The development of various artificial electronics and machines would explosively increase the amount of information and data,which need to be processed via in-situ remediation.Bioinspired synapse devices can store and...The development of various artificial electronics and machines would explosively increase the amount of information and data,which need to be processed via in-situ remediation.Bioinspired synapse devices can store and process signals in a parallel way,thus improving fault tolerance and decreasing the power consumption of artificial systems.The organic field effect transistor(OFET)is a promising component for bioinspired neuromorphic systems because it is suitable for large-scale integrated circuits and flexible devices.In this review,the organic semiconductor materials,structures and fabrication,and different artificial sensory perception systems functions based on neuromorphic OFET devices are summarized.Subsequently,a summary and challenges of neuromorphic OFET devices are provided.This review presents a detailed introduction to the recent progress of neuromorphic OFET devices from semiconductor materials to perception systems,which would serve as a reference for the development of neuromorphic systems in future bioinspired electronics.展开更多
Because charge carriers of many organic semiconductors(OSCs)exhibit fractional drift diffusion(Fr-DD)transport properties,the need to develop a Fr-DD model solver becomes more apparent.However,the current research on ...Because charge carriers of many organic semiconductors(OSCs)exhibit fractional drift diffusion(Fr-DD)transport properties,the need to develop a Fr-DD model solver becomes more apparent.However,the current research on solving the governing equations of the Fr-DD model is practically nonexistent.In this paper,an iterative solver with high precision is developed to solve both the transient and steady-state Fr-DD model for organic semiconductor devices.The Fr-DD model is composed of two fractionalorder carriers(i.e.,electrons and holes)continuity equations coupled with Poisson’s equation.By treating the current density as constants within each pair of consecutive grid nodes,a linear Caputo’s fractional-order ordinary differential equation(FrODE)can be produced,and its analytic solution gives an approximation to the carrier concentration.The convergence of the solver is guaranteed by implementing a successive over-relaxation(SOR)mechanism on each loop of Gummel’s iteration.Based on our derivations,it can be shown that the Scharfetter–Gummel discretization method is essentially a special case of our scheme.In addition,the consistency and convergence of the two core algorithms are proved,with three numerical examples designed to demonstrate the accuracy and computational performance of this solver.Finally,we validate the Fr-DD model for a steady-state organic field effect transistor(OFET)by fitting the simulated transconductance and output curves to the experimental data.展开更多
Background: The health of chickens and the welfare of poultry industry are central to the efforts of addressing global food security. Therefore, it is essential to study chicken immunology to maintain and improve its...Background: The health of chickens and the welfare of poultry industry are central to the efforts of addressing global food security. Therefore, it is essential to study chicken immunology to maintain and improve its health and to find novel and sustainable solutions. This paper presents a study on investigation of the effect of Scutellaria baicalensis root(SBR) on the immune response of broiler chicken, especially on lymphocytes and heterophils reactivity, regarding their contribution to the development of immunity of the chickens.Methods: The 121-day-old Hubbard Hi-Y male broiler hybrids were randomly assigned to four treatment groups,three SBR supplemented groups(0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of SBR) and one control group. Each treatment was replicated five times with six birds per replicate pen in a battery brooder. Blood was collected after 3-(rd) and 6-(th)wk of the experiment, and hemoglobin and hematocrit values were determined, as well as total leukocyte count and differential count were performed. Nitroblue tetrazolium test and phagocytosis assay as nonspecific immune parameters and humoral immune responses to the antigenic challenge by sheep red blood cells were performed.Moreover, the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to form radial segmentation(RS) of their nuclei was analyzed.Body weight and relative weight of spleen, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were recorded.Results: Results showed that mean heterophile/lymphocyte ratio increased in the SBR groups compared to the control group and the blood of the chickens showed lymphocytic depletion. The results also demonstrated that the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen in groups fed with SBR significantly decreased compared to the control group. This study also showed that the addition of SBR significantly inhibited the formation of RS of nuclei compared to some cytotoxic substances.Conclusion: We found that SBR supplementation should be carefully evaluated when given to poultry. The excess intake of SBR supplementation may cause immunologic inhibition and may negatively affect the development of immune organs. SBR has inhibited the formation of radial segmentation nuclei showing antimetastatic properties and also the phagocytosis of chicken heterophils.展开更多
This paper proposes an effective method of fabricating top contact organic field effect transistors by using a pho- tolithographic process. The semiconductor layer is protected by a passivation layer. Through photolit...This paper proposes an effective method of fabricating top contact organic field effect transistors by using a pho- tolithographic process. The semiconductor layer is protected by a passivation layer. Through photolithographic and etching processes, parts of the passivation layer are etched off to form source/drain electrode patterns. Combined with conventional evaporation and lift-off techniques, organic field effect transistors with a top contact are fabricated suc- cessfully, whose properties are comparable to those prepared with the shadow mask method and one order of magnitude higher than the bottom contact devices fabricated by using a photolithographic process.展开更多
