Understanding the Impact of Economic Crisis on the Distribution of Organizational Decision-Making Authority

Understanding the dynamics of decision making in the right way is an important problem for the management of organizations.In today’s business life organizations are becoming more complex,and the environments they are operating in,are becoming increasingly uncertain.The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of managerial decision-making process in complex internal and external environments by sharing the results of an empirical study(Onuk,2009).While taking the levels of the organizational structure as one of the important dimensions of complex internal environment,complex external environment is reflected within the study as economic crisis.Using the survey tool developed by Onuk(2009),the empirical study realized in the Turkish organization of a large global company investigated decision-making process to understand how decision-making authority for different types of decisions,identified as strategic,tactical,and operational level decisions,was distributed throughout the organization levels,and how this distribution was impacted by economic crisis.The results of the study confirmed the following common expectations:(1)Strategic decisions are mostly taken at upper hierarchical levels of the organizational structure;(2)during times of economic crisis strategic decision making is centralized;and(3)during times of economic crisis distribution of decision-making authority is concentrated at upper management levels.

Organizational Power Politics and Leadership Experiences on the View and Use of Power in Organizations

Organizational power politics permeates all actions within an organization. Power is one person＇s ability to exert change on another person＇s way of life and actions. Using power is a valuable means to influence and achieve intended desires and future action in others. Power is instrumental; it＇s a means to achieve goals other than the attainment of power itself. Power may also be expressed as one person＇s dependence on another. Power can, and sometimes is, a goal; its basic use is instrumental in the achievement of one＇s goals or aims. This paper is part of a descriptive analysis section from a study conducted on organizational power and leadership. The researcher gathered insights into the lived experiences of like-minded sample of respondents as they described organizational power politics and how they view and use power in their vanous leadership positions .

The transition from traditional banking to mobile internet finance:an organizational innovation perspective-a comparative study of Citibank and ICBC

The development of Financial Technology(FinTech)in areas such as mobile Internet,cloud computing,big data,search engines,and blockchain technology have significantly changed the financial industry.FinTech is expected to overturn the traditional banking business model,forcing banks to upgrade and transform.This study adopts a comparative case study method to contrast and analyze the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China(ICBC)and Citibank.It analyzes the strategies,organizations,HR systems,and product innovations adopted by these two banks in response to the impact of FinTech.This paper proposes an“electric vehicle”mode for ICBC and an“airplane mode”for Citibank.Further,it describes the difficulties encountered by the Chinese banking industry and proposes some feasible ways to upgrade.“Technology power”will become the core competitive concept for the financial institutions of the future.

Design method of organizational structure for MAVs and UAVs heterogeneous team with adjustable autonomy

The increasingly complex battlefield environment requests much closer connection in a team having both manned and unmanned aerial vehicles(MAVs and UAVs). This special heterogeneous team structure causes demands for effective organizational structure design solutions. Implementing adjustable autonomy in the organizational structure, the expected evaluation function is established based on the physical resource, intelligent resource, network efficiency, network vulnerability and task execution reliability. According to the above constraints, together with interaction latency, decision-making information processing capacity, and decision-making latency, we aim to find a preferential organizational structure. The proposed organizational structure includes cooperative relationships, supervisory control relationships, and decision-making authorization relationships. In addition,by considering the influence on the intelligent support capabilities and the task execution reliability created by adjustable autonomy, it helps to build the proposed organizational structure designed with certain degree of flexibility to deal with the potential changes in the unpredictable battlefield environment. Simulation is conducted to confirm our design to be valid. And the method is still valid under different battlefield environments and interventions.

Analysis on decision-making model of plan evaluation based on grey relation projection and combination weight algorithm

In military service joint operations, when there are more operational forces, more multifarious materials are consumed, the support is more complex and fuzzy, the deployment of personnel is more rapid, and the support provided by wartime military material support powers can be more effective. When the principles,requirements, influencing factors and goals of military material support forces are deployed in wartime, an evaluation indicator system is established. Thus, a new combined empowerment method based on an analytic hierarchy process（AHP） is developed to calculate the subjective weights, and the rough entropy method is used to calculate the objective weights. Combination weights can be obtained by calculating the weight preference coefficient error, which is determined by combining the cooperative game method and the minimum deviation into objectives. This approach can determine the grey relation projection coefficient and synthesize the measure scheme superiority to finally optimize the deployment plan using the grey relation projection decision-making method. The results show that the method is feasible and effective;it can provide a more scientific and practical decision-making basis for the military material support power deployment in wartime.

