47.4%,干物质量提高12.1%~26.1%和21.1%~36.0%,穗长提高12.5%和14.5%,有效穗数提高6.6%和9.3%,千粒质量提高18.3%和24.4%,籽粒产量提高14.8%和28.6%,WUE提高14.6%和27.5%;亏缺灌溉(W2)条件下,与F1处理相比,F2、F3处理株高分别提高8.5%~16.2%和0.5%~10.6%,叶面积指数提高4.9%~20.7%和17.0%~50.0%,干物质量提高7.7%~25.7%和15.0%~34.6%,穗长提高12.3%和18.5%,有效穗数提高7.4%和18.0%,千粒质量提高15.3%和25.1%,籽粒产量提高13.1%和31.8%,WUE提高21.4%和35.2%。在相同灌溉水平下,有机无机肥配施处理可以提高土壤体积含水率。(2)W2F2处理对冬小麦株高增长最有效,灌浆期达最大值,较W1F1处理增长10.4%;W2F3处理对冬小麦叶面积指数、干物质量、穗长、有效穗数、千粒质量影响最大,成熟期较W1F1处理分别提高23.6%、39.0%、20.3%、18.4%和33.1%。(3)W2F3处理对冬小麦籽粒产量和WUE的影响最为显著,W1F1、W1F2、W1F3、W2F1和W2F2处理籽粒产量分别提高了35.5%、18.0%、5.3%、31.8%和16.6%;W1F1、W1F2、W1F3、W2F1和W2F2处理WUE分别提高了52.6%、33.2%、19.7%、35.2%和21.4%。亏缺灌溉与48%有机肥+52%无机肥组合处理的冬小麦籽粒产量和WUE最高,该灌溉施肥管理方案为关中平原及环境相似地区冬小麦的科学施肥管理提供了科学依据。

有机无机肥配施对西北地区不同土壤类型氮素矿化影响

为揭示不同施肥措施和土壤类型对我国西北地区典型农田土壤氮素矿化特征的影响,通过室内恒温好气培养法,分别研究不施肥(CK)、单施尿素(U)、单施有机肥(M)和尿素配施有机肥(U+M)施肥模式对土壤氮素矿化动态过程的影响,并对土壤累积矿化氮量进行一级动力学方程拟合及相关性分析。结果表明,施肥和土壤类型均显著影响土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量和累积矿化氮量,且两者之间存在显著的交互作用。不同类型土壤累积矿化氮量和矿化速率由大到小依次为塿土、黄绵土、黄河灌淤土、灰棕漠土。与CK处理相比,不同施肥处理显著增加土壤累积矿化氮量、矿化速率常数(k)和矿化势(N0),处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。单施尿素和尿素配施有机肥处理的累积矿化氮量和矿化速率分别较CK处理增加2.83~6.71倍和3.83~7.70倍。相关分析表明,土壤累积矿化氮量与土壤有机质含量和全氮含量呈显著正相关关系。研究结果表明,有机无机肥配施处理可显著促进西北地区不同土壤类型氮素矿化,提高氮素有效性和供氮能力,有利于保持土壤矿质氮含量,对农田氮素高效利用有重要作用。

化肥减量配施有机肥对粤西地区水稻产量和养分利用的影响

针对水稻生产过程中化肥施用过量、养分吸收利用率低和面源污染风险高等问题,通过研究化肥减量配施有机肥对植株养分吸收量、肥料偏生产力、土壤养分平衡以及水稻产量的影响,提出稳产条件下适宜的化肥施用量以及有机无机肥配比措施,以期为水稻化肥减量增效与土壤培肥提供理论依据。本研究于2021年在粤西地区早稻生长季开展田间试验,研究了当地4种优化施肥方式:优化施肥处理(OPT)、增有机肥处理+化肥减量处理1(OM1)、增施有机肥处+化肥减量处理2(OM2)、增施有机肥处+化肥减量处理3(OM3)对水稻产量、肥料偏生产力以及养分平衡的影响,从生产目标、环境效应和土壤肥力进行综合评价。结果表明:不同施肥方式下水稻籽粒产量和谷杆比分别在5667~5967 kg/hm^(2)和1.09~1.31之间,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥偏生产力分别在30.4~47.2、96.0~122.1、47.2~105.9 kg/kg之间;农田氮素、磷素、钾素表观平衡在54.2~115.3、17.1~29.8、1.2~67.0 kg/hm^(2)之间。4种施肥措施氮素、磷素和钾素平衡均处于盈余状态。在增施有机肥的处理中,随着化肥施用量的降低,水稻籽粒产量、谷杆比、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥偏生产力、磷素吸收率、钾素吸收率逐渐增加,氮素、磷素、钾素表观平衡逐渐降低。各有机肥替代处理秸秆钾素含量、钾肥偏生产力均显著高于OPT处理(P<0.05)。与农户常规施肥措施相比,优化施肥和增施有机肥措施均可以起到稳产效果,并且谷杆比、籽粒和秸秆含磷量、含钾量均较农户常规施肥措施提高。结合谷杆比、磷、钾肥偏生产力考虑,OM3处理效果最好;从氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收率、土壤中氮素表观盈余率和产投比考虑OPT处理效果最好。

不同施肥模式对越南油茶饼的总多酚含量和抗氧化活性的影响

为探究不同施肥模式对越南油茶饼总多酚含量和抗氧化活的影响,完善海南地区越南油茶施肥措施,促进越南油茶产业健康发展。设置常量复合肥(M1)、减量复合肥+蚯蚓土(M2)、减量复合肥+蚯蚓土+生物肥(M3),减量复合肥+中微量元素缓释肥(M4),减量复合肥+植物调节剂专用复合肥(M5)以及不施肥的对照组(CK)6组不同的施肥模式,测定不同施肥模式下越南油茶饼提取物的总多酚的含量,同时应用FRAP法、DPPH自由基清除法、羟基自由基(—OH)清除法以及ABTS自由基清除法测得其抗氧化活性。结果表明:M1、M3、M4处理的越南油茶饼总多酚含量以及抗氧化活性均较CK高,其中,处理M4的总多酚含量以及抗氧化活性最高。此外,在施用复合肥的基础上增施中微量元素缓释肥能够进一步增强越南油茶饼的总多酚含量和抗氧化活性。因此,在实际生产中可以通过施用复合肥搭配中微量元素缓释肥提高越南油茶饼的品质。