Recent progress in organic spintronics is given an informative overview, covering spin injection, detection, and trans-port in organic spin valve devices, and the magnetic field effect in organic semiconductors (OSCs...Recent progress in organic spintronics is given an informative overview, covering spin injection, detection, and trans-port in organic spin valve devices, and the magnetic field effect in organic semiconductors (OSCs). In particular, we focus on our own recent work in spin injection and the organic magnetic field effect (OMFE).展开更多
We present a study of magnetocaloric effect of the quasi-two-dimensional(2D) ferromagnet(CH_3NH_3)_2CuCl_4 in ab plane(easy-plane). From the measurements of magnetic field dependence of magnetization at various ...We present a study of magnetocaloric effect of the quasi-two-dimensional(2D) ferromagnet(CH_3NH_3)_2CuCl_4 in ab plane(easy-plane). From the measurements of magnetic field dependence of magnetization at various temperatures,we have discovered a large magnetic entropy change associated with the ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition. The heat capacity measurements reveal an abnormal adiabatic change below the Curie temperature T_c^8.9 K, which is caused by the nature of quasi-2D layered crystal structure. These results suggest that perovskite organic–inorganic hybrids with a layered structure are suitable candidates as working substances in magnetic refrigeration technology.展开更多
The optical microcavity effect of the homo-tandem solar cells is explored utilizing the transfer matrix method. Ultrathin silver can reduce the deadzone effect compared with graphene and PH1000, and leads to a factor ...The optical microcavity effect of the homo-tandem solar cells is explored utilizing the transfer matrix method. Ultrathin silver can reduce the deadzone effect compared with graphene and PH1000, and leads to a factor of 1.07 enhancement for an electrical field in a metal microcavity. The enhancement is considered to be the fact that strong exciton-photon coupling occurs in the microcavity due to ultrathin Ag. On the basis of the optical enhancement effect, optical behaviors are manipulated by varying the microcavity length. It is confirmed that ultrathin silver can serve as an ideal interconnection layer as the active layer is ~ 150nm thick and the thickness ratio between front and rear active layers lies between 1:1 and 1:2.展开更多
-Study on the effects of microorganism secretive membrane and covering layer of macrofouling organisms-Balanus reticulatus, Ostrea plicatula, Membranipora, Corophium and Algae on the corrosion of carbon steel and low-...-Study on the effects of microorganism secretive membrane and covering layer of macrofouling organisms-Balanus reticulatus, Ostrea plicatula, Membranipora, Corophium and Algae on the corrosion of carbon steel and low-alloy steel by the determination of natural corrosive potentials, linear polarization and the polarization curver of dynamic potential scanning through an electrochemical equipment.The results show that the microorganism secretion membrane formed on sample surface has some protective role, during the initial period of exposure (about ten days). Then protective role decreases and corrosive rate increases with the lapse of immersion time. The protective role of some macrofouling organisms is shown in order as follows: Corophium> Balanus reticulatus>Algae>Membranipora>Ostrea plicatula.展开更多
Hydrogen sulfide is an important acid rain precursor and this led us to investigate the kinetics of its oxidation in aqueous phase by atmospheric oxygen.The kinetics was followed by measuring the depletion of oxygen i...Hydrogen sulfide is an important acid rain precursor and this led us to investigate the kinetics of its oxidation in aqueous phase by atmospheric oxygen.The kinetics was followed by measuring the depletion of oxygen in a reactor.The reaction was studied under pseudo order conditions with[H2S]in excess.The kinetics followed the rate law:-d[O_(2)]/dt=k[S][O_(2)]_(t)(A)Where[S]represents the total concentration of hydrogen sulfide,[O_(2)]_(t)is the concentration of oxygen at time t and k is the second order rate constant.The equilibria(B-C)govern the dissolution of H_(2)S;the sulfide ion in water forms different species:H_(2)S K1→←HS^(-)+H_(+)(B)HS^(-)K2→←S^(2-)+H^(+)(C)Where K_(1)and K_(2)are first and second dissociation constants of H_(2)S.Although,H_(2)S is present as undissociated H_(2)S,HS^(-)and S^(2-)ions,nature of[H^(+)]dependence of reaction rate required only HS^(-)to be reactive and dominant.The rate law(A)on including[H^(+)]dependence became Equation(D).-d[O_(2)]/dt=k_(1)K_(1)[H^(+)][S][O_(2)]_(t)/([H^(+)]^(2)+K_(1)[H^(+)]+K_(1)K_(2))(D)Our results indicate anthropogenic VOCs such as acetanilide,benzene,ethanol,aniline,toluene,benzamide,o-xylene,m-xylene,p-xylene and anisole to have no significant effect on the reaction rate and any observed small effect is within the uncertainty of the rate measurements.展开更多
The development of n-type semiconductor is still far behind that of p-type semiconductor on account of the challenges in enhancing carrier mobility and environmental stability.Herein,by blending with the polymers,n-ty...The development of n-type semiconductor is still far behind that of p-type semiconductor on account of the challenges in enhancing carrier mobility and environmental stability.Herein,by blending with the polymers,n-type ultrathin crystalline thin film was successfully prepared by the method of meniscus-guided coating.Remarkably,the n-type crystalline films exhibit ultrathin thickness as low as 5 nm and excellent mobility of 1.58 cm^(2) V^(-1) s^(-1),which is outstanding in currently reported organic n-type transistors.Moreover,the PS layer provides a high-quality interface with ultralow defect which has strong resistance to external interference with excellent long-term stability,paving the way for the application of n-type transistors in logic circuits.展开更多