Multi-objective optimization and evaluation of supercritical CO_(2) Brayton cycle for nuclear power generation

The supercritical CO_(2) Brayton cycle is considered a promising energy conversion system for Generation IV reactors for its simple layout,compact structure,and high cycle efficiency.Mathematical models of four Brayton cycle layouts are developed in this study for different reactors to reduce the cost and increase the thermohydraulic performance of nuclear power generation to promote the commercialization of nuclear energy.Parametric analysis,multi-objective optimizations,and four decision-making methods are applied to obtain each Brayton scheme’s optimal thermohydraulic and economic indexes.Results show that for the same design thermal power scale of reactors,the higher the core’s exit temperature,the better the Brayton cycle’s thermo-economic performance.Among the four-cycle layouts,the recompression cycle(RC)has the best overall performance,followed by the simple recuperation cycle(SR)and the intercooling cycle(IC),and the worst is the reheating cycle(RH).However,RH has the lowest total cost of investment(C_(tot))of$1619.85 million,and IC has the lowest levelized cost of energy(LCOE)of 0.012$/(kWh).The nuclear Brayton cycle system’s overall performance has been improved due to optimization.The performance of the molten salt reactor combined with the intercooling cycle(MSR-IC)scheme has the greatest improvement,with the net output power(W_(net)),thermal efficiencyη_(t),and exergy efficiency(η_(e))improved by 8.58%,8.58%,and 11.21%,respectively.The performance of the lead-cooled fast reactor combined with the simple recuperation cycle scheme was optimized to increase C_(tot) by 27.78%.In comparison,the internal rate of return(IRR)increased by only 7.8%,which is not friendly to investors with limited funds.For the nuclear Brayton cycle,the molten salt reactor combined with the recompression cycle scheme should receive priority,and the gas-cooled fast reactor combined with the reheating cycle scheme should be considered carefully.

Women in Leadership and Decision-Making： Understanding Different Styles of Leading

Women in leadership and decision-making roles influence the policies and directions of organizations （Ahuja, 2002）. Women in leadership value supports from their organizations. Pro-social outcomes of relationship competence are mediated by the development of empathy, collaborative approaches to conflict, self-disclosure, and social interest （Jogulu ＆ Wood, 2006）. Decision-making perspectives have uncertainty as the sole reason for organizational leaders to search for additional relevant information to solidify or clarify the information at the leader＇s disposal. A phenomenological qualitative research study which explored the preferred style of leadership based on three leadership and decision-making styles is presented in this paper1. The researcher gathered insights into the lived experiences of like-minded sample of respondents from the research population as they described their leadership and decisionmaking experiences within their organizations.

Use of Wikis in Organizational Knowledge Management

This article presents the mapping of wiki tool functions in the organizational processes of knowledge management. Mapping these functions and their individual weights in the overall process will identify opportunities for decision-making and the optimization of knowledge sharing, a recognized asset in differentiation and organizational competitiveness. This is an exploratorydescriptive case study based on data collected from a questionnaire applied to 80 IT workers employed at a multinational company in Brazil. The use of mixed methods in data analysis was complemented by content analysis of the research corpus created. A theoretical model is graphically developed following Nonaka and Takeuchi’s knowledge spiral model (1997), a conventional model in knowledge management. In addition, an indicator of the individual contribution of each step in the conversion process of tacit into explicit knowledge is introduced. This case study alone does not enable a generalization of the findings. Therefore, a replication of the process and especially multiple testing of the constructed indicator are indispensable to its validation. Validation of the use of the wiki tool functions will allow the future development of measurements that can be directly employed in the organizational decision-making process. Statistically, a theoretical model is qualitatively discussed, which enables the construction of an initial indicator of the weight of individual contribution of steps in the knowledge generation process using the knowledge spiral model.

China＇s nuclear power under the global 1.5℃ target： Preliminary feasibility study and prospects

This study explores the measures to achieve the global 1.5 ℃ temperature rise target （1.5 ℃ target） by analyzing the feasibility and obstacles of nuclear power in China. The 1.5 ℃target imposes stricter requirements on China＇s nuclear power. Considering the available nuclear power plant sites, nuclear power layout, equipment manufacture ＆ supply, nuclear power plant construction capacity, supportive operation ＆ management talents, investment, cost effectiveness, and public acceptance, the achievement of the development objectives of nuclear power in China considering the 1.5 ℃ Target is difficult. However, it is possible if favorable decisions and policies are made.

