Reversion of Bioluminescent Bacteria (Mutatox^(TM)) toTheir Luminescent State upon Exposure to OrganicCompounds, Munitions, and Metal Salts

Mutatox is a new genotoxicity bioassay which uses as the endpoint the bioluminescence produced on reversion of a dark strain of the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri ±S9.Reversion can occur by several mechanisms, including base substitution, frame-shift, SOS induction, and DNA intercalation. For screening, Mutatox provides many advantages over the Salmonella trphimurium (Ames) assay: it requires minimal sterility, employs a shorter incubation period, and does not require culture maintenance. Eighteen organic chemicals (phenol, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrotoluenes, others), Na3PO4, and 4 genotoxic metals (Cu2+, Ni2+, As3+, Cd2+) were tested. Most of the organic compounds positive in S. typhimurium assays were positive in Mutatox. None of the metals was genotoxic in V. fischeri, possibly due to poor uptake from the saline medium

Emission of oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)during the aerobic decomposition of orange wastes

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds（OVOCs） emitted from orange wastes during aerobic decomposition were investigated in a laboratory-controlled incubator for a period of two months. Emission of total OVOCs（TOVOCs） from orange wastes reached 1714 mg/dry kg（330 mg/wet kg）. Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 2-butanone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant OVOC species with shares of 26.9%, 24.8%, 20.3%, 13.9%, 2.8%and 2.5%, respectively, in the TOVOCs released. The emission fluxes of the above top five OVOCs were quite trivial in the beginning but increased sharply to form one ＂peak emission window＂ with maximums at days 1-8 until leveling off after 10 days. This type of ＂peak emission window＂ was synchronized with the CO2 fluxes and incubation temperature of the orange wastes, indicating that released OVOCs were mainly derived from secondary metabolites of orange substrates through biotic processes rather than abiotic processes or primary volatilization of the inherent pool in oranges. Acetaldehyde instead had emission fluxes decreasing sharply from its initial maximum to nearly zero in about four days,suggesting that it was inherent rather than secondarily formed. For TOVOCs or all OVOC species except 2-butanone and acetone, over 80% of their emissions occurred during the first week, implying that organic wastes might give off a considerable amount of OVOCs during the early disposal period under aerobic conditions.

Optimized porous clay heterostructure for removal of acetaldehyde and toluene from indoor air

Adsorption is the most widely used technology for the removal of indoor volatile organic compounds （VOCs）. However, existing adsorbent-based technologies are inadequate to meet the regulatory requirement, due to their limited adsorption capacity and efficiency, especially under high relative humidity （RH） conditions. In this study, a series of new porous clay heterostructure （PCH） adsorbents with various ratios ofmicropores to mesopores were synthesized, characterized and tested for the adsorp- tion of acetaldehyde and toluene. Two of them, PCH25 and PCH50, exhibited markedly improved adsorption capabil- ity, especially for hydrophilic acetaldehyde. The improved adsorption was attributed to their large micropore areas and high micropore-to-mesopore volume ratios. The amount of acetaldehyde adsorbed onto PCH25 at equilibrium reached 62.7 mg. g-l, eight times as much as the amount adsorbed onto conventional activated carbon （AC）. Even at a high RH of 80%, PCH25 removed seven and four times more of the acetaldehyde than AC and the unmodified raw PCHs did, respectively. This new PCH optimized for their high adsorption and resistance to humidity has promising applications as a cost-effective adsorbent for indoor air purification.