The entropy balance equation that describes the entropy budget of atmospheric systems is derived from the Gibbs relation.The distribution of the entropy flows of a west-Pacific typhoon and a Bengal-Bay cyclone is calc...The entropy balance equation that describes the entropy budget of atmospheric systems is derived from the Gibbs relation.The distribution of the entropy flows of a west-Pacific typhoon and a Bengal-Bay cyclone is calculated and thus the dissipativity of the atmospheric systems is revealed.展开更多
Near-infrared organic phototransistors have wide application prospects in many fields.The active materials with the high mobility and near-infrared response are critical to building high-performance near-infrared orga...Near-infrared organic phototransistors have wide application prospects in many fields.The active materials with the high mobility and near-infrared response are critical to building high-performance near-infrared organic phototransistors,which are scarce at present.Herein,a new charge transfer cocrystal using 5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole(5,7-ICZ)as the donor and 2,2’-(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene-4,8-diylidene)dimalononitrile(DTTCNQ)as the acceptor is properly designed and prepared in a stoichiometric ratio(D:A=1:1),which not only displays a high electron mobility of 0.15 cm^(2)V^(-1)s^(-1) and very low dark current,but also can serve as the active layer materials in the region of near-infrared detection due to the narrowed band gap and good charge transport properties.A high photosensitivity of 1.8×10^(4),the ultrahigh photoresponsivity of 2,923 A W-1and the high detectivity of 4.26×10^(11)Jones of the organic near-infrared phototransistors are obtained.展开更多
Conjugated polymers with well-balanced ambipolar charge transport is essential for organic circuits at low cost and large area with simplified fabrication techniques.Aiming at this point,herein,a novel asymmetric thio...Conjugated polymers with well-balanced ambipolar charge transport is essential for organic circuits at low cost and large area with simplified fabrication techniques.Aiming at this point,herein,a novel asymmetric thiophene/pyridine-flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole-based copolymer(PPyTDPP-2FBT)is designed and synthesized.Due to the effect of incorporating F atoms on molecular energy alignment and conjugation conformation,the PPyTDPP-2FBT copolymer exhibits typical V-shaped ambipolar field-effect transfer characteristics with well-balanced hole and electron mobilities of 0.64 and 0.46 cm^(2)V^(−1)s^(−1),respectively.Furthermore,organic digital and analog circuits such as inverters and frequency doublers are successfully constructed based on solution-processed films of the PPyTDPP-2FBT copolymers which show a typical circuit operating mode with a high gain of 133 due to the well-balanced electrical properties.In addition,PPyTDPP-2FBT-based devices also demonstrate good stability and batch repeatability,suggesting their great potential applications in organic integrated electronic circuits.展开更多
We have investigated the properties of C60-based organic field effect transistors(OFETs) with a tris(8- hydroxyquinoline) aluminum(Alq3) buffer layer inserted between the source/drain electrodes and the active m...We have investigated the properties of C60-based organic field effect transistors(OFETs) with a tris(8- hydroxyquinoline) aluminum(Alq3) buffer layer inserted between the source/drain electrodes and the active material. The electrical characteristics of OFETs are improved with the insertion of Alq3 film.The peak field effect mobility is increased to 1.28×10^(-2) cm^2/(V·s) and the threshold voltage is decreased to 10 V when the thickness of the Alq3 is 10 nm.The reason for the improved performance of the devices is probably due to the prevention of metal atoms diffusing into the C60 active layer and the reduction of the channel resistance in Alq3 films.展开更多
Organic conjugated materials combining high conductivity with strong solid-state emission are highly desired for organic electronic applications,yet still rather rare.Herein,a novel luminogen(TEN)comprised by linking ...Organic conjugated materials combining high conductivity with strong solid-state emission are highly desired for organic electronic applications,yet still rather rare.Herein,a novel luminogen(TEN)comprised by linking naphthalene diimides and triphenyl ethylene with vinyl bridges is reported.TEN exhibits aggregation-induced emission(AIE)behavior of a strong nearinfrared fluorescence over 700 nm and the efficiency above 60.5%in the solid state,while also shows promising application in vivo bio-imaging with good permeability and extremely low background.Single crystal of TEN reveals intra-and intermolecular C–H…O hydrogen bonds,contributing to an inclined molecular stacking along the a-axis of the cell,creating a 1 D charge carrier transporting channel under a shortπ-πinteraction distance of 3.42?,which might benefit the solid emission and charge transport ability simultaneously.Solution processed bottom contact,top gate organic field effect transistors based on TEN reveal a high ambipolar charge transport ability with the hole mobility up to 0.13 cm2 V-1 s-1 and electron mobility up to0.010 cm2 V-1 s-1.Further atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis on TEN thin film confirm the existence of the1 Dπ-πstacking channel,suggesting the stacking geometry revealed in crystal crucial for facilitating high charge carrier mobility while preserving the strong solid emission at the same time.展开更多