Optimal Bidding and Operation of a Power Plant with Solvent-BasedCarbon Capture under a CO2 Allowance Market： A Solution with aReinforcement Learning-Based Sarsa Temporal-Difference Algorithm

In this paper, a reinforcement learning （RL）-based Sarsa temporal-difference （TD） algorithm is applied tosearch for a unified bidding and operation strategy for a coal-fired power plant with monoethanolamine（MEA）-based post-combustion carbon capture under different carbon dioxide （CO2） allowance market con-ditions. The objective of the decision maker for the power plant is to maximize the discounted cumulativeprofit during the power plant lifetime. Two constraints are considered for the objective formulation. Firstly,the tradeoff between the energy-intensive carbon capture and the electricity generation should be made un-der presumed fixed fuel consumption. Secondly, the CO2 allowances purchased from the CO2 allowance mar-ket should be approximately equal to the quantity of COs emission from power generation. Three case stud-ies are demonstrated thereafter. In the first case, we show the convergence of the Sarsa TD algorithm andfind a deterministic optimal bidding and operation strategy. In the second case, compared with the inde-pendently designed operation and bidding strategies discussed in most of the relevant literature, the SarsaTD-based unified bidding and operation strategy with time-varying flexible market-oriented CO2 capturelevels is demonstrated to help the power plant decision maker gain a higher discounted cumulative profit.In the third case, a competitor operating another power plant identical to the preceding plant is consideredunder the same CO2 allowance market. The competitor also has carbon capture facilities but applies a differ-ent strategy to earn profits. The discounted cumulative profits of the two power plants are then compared,thus exhibiting the competitiveness of the power plant that is using the unified bidding and operation strat-egy explored by the Sarsa TD algorithm.

How Load Aggregators Avoid Risks in Spot Electricity Market:In the Framework of Power Consumption Right Option Contracts

There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk,scholars have proposed many solutions,such as improving the declaration decision-making model,signing power mutual insurance contracts,and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to respond.In terms of demand side,calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key solution.The user’s power consumption rights(PCRs)are core contents of the demand-side resources.However,there have been few studies on the pricing of PCR contracts and transaction decisions to solve the problem of price forecast deviation and to manage the uncertainty of spot market prices.In addition,in traditional PCR contracts,PCRs are mostly priced using a single price mechanism,that is,the power user is compensated for part of the electricity that was interrupted or reduced in power supply.However,some power users might engage in speculative behaviours under this mechanism.Further,for load aggregators,their price risk avoidance ability has not substantially improved.As a financial derivative,options can solve the above problems.In this article,firstly,the option method is used to build an option pricing optimization model for power consumption right contracts that can calculate the optimal option premium and strike price of option contracts of power consumption rights.Secondly,from the perspective of power users and load aggregators,a simulation model of power consumption right transaction decision-making is constructed.The results of calculation examples show that(1)Under the model in this article,the pricing of option contracts for power consumption rights with better risk aversion capabilities than traditional compensation contracts can be obtained.(2)The decision to sell or purchase the power consumption rights will converge at respective highvalue periods,and option contracts will expedite the process.(3)Option contracts can significantly reduce the loss caused by the uncertainty of spot electricity prices for load aggregators without reducing users’willingness to sell power consumption rights.

Discussion on the Logical Coordination between Legal Theory and Legal Practice——from the Perspective of the Legal Basis of NPC5s Discussion and Decisiomaking Power on Major Issues

The decision of local people's congresses to discuss major issues is a basic right granted to local people's congresses by the Chinese Constitution and laws.However,in practice,the implementation of the power of deliberation of major issues by local people's congresses is worrying.By applying the theory of Chinese traditionalism and unity in the theory of law,the theory of"sovereignty in the people"in the social contract theory of Western natural law school,Austin's"legal command theory55 in Western positivist law and Hart's"recognition""Rules theory"to argue that the integrity of rights necessarily involves the dual factors of decision-making and execution.At the same time,the existence and operation of the law always reflects the development of the political system.The realistic political situation requires us to make more precise and meticulous refinement of the external form and specific technical links of the legal system,and to coordinate the rules to make up the legal theory and Conflicts and conflicts in legal practice help to reform social institutions.

