Analysis on Development Pathway of Farmer Organization under the Background of Rural Revitalization

The development of farmer organization will play an important role in rural revitalization. Basic pathways of farmer organization development are excavating common interest,playing the role of farmer elite,cultivating modern farmers and increasing government support. But due to the influences of rural culture tradition and current management system,there exists certain difficulty to meet these conditions to different extents,which decides that benign development of farmer organization will be a long persistence process.

Research on Benefit Distribution Mechanism of Farmers’ Specialized Cooperative Economic Organization

On the basis of conducting survey in Jiaonan City,the thesis analyzes benefit distribution mechanism of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,the benefit correlation is mainly the contract correlation;secondly,the profit distribution is mainly the dividend;thirdly,patronage refund has many connotations;fourthly,the public accumulation has not yet been quantified to individual;fifthly,the government support capital is ill-defined.Based on these,the measures are put forward in order to improve benefit distribution pattern of farmers’ specialized cooperative economic organizations:firstly,reform structure of property rights and realize farmers’ ownership;secondly,change mode of decision-making,and realize farmers’ control;thirdly,increase turnover rebate and realize farmers’ benefiting;fourthly,quantify public accumulation and government support fund.

Alternative policy implementation: Theoretical explanation and case analysis of local government's action logic

Since the reform and opening up, the local government has played a key role in promoting the economic and social development of our country, and the effective implementation of the local government has become an important research topic. Therefore, based on the literature, the observation method of in-depth interviews, practice investigation and participation is adopted in this paper, which focuses on the implementation of special groups of social assistance policy. The theoretical framework of government' rational choice reveals the status of local government implementation policies and behavior behind the mechanism and organizational structure. The study found that:(1) the local government is easy to choose a quantifiable policy to implement;(2) there is a coexistence between the local government departments;(3) the local government selectively meets the needs of special personnel;(4) the local government's seeking political promotion and power leads to its behavior alienation.

Autonomy and Coordinating Mechanisms of State-Society Boundary Organizations in China's Mainland

State-society boundary organizations face the challenge to maintain autonomy as well as flexibilities to respond to various goals and needs of state and non-state actors.Chinese state used to exert much control over intermediary NGOs(boundary organizations)and some have become bureaucratized.Recent reforms have sought to transform them to be more autonomous from the government and more responsive to NGOs.This paper investigates the managerial autonomy and coordinating mechanisms of 29 intermediary NGOs in Shanghai,Beijing and Guangdong.Regardless whether they are initiated by the state or non-state actors,as boundary organizations,they can effectively play a bridging role when they simultaneously deploy multiple mechanisms to sustain autonomy and at the same time integrate differences of interests between state and non-state actors.

Reflections on the Participation of Social Organizations in the Prevention of COVID-19

Objective To study the problems of Chinese social organizations in participating in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic so that we can standardize the participation mechanism,improve the collaborative management mechanism,and promote the development of social organizations.Methods Through the analysis of CNKI,news reports,industry conferences and other data,combined with the current situation,the participation of social organizations in public health emergencies were investigated.Results and Conclusion The coordination between government and social organizations is not good.Social organizations in the field of public health are unable to stand out in a timely manner.The public do not have self-management ability.Some of the media spread rumors.Besides,most social organizations are highly dependent on the government and they are ack supervision.Social organizations should be incorporated into the emergency management system and national hub-based social organizations must be established.In addition,supervision should be strengthened to increase the credibility of social organizations.The responsibilities of community and emergency management at the grassroots level should be enhanced.The public opinion response and disposal system should be improved.Lastly,the responsibility of social organizations in the field of public health must be fulfilled.

Analysis of New Model of "Rule by Three Committees" and Discussion on Construction of Villagers' Self-governing Organizations in China

This paper introduces the operation model of "rule by three committees", including the members of "three committees", functional constitution of "three committees", and relationship between restriction and coordination of "three committees". By referring to the villagers' self-governing system in China, and the relevant provisions in Constitution and Village Committee Organization Law, we take into account the legitimacy of "rule by three committees". In terms of the details of system design, we perfect the new model of "rule by three committees" as follows: make the conditions of holding office stringent and ensure the quality requirements of members of "three committees"; standardize the procedures of election, and guarantee the equitable election of members of "three committees"; perfect dismissal procedure, and strengthen the supervision on members of "three committees".