A series of substituted para-, meta- and ortho-nitrophenyl derivatives of fulleropyrrolidine were synthesized to investigate the effects of the position of substitution on electronic properties by using steady-state a...A series of substituted para-, meta- and ortho-nitrophenyl derivatives of fulleropyrrolidine were synthesized to investigate the effects of the position of substitution on electronic properties by using steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra, combined with DFT calculations. The results confirmed that the position of substitution has little effect on absorption and fluorescence spectra, whereas a significant effect was observed on their LUMO energy levels. The theoretical calculations revealed that the LUMO energy of the ortho-nitrophenyl substituted derivative was increased 0.1 eV above those ofpara- and meta-substitution. The prominent effect ofortho-substitution was attributed to the through-space orbital interaction between spatially closed electron-withdrawing nitro group and fullerene cage. These findings could provide fundamental insights in raising LUMO levels of C6o-based electron acceptor materials and an alternative strategy to increase open circuit voltage Voc in polymer solar cells.展开更多
Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-P...Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was(2.30 ± 1.02) pg/g, and World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalency(WHO-TEQ) average concentration was(0.013 ± 0.010)pg WHO-TEQ/g. The average concentration of ∑PCBs(7 indicator PCB and 12 dioxin like-PCB congeners) was(16.2 ± 9.25) pg/g, and WHO-TEQ average concentration was 0.043 ±0.049 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Comparing to previous studies in similar environmental conditions,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in this study showed a relatively lower concentration. The altitude dependences of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also studied. Total organic carbon(TOC) normalized concentrations presented a quadratic relation with the altitudes, and an inflection could be found on the parabola of the total concentrations and some congeners of high concentration.The concentrations decreased with altitudes below about 4500 m above sea level(a.s.l.), while they increased with altitudes above it. These phenomena indicate that cold condensation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs would happen above 4500 m a.s.l, on the Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
The metal-conducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (m-SWNTs) with small diameters (0.7 nm-1.1 nm) are selectively removed from the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by using HNOJH2SO4 mixed solution. Semic...The metal-conducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (m-SWNTs) with small diameters (0.7 nm-1.1 nm) are selectively removed from the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by using HNOJH2SO4 mixed solution. Semiconducting single- walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) can be separated efficiently from the SWNTs with high controllability and purity based on this novel method, and the outcome is characterized by Raman spectrum. Moreover, the organic field effect transistors (OFETs) are fabricated based on the poly (3-hexylthiophene-2, 5-diyl) (P3HT), and untreated SWNTs and separated SWNTs (s-SWNTs) are mixed with P3HT, respectively. It could be found that the P3HT/s-SWNT device exhibits a better field effect characteristic compared with the P3HT device. The current on/off ratio is increased by 4 times, the threshold voltage is also increased from -28 V to -22 V, and the mobility is increased from 3 ~ 10.3 cmZNs to 5 x 10.3 cm2/Vs.展开更多
Determination of halogen-specific total organic halogen(TOX) is vital for studies of disinfection of waters containing bromide, since total organic bromine(TOBr) is likely to be more problematic than total organic...Determination of halogen-specific total organic halogen(TOX) is vital for studies of disinfection of waters containing bromide, since total organic bromine(TOBr) is likely to be more problematic than total organic chlorine. Here, we present further halogen-specific TOX method optimisation and validation, focusing on measurement of TOBr. The optimised halogen-specific TOX method was validated based on the recovery of model compounds covering different classes of disinfection by-products(haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles,halophenols and halogenated benzenes) and the recovery of total bromine(mass balance of TOBr and bromide concentrations) during disinfection of waters containing dissolved organic matter and bromide. The validation of a halogen-specific TOX method based on the mass balance of total bromine has not previously been reported. Very good recoveries of organic halogen from all model compounds were obtained, indicating high or complete conversion of all organic halogen in the model compound solution through to halide in the absorber solution for ion chromatography analysis. The method was also successfully applied to monitor conversion of bromide to TOBr in a groundwater treatment plant. An excellent recovery(101%)of total bromine was observed from the raw water to the post-chlorination stage. Excellent recoveries of total bromine(92%–95%) were also obtained from chlorination of a synthetic water containing dissolved organic matter and bromide, demonstrating the validity of the halogen-specific TOX method for TOBr measurement. The halogen-specific TOX method is an important tool to monitor and better understand the formation of halogenated organic compounds, in particular brominated organic compounds, in drinking water systems.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20497)Singapore National Research Foundation Investigatorship(Grant No.NRF-NRFI08-2022-0009)。
文摘The development of various artificial electronics and machines would explosively increase the amount of information and data,which need to be processed via in-situ remediation.Bioinspired synapse devices can store and process signals in a parallel way,thus improving fault tolerance and decreasing the power consumption of artificial systems.The organic field effect transistor(OFET)is a promising component for bioinspired neuromorphic systems because it is suitable for large-scale integrated circuits and flexible devices.In this review,the organic semiconductor materials,structures and fabrication,and different artificial sensory perception systems functions based on neuromorphic OFET devices are summarized.Subsequently,a summary and challenges of neuromorphic OFET devices are provided.This review presents a detailed introduction to the recent progress of neuromorphic OFET devices from semiconductor materials to perception systems,which would serve as a reference for the development of neuromorphic systems in future bioinspired electronics.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation through Grant CNS-1726865by the USDA under Grant 2019-67021-28990.
文摘Because charge carriers of many organic semiconductors(OSCs)exhibit fractional drift diffusion(Fr-DD)transport properties,the need to develop a Fr-DD model solver becomes more apparent.However,the current research on solving the governing equations of the Fr-DD model is practically nonexistent.In this paper,an iterative solver with high precision is developed to solve both the transient and steady-state Fr-DD model for organic semiconductor devices.The Fr-DD model is composed of two fractionalorder carriers(i.e.,electrons and holes)continuity equations coupled with Poisson’s equation.By treating the current density as constants within each pair of consecutive grid nodes,a linear Caputo’s fractional-order ordinary differential equation(FrODE)can be produced,and its analytic solution gives an approximation to the carrier concentration.The convergence of the solver is guaranteed by implementing a successive over-relaxation(SOR)mechanism on each loop of Gummel’s iteration.Based on our derivations,it can be shown that the Scharfetter–Gummel discretization method is essentially a special case of our scheme.In addition,the consistency and convergence of the two core algorithms are proved,with three numerical examples designed to demonstrate the accuracy and computational performance of this solver.Finally,we validate the Fr-DD model for a steady-state organic field effect transistor(OFET)by fitting the simulated transconductance and output curves to the experimental data.
基金supported by the Wroclaw Center for Biotechnology program KNOW(National Scientific Leadership Center)for the 2014–2018 award to BK
文摘Background: The health of chickens and the welfare of poultry industry are central to the efforts of addressing global food security. Therefore, it is essential to study chicken immunology to maintain and improve its health and to find novel and sustainable solutions. This paper presents a study on investigation of the effect of Scutellaria baicalensis root(SBR) on the immune response of broiler chicken, especially on lymphocytes and heterophils reactivity, regarding their contribution to the development of immunity of the chickens.Methods: The 121-day-old Hubbard Hi-Y male broiler hybrids were randomly assigned to four treatment groups,three SBR supplemented groups(0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of SBR) and one control group. Each treatment was replicated five times with six birds per replicate pen in a battery brooder. Blood was collected after 3-(rd) and 6-(th)wk of the experiment, and hemoglobin and hematocrit values were determined, as well as total leukocyte count and differential count were performed. Nitroblue tetrazolium test and phagocytosis assay as nonspecific immune parameters and humoral immune responses to the antigenic challenge by sheep red blood cells were performed.Moreover, the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to form radial segmentation(RS) of their nuclei was analyzed.Body weight and relative weight of spleen, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were recorded.Results: Results showed that mean heterophile/lymphocyte ratio increased in the SBR groups compared to the control group and the blood of the chickens showed lymphocytic depletion. The results also demonstrated that the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen in groups fed with SBR significantly decreased compared to the control group. This study also showed that the addition of SBR significantly inhibited the formation of RS of nuclei compared to some cytotoxic substances.Conclusion: We found that SBR supplementation should be carefully evaluated when given to poultry. The excess intake of SBR supplementation may cause immunologic inhibition and may negatively affect the development of immune organs. SBR has inhibited the formation of radial segmentation nuclei showing antimetastatic properties and also the phagocytosis of chicken heterophils.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,the Opening Project of Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province,the Youth Project of Suzhou University of Science and Technology,the Excellent Innovation Team in Science and Technology of Education Department of Jiangsu Province, and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2011CB808404 and 2009CB939703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10974074,90607022,60676001,60676008,and 60825403)
文摘This paper proposes an effective method of fabricating top contact organic field effect transistors by using a pho- tolithographic process. The semiconductor layer is protected by a passivation layer. Through photolithographic and etching processes, parts of the passivation layer are etched off to form source/drain electrode patterns. Combined with conventional evaporation and lift-off techniques, organic field effect transistors with a top contact are fabricated suc- cessfully, whose properties are comparable to those prepared with the shadow mask method and one order of magnitude higher than the bottom contact devices fabricated by using a photolithographic process.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB923402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11174181 and 21161160445)the 111 Project,China(Grant No.B13029)
文摘Recent progress in organic spintronics is given an informative overview, covering spin injection, detection, and trans-port in organic spin valve devices, and the magnetic field effect in organic semiconductors (OSCs). In particular, we focus on our own recent work in spin injection and the organic magnetic field effect (OMFE).