The Contribution, Experience and Risk Control of Social Organizations’ Participation in Global Human Rights Governance

As the"third sector",social organizations are increasingly involved in human rights affairs in the era of governance through cooperation.They play an important role in the construction of a human rights community with the core of"common human values",and together with the government and other relevant subjects,they become the guarantors of human rights.By sorting out the main contributions of social organizations and successful experiences participating in human rights governance,it can be seen that they timely support relevant policies and laws and the participation through certain modes are successful experiences of social organizations in participating in human rights governance.Under the guarantee of the mechanism of effectiveness and risk control along the whole chain before,during and after the process,these contributions and experience will provide better Chinese experience and Chinese programs to promote global human rights governance and the progress of human rights cause in the world.

The Governance Structure and Performance of Agricultural Cooperative Economic Organizations in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

On the basis of questionnaire survey results of 100 agricultural cooperative economic organizations in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,this article uses the structural equation modeling as analysis tool to conduct empirical analysis of the governance structure and performance of agricultural cooperative economic organizations. The results show that the ownership structure has the most critical impact on the performance of cooperative organizations,and the impact coefficient is as high as 0.92; the importance of oversight mechanism is basically equivalent to that of the council structure for cooperative organizations,and the impact coefficient is 0.87 and 0.86,respectively,second only to the ownership structure; the size of members' quit capacity also has a very important impact on the performance of organizations,with impact coefficient of 0.74. Thus,the problems influencing the performance of organizations,in the current governance structure of agricultural cooperative economic organizations in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,are pointed out. Finally,corresponding countermeasures are put forward.

Aspects of International Public Procurement Regulation

The public procurement market is classified as one of the most important segments of the world economy with share of 7-18%in the world GDP.The importance of this segment leads to continuous liberalization.Despite the existing legislative framework,the share of cross-border public procurement remains limited due to several obstacles including discrimination in public procurement that was raised by governments as one of the non-tariff barriers to international trade.Surveys of the European Commission or the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD)indicate that there are many other obstacles to entry to international public procurement markets.These obstacles are discussed in the first chapter of this article.The goal of this paper is to review aspects of international public procurement regulation and find ways of eliminating the obstacles through this regulation.Therefore,the second,third,and fourth chapters of the paper analyse the WTO Government Procurement Agreement(GPA),the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL)Model Law on Public Procurement,and the role of regional trade agreements.

Non-governmental organizations'influence on tackling black carbon in the shipping industry

This paper reviews the achievements of some typical non-governmental organizations （NGOs） in reducing black carbon emissions from shipping which enjoy the consultative status offered by the International Maritime Organization. It discusses the roles of the specific NGOs in dealing with black carbon in the Arctic region from the perspective of global governance to gain insights to guide our involvements in the Arctic affairs and shipping in the region by taking the advantages of NGOs＇ influence on the proceedings of international negotiations, our national policy development, the improvement of industrial practices and public perceptions.

Civil Society in Traditional China: Governance and Ownership System——Evidence from Construction and Management of Public Facilities in the Qing Dynasty

This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model with China's native origin, and reveals the attributes and characteristics of ownership by legal entities in China's traditional era. Bridge councils and free ferry services are non-profit and non-government public-interest institutions, whose members were elected by local communities. These councils were responsible for the fundraising, construction, and long-term maintenance and operation of public facilities and infrastructure at the grassroots level. They adopted open and transparent management procedures and could coordinate cross-jurisdictional affairs and mediate disputes. They possessed independent assets such as lands and fund reserves, and such exclusive legal-entity ownership received protection from the government and under the laws. Such form of legal-entity ownership provided the institutional foundation for the development of clans, temples, charitable groups, academies of classical learning, and various associations and societies. These self-organizing groups demonstrate remarkable mobilization and organizational capabilities and institutional creativity of civil society in traditional China. They served as a link between the government and communities and played a unique and active role in maintaining social order at the grassroots level.