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51371193 and 11534015)the Youth Innovation Promotion of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2013004)the Science Fund from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDB07030200 and KJZD-EW-M05)
文摘We present a study of magnetocaloric effect of the quasi-two-dimensional(2D) ferromagnet(CH_3NH_3)_2CuCl_4 in ab plane(easy-plane). From the measurements of magnetic field dependence of magnetization at various temperatures,we have discovered a large magnetic entropy change associated with the ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition. The heat capacity measurements reveal an abnormal adiabatic change below the Curie temperature T_c^8.9 K, which is caused by the nature of quasi-2D layered crystal structure. These results suggest that perovskite organic–inorganic hybrids with a layered structure are suitable candidates as working substances in magnetic refrigeration technology.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 61565015the Western Light Talent Training Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The optical microcavity effect of the homo-tandem solar cells is explored utilizing the transfer matrix method. Ultrathin silver can reduce the deadzone effect compared with graphene and PH1000, and leads to a factor of 1.07 enhancement for an electrical field in a metal microcavity. The enhancement is considered to be the fact that strong exciton-photon coupling occurs in the microcavity due to ultrathin Ag. On the basis of the optical enhancement effect, optical behaviors are manipulated by varying the microcavity length. It is confirmed that ultrathin silver can serve as an ideal interconnection layer as the active layer is ~ 150nm thick and the thickness ratio between front and rear active layers lies between 1:1 and 1:2.
文摘-Study on the effects of microorganism secretive membrane and covering layer of macrofouling organisms-Balanus reticulatus, Ostrea plicatula, Membranipora, Corophium and Algae on the corrosion of carbon steel and low-alloy steel by the determination of natural corrosive potentials, linear polarization and the polarization curver of dynamic potential scanning through an electrochemical equipment.The results show that the microorganism secretion membrane formed on sample surface has some protective role, during the initial period of exposure (about ten days). Then protective role decreases and corrosive rate increases with the lapse of immersion time. The protective role of some macrofouling organisms is shown in order as follows: Corophium> Balanus reticulatus>Algae>Membranipora>Ostrea plicatula.
文摘Hydrogen sulfide is an important acid rain precursor and this led us to investigate the kinetics of its oxidation in aqueous phase by atmospheric oxygen.The kinetics was followed by measuring the depletion of oxygen in a reactor.The reaction was studied under pseudo order conditions with[H2S]in excess.The kinetics followed the rate law:-d[O_(2)]/dt=k[S][O_(2)]_(t)(A)Where[S]represents the total concentration of hydrogen sulfide,[O_(2)]_(t)is the concentration of oxygen at time t and k is the second order rate constant.The equilibria(B-C)govern the dissolution of H_(2)S;the sulfide ion in water forms different species:H_(2)S K1→←HS^(-)+H_(+)(B)HS^(-)K2→←S^(2-)+H^(+)(C)Where K_(1)and K_(2)are first and second dissociation constants of H_(2)S.Although,H_(2)S is present as undissociated H_(2)S,HS^(-)and S^(2-)ions,nature of[H^(+)]dependence of reaction rate required only HS^(-)to be reactive and dominant.The rate law(A)on including[H^(+)]dependence became Equation(D).-d[O_(2)]/dt=k_(1)K_(1)[H^(+)][S][O_(2)]_(t)/([H^(+)]^(2)+K_(1)[H^(+)]+K_(1)K_(2))(D)Our results indicate anthropogenic VOCs such as acetanilide,benzene,ethanol,aniline,toluene,benzamide,o-xylene,m-xylene,p-xylene and anisole to have no significant effect on the reaction rate and any observed small effect is within the uncertainty of the rate measurements.
基金the financial support of the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFF1202700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52121002)the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations.
文摘The development of n-type semiconductor is still far behind that of p-type semiconductor on account of the challenges in enhancing carrier mobility and environmental stability.Herein,by blending with the polymers,n-type ultrathin crystalline thin film was successfully prepared by the method of meniscus-guided coating.Remarkably,the n-type crystalline films exhibit ultrathin thickness as low as 5 nm and excellent mobility of 1.58 cm^(2) V^(-1) s^(-1),which is outstanding in currently reported organic n-type transistors.Moreover,the PS layer provides a high-quality interface with ultralow defect which has strong resistance to external interference with excellent long-term stability,paving the way for the application of n-type transistors in logic circuits.
文摘The entropy balance equation that describes the entropy budget of atmospheric systems is derived from the Gibbs relation.The distribution of the entropy flows of a west-Pacific typhoon and a Bengal-Bay cyclone is calculated and thus the dissipativity of the atmospheric systems is revealed.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018YFA0703200 and 2017YFA0204503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52121002,51733004,U21A6002,51725304 and 21875158)+1 种基金Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(20JCJQJC00300)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M692381)。
文摘Near-infrared organic phototransistors have wide application prospects in many fields.The active materials with the high mobility and near-infrared response are critical to building high-performance near-infrared organic phototransistors,which are scarce at present.Herein,a new charge transfer cocrystal using 5,7-dihydroindolo[2,3-b]carbazole(5,7-ICZ)as the donor and 2,2’-(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene-4,8-diylidene)dimalononitrile(DTTCNQ)as the acceptor is properly designed and prepared in a stoichiometric ratio(D:A=1:1),which not only displays a high electron mobility of 0.15 cm^(2)V^(-1)s^(-1) and very low dark current,but also can serve as the active layer materials in the region of near-infrared detection due to the narrowed band gap and good charge transport properties.A high photosensitivity of 1.8×10^(4),the ultrahigh photoresponsivity of 2,923 A W-1and the high detectivity of 4.26×10^(11)Jones of the organic near-infrared phototransistors are obtained.
基金This work is financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018YFA0703200,2017YFA0204503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91833306,61890943,51725304,22021002)Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(BNLMS-CXXM-202012),the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and the National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals.
文摘Conjugated polymers with well-balanced ambipolar charge transport is essential for organic circuits at low cost and large area with simplified fabrication techniques.Aiming at this point,herein,a novel asymmetric thiophene/pyridine-flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole-based copolymer(PPyTDPP-2FBT)is designed and synthesized.Due to the effect of incorporating F atoms on molecular energy alignment and conjugation conformation,the PPyTDPP-2FBT copolymer exhibits typical V-shaped ambipolar field-effect transfer characteristics with well-balanced hole and electron mobilities of 0.64 and 0.46 cm^(2)V^(−1)s^(−1),respectively.Furthermore,organic digital and analog circuits such as inverters and frequency doublers are successfully constructed based on solution-processed films of the PPyTDPP-2FBT copolymers which show a typical circuit operating mode with a high gain of 133 due to the well-balanced electrical properties.In addition,PPyTDPP-2FBT-based devices also demonstrate good stability and batch repeatability,suggesting their great potential applications in organic integrated electronic circuits.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61076065)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China(No.07JCYBJC12700)
文摘We have investigated the properties of C60-based organic field effect transistors(OFETs) with a tris(8- hydroxyquinoline) aluminum(Alq3) buffer layer inserted between the source/drain electrodes and the active material. The electrical characteristics of OFETs are improved with the insertion of Alq3 film.The peak field effect mobility is increased to 1.28×10^(-2) cm^2/(V·s) and the threshold voltage is decreased to 10 V when the thickness of the Alq3 is 10 nm.The reason for the improved performance of the devices is probably due to the prevention of metal atoms diffusing into the C60 active layer and the reduction of the channel resistance in Alq3 films.
基金the China Scholarship Councilthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(21702016,21905015)+1 种基金the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2018jcyj AX0091)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2019CDQYHG023)。
文摘Organic conjugated materials combining high conductivity with strong solid-state emission are highly desired for organic electronic applications,yet still rather rare.Herein,a novel luminogen(TEN)comprised by linking naphthalene diimides and triphenyl ethylene with vinyl bridges is reported.TEN exhibits aggregation-induced emission(AIE)behavior of a strong nearinfrared fluorescence over 700 nm and the efficiency above 60.5%in the solid state,while also shows promising application in vivo bio-imaging with good permeability and extremely low background.Single crystal of TEN reveals intra-and intermolecular C–H…O hydrogen bonds,contributing to an inclined molecular stacking along the a-axis of the cell,creating a 1 D charge carrier transporting channel under a shortπ-πinteraction distance of 3.42?,which might benefit the solid emission and charge transport ability simultaneously.Solution processed bottom contact,top gate organic field effect transistors based on TEN reveal a high ambipolar charge transport ability with the hole mobility up to 0.13 cm2 V-1 s-1 and electron mobility up to0.010 cm2 V-1 s-1.Further atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis on TEN thin film confirm the existence of the1 Dπ-πstacking channel,suggesting the stacking geometry revealed in crystal crucial for facilitating high charge carrier mobility while preserving the strong solid emission at the same time.