Research on governance of HFO use and carriage on ships in accordance with the Polar Code

In this paper, we discuss the environmental damages caused by the use and carriage of Heavy Fuel Oil(HFO) by ships in Arctic waters. We also review efforts made by major international and regional organizations in governing the use and carriage of HFO by ships in Arctic waters after implementation of the Polar Code, and analyze the obstacles and difficulties that lie ahead. By illustrating the features of the Arctic Council and the International Maritime Organization(IMO), which govern Arctic waters, we examine measures taken by these two organizations in tackling HFO issues. These include: assessing indigenous and local community’s reliance on HFO transportation in the Arctic, developing risk prevention measures for ships operating in Arctic waters, seeking economic alternatives to HFO that contribute to a greener economy, developing a package of HFO governance measures, strengthening cooperation between relevant international and regional organizations that govern HFO to provide suggestions for follow-up discussions on HFOs, and optimize governance by relevant organizations and determine a better global solution to governing the use and carriage of HFO by ships. In addition, we discuss the feasibility of an IMO-imposed HFO ban from the perspective of the Arctic governance to clearly grasp the path of its future development.

A review of science–policy interface for water governance in the Caspian Sea

Science and policy have been interlinked for decades and perform essential nexus conditions in the governing aspects of environmental scenarios.This review paper examines the present challenges in the science–policy interface in terms of water governance in the Caspian Sea and identifies effective conditions that may be used in the current context to enhance the mechanism.The evaluation of the science–policy link in the water policy of the Caspian Sea reveals a gap between knowledge producer and governance system,impeding the translation of scientific information into action.Complicated and context-dependent solutions make it challenging to establish effective science–policy processes in the Caspian Sea water governance settings.Establishing a common governing authority,implementing water and resource management regulations,and protecting the natural environment through legal frameworks are crucial steps to address these concerns and ensure sustainable development.Collaboration among coastal states is essential in environmental,economic,and social aspects of regional development.However,the lack of a comprehensive approach,coherent activities,and effective utilization of national and regional power has hindered efforts to halt the environmental degradation of the Caspian Sea.Local governments need to recognize their responsibility to protect and utilize the Caspian Sea for present and future generations,considering both environmental and human security.The interlinkage of the Caspian Sea water governance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)water governance principles offers a framework for policymakers to assess gaps and make necessary amendments to existing mechanisms.Effective science–policy interaction,engagement of diverse stakeholders,institutionalizing agreements,and addressing collective action issues are critical for successful water governance.

A Review of Metal–Organic Framework-Based Compounds for Environmental Applications

Metal–organic framework-based compounds have recently gained great attention because of their unique porous structure,ordered porosity,and high specific surface area.Benefiting from these superior properties,metal–organic framework-based compounds have been proven to be one of the most potential candidates for environmental governance and remediation.In this review,the different types of metal–organic framework-based compounds are first summarized.Further,the various environmental applications of metal–organic framework-based compounds including organic pollutant removal,toxic and hazardous gas capture,heavy metal ion detection,gas separation,water harvesting,air purification,and carbon dioxide reduction reactions are discussed in detail.In the end,the opportunities and challenges for the future development of metal–organic framework-based compounds for environmental applications are highlighted.

Participation as Input-Legitimacy： The Ambivalent Effects of Multi-Stakeholder Govemance

What legitimacy problems do NGOs experience, when they participate extensively in global governance processes？ What do these problems mean for the input-legitimacy of the governance process？ In this paper the author seeks to answer these questions by looking closely at the UN World Summit on the Information Society （WSIS）, focusing specifically on one of its multi-stakeholder working groups, the Working Group on Internet Governance （WGIG）. This working group provided NGOs with some outstanding possibilities for participation to enable them to contribute to the formulation of the WSIS policy outcomes. Yet, the wide participation of NGOs had ambiguous effects for their internal legitimacy. The author will argue that these legitimacy problems in turn challenged the input-legitimacy of the governance process, particularly because they reduced the variety of issues that NGOs brought into the governance process. The most deeply included NGO actors were inclined to adapt their demands to the necessities of the governance process. The empirical findings from the WSIS thus suggest that the democratizing reforms international organizations currently undertake reduce the legitimizing power that NGOs are often assigned with.

Regulations governing clinical application of human organ transplant in China

To regulate human organ transplant, guarantee the quality and safety of the operation, protect the health of the people, the Health Ministry of China issued Regulations governing Clinical Application of Human Organ Transplant on March 27, 2006, which is to be put into effect on the coming July 1. The regulations contain 5 chapters and 47 articles including general principles, registration of diagnosis and treatment, clinical management, supervision, and supplementary items.

A Vision to the Meeting Path of Practitioners and Researchers on the Governance of IT

The governance of Information Technology(IT)has increased in importance because organizations base their core business activity on IT.Organizations are moving from enabling the business through IT to creating new business with IT,obtaining more value from the original mechanisms widely known in the research literature about the IT governance topic.

Industrial Organization in the Digital Economy Era:Evolution and Effects

Advances in digital technology and vast data applications have resulted in the emergence of the digital economy paradigm,which is a new techno-economic paradigm for the digital economy age.Under this paradigm,the industrial organization has shifted toward networked,platform-based,boundaryless,and integrated development with new characteristics.Specifically,there has been a fierce“positional arms race”fueled by financial capital,accelerating the growth of platform companies.The“hierarchical monopolistic competition”market structure has taken shape,resulting in a“coexistence without disruption”monopolistic competition.As platform businesses expand into new business sectors,competition among industrial ecosystems intensifies.Data and algorithms have become secret weapons for corporate success,allowing platform companies to expand their monopolistic forces.Industrial organization in the digital era has revolutionized the operating rules and logic of industrial economy,giving rise to new industries,business models,and paradigms,as well as being conducive to international cooperation and intelligent regulation.Meanwhile,it has introduced new challenges to socioeconomic development,making platform companies’anti-competitive and monopolistic behaviors more implicit,privacy and security concerns more conspicuous,and antitrust identification and investigation more difficult.The government should embrace the evolving trends of industrial organization in the digital economy era,accelerate regulatory transition,and strengthen governance and regulation under the digital economy paradigm.

通过扫黑除恶的社会治理——以贯彻落实《反有组织犯罪法》为视角

在黑恶势力及其违法犯罪严重影响基层政权稳定的严峻形势下,党和国家决定开展扫黑除恶专项斗争,经过三年的全面、深入、系统推进,成效显著,赢得全面胜利。扫黑除恶是国家专门力量直接介入基层社会治理的重要体现,但单纯通过刑事司法或综合治理均无法达到深入且快速的良好治理效果。在总体国家安全观的指导下《,反有组织犯罪法》以“四个结合”为治理理念,构建惩防并举、标本兼治的有组织犯罪治理体系。其具体体现了司法治理与综合治理并重,且重点突出、有机衔接的共治路径及其立法思路。其中,司法治理强调宽严相济刑事政策的细化落实及关联治理机制的体系性完备,综合治理则突出群众路线下治本且治标的综合预防体系健全。通过不断完善的法治来推动常态化、高质效的有组织犯罪治理,保障扫黑除恶的法律效果、政治效果与社会效果相统一,有利于促进实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。

Governance of decentralized autonomous organizations that produce open source software

Decentralized autonomous organizations(DAOs)have found use in the governance of open source software(OSS)projects.However,the governance of an OSS producing DAO should match the particularities of OSS production while also overcoming the existing challenges of decentralized governance.The existing decentralized governance frameworks do not include all the governance activities of OSS projects.Therefore,this study presents a governance framework for DAOs that produce OSS.The framework is built upon a total of 34 articles on DAO and OSS governance.The framework was evaluated in three leading DAOs that produce OSS.The evaluation underscores the significance of the framework and proves the potential of the systematic categorization of governance mechanisms.Finally,we list emerging governance practices in various governance domains in this developing field.