基金supported by Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.11PJ1400200)Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.12ZZ067)+1 种基金the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of Chinathe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘A series of substituted para-, meta- and ortho-nitrophenyl derivatives of fulleropyrrolidine were synthesized to investigate the effects of the position of substitution on electronic properties by using steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra, combined with DFT calculations. The results confirmed that the position of substitution has little effect on absorption and fluorescence spectra, whereas a significant effect was observed on their LUMO energy levels. The theoretical calculations revealed that the LUMO energy of the ortho-nitrophenyl substituted derivative was increased 0.1 eV above those ofpara- and meta-substitution. The prominent effect ofortho-substitution was attributed to the through-space orbital interaction between spatially closed electron-withdrawing nitro group and fullerene cage. These findings could provide fundamental insights in raising LUMO levels of C6o-based electron acceptor materials and an alternative strategy to increase open circuit voltage Voc in polymer solar cells.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2011CB201500)the Environmental Public Welfare Projects (No. 201209019)+1 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2012AA062803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21477150, 21321004)
文摘Concentrations of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in soil samples from Tibetan Plateau were determined. The average concentration of total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was(2.30 ± 1.02) pg/g, and World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalency(WHO-TEQ) average concentration was(0.013 ± 0.010)pg WHO-TEQ/g. The average concentration of ∑PCBs(7 indicator PCB and 12 dioxin like-PCB congeners) was(16.2 ± 9.25) pg/g, and WHO-TEQ average concentration was 0.043 ±0.049 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Comparing to previous studies in similar environmental conditions,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in this study showed a relatively lower concentration. The altitude dependences of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were also studied. Total organic carbon(TOC) normalized concentrations presented a quadratic relation with the altitudes, and an inflection could be found on the parabola of the total concentrations and some congeners of high concentration.The concentrations decreased with altitudes below about 4500 m above sea level(a.s.l.), while they increased with altitudes above it. These phenomena indicate that cold condensation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs would happen above 4500 m a.s.l, on the Tibetan Plateau.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.60676051,60876046,60906022)the Natural Science Fund of Tianjin(Nos.07JCYBJC12700 and 10JCYBJC01100)
文摘The metal-conducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (m-SWNTs) with small diameters (0.7 nm-1.1 nm) are selectively removed from the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by using HNOJH2SO4 mixed solution. Semiconducting single- walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) can be separated efficiently from the SWNTs with high controllability and purity based on this novel method, and the outcome is characterized by Raman spectrum. Moreover, the organic field effect transistors (OFETs) are fabricated based on the poly (3-hexylthiophene-2, 5-diyl) (P3HT), and untreated SWNTs and separated SWNTs (s-SWNTs) are mixed with P3HT, respectively. It could be found that the P3HT/s-SWNT device exhibits a better field effect characteristic compared with the P3HT device. The current on/off ratio is increased by 4 times, the threshold voltage is also increased from -28 V to -22 V, and the mobility is increased from 3 ~ 10.3 cmZNs to 5 x 10.3 cm2/Vs.
基金the Australian Research Council (ARC LP100100285)Water Corporation of Western Australia+3 种基金Curtin Universitythe Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)Water Research Australiathe Australian Government through The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade for providing a PhD scholarship under the Australian Award Scholarship (AAS) scheme for M.Langsa
文摘Determination of halogen-specific total organic halogen(TOX) is vital for studies of disinfection of waters containing bromide, since total organic bromine(TOBr) is likely to be more problematic than total organic chlorine. Here, we present further halogen-specific TOX method optimisation and validation, focusing on measurement of TOBr. The optimised halogen-specific TOX method was validated based on the recovery of model compounds covering different classes of disinfection by-products(haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles,halophenols and halogenated benzenes) and the recovery of total bromine(mass balance of TOBr and bromide concentrations) during disinfection of waters containing dissolved organic matter and bromide. The validation of a halogen-specific TOX method based on the mass balance of total bromine has not previously been reported. Very good recoveries of organic halogen from all model compounds were obtained, indicating high or complete conversion of all organic halogen in the model compound solution through to halide in the absorber solution for ion chromatography analysis. The method was also successfully applied to monitor conversion of bromide to TOBr in a groundwater treatment plant. An excellent recovery(101%)of total bromine was observed from the raw water to the post-chlorination stage. Excellent recoveries of total bromine(92%–95%) were also obtained from chlorination of a synthetic water containing dissolved organic matter and bromide, demonstrating the validity of the halogen-specific TOX method for TOBr measurement. The halogen-specific TOX method is an important tool to monitor and better understand the formation of halogenated organic compounds, in particular brominated organic compounds, in drinking water systems.