超越条块:数字平台何以推动社会治理协同——基于开封市“一中心四平台”实践路径的观察

条块关系作为中国纵向府际关系中基本的结构性安排和市域社会治理的基础性课题,治理的关键不是消除,而是对条块分割的适度纠偏。通过对开封市市域“一中心四平台”运行机制的观察,发现数字平台通过搭建纵向“五层贯通”的治理格局和横向多网、多部门、多主体协同的组织结构,辅之以“限时督办”的考核机制,实现了“一个端口入,一个端口出”的闭环工作流程,能够有效协调条块关系,改善权责不清和责任推诿问题。其内在运行机制可归纳为通过政治赋权重塑条块关系的权威要素,借助于协商确权完成重塑条块关系的前提条件,将弹性空间作为平台重塑条块关系的核心价值,通过技术赋能降低条块协同的制度成本,将构建完备的督办制度作为平台协同条块的保障机制。相较于已有研究,本文将数字技术对条块的整合作用从“工具价值”扩展至“参与主体”,跳出“非条即块”的传统思路,从而开辟出一条技术赋能条块关系整合的研究新路径。

农村基层党组织组织力的系统化运作及其提升策略

从政治系统来审视农村基层党组织,其具备系统的整体属性和运作体系,组织力表现为系统内外各要素有机结合的整体力量。在政治系统论的分析框架下,一方面,农村基层党组织系统的复杂多样易引发组织力的滞后困顿,出现组织力困境;另一方面,农村基层党组织以独特的政治优势规范了“输入—转换—输出”的系统运作流程,通过与内外部环境的多维互动和功能互补形成反馈闭环,构成一体化的循环链,由此决定了持续提升农村基层党组织组织力是一项动态的系统工程。解析农村基层党组织的领导与运行工作,其在现实生活中仍然面临内外部因素共同刺激而导致的领导力弱化、凝聚力式微、执行力失范和服务力缺位之困境,组织力水平尚未达到全面推进乡村振兴战略的系统性目标要求,这进一步倒逼农村基层党组织从各个环节入手构建提升组织力的有效策略:政治系统“输入”环节调动“党性—结构—民意”的整合性,政治系统“转换”“输出”环节激活“集成—巩固—共生”的驱动性,政治系统“反馈”环节释放“价值—功能—制度”的交互性。上述策略统筹保障组织的系统化运作及其组织力整合后的正向提升,进而为中国共产党基层治理的持续性发展提供实践遵循。

监察组织制度应以监察任务为导向——兼谈对我国监察组织立法的构想

监察组织制度应是监察制度体系的核心部分,但现行立法均未对其重点关注,致使监察委员会与其他国家机关的关系如何处理、监察组织内部如何设置机构等缺乏规范依据,对监察委员会职权赋予的多少、办案组织人员配置等缺乏判断标准。参考“行政任务”引入的“监察任务”概念可以作为监察组织制度的立法导向。监察委员会的产生、职权、组织等均以达至监察任务之需要为基础,又以实现监察任务之必要为限度。确保监察组织制度在法治化、规范化的过程中可以统摄于一,有助于监察委员会在实践中依法、依职权开展工作。

我国本科职业教育治理的批判性思考:场域理论的视角

基于场域理论的视角,分析我国本科层次职业教育各场域及其组织间的互动情境,以此探寻不同场域与组织间的关系。立足科层管理、育人定位、职业技能和社会空间四个主要关系场域,思考如何突破科层权力失衡、育人资本缺失、职业惯习固化、社会资源协同不足等困局,进而结合组织与场域理论的适切性,分析路径过程为“入场准备”“中场适应”“出场联动”三个阶段。为应对关系场域形成的困局,提出应从以下三个场域阶段进行治理路径探究:首先是入场的环境建构,考虑权力与文化资本的完善;其次是控场的惯习重塑,重在加深职业行动能力;最后是出场的社会资本联动,关注治理的社会化发展,以期丰富我国本科职业教育治理思路,促进治理多样化发展。

12345平台的法律地位——数字法治政府的组织法观察

12345平台内生出一种不同于行政权力、社会权力的新型权力——数字权力,其产生的主要原因是国家治理需要,基础是合作行政,载体是数字技术。12345平台数字权力的扩张带来行政组织法难题,包括数字权力改变传统权力结构,挑战组织法的职权法定原则;数字权力模糊传统权力边界,带来行政合法性难题;数字权力带来去中心化,引发主体归责机制模糊化。12345平台是一种新的行政组织运作模式,“新”表现为一种以行政任务为导向的整体运作模式,形成一个动态化的数字生态系统;是以新公共管理为基础、逐渐转向网络治理范式的新型合作模式。12345平台作为数字政府建设的产物,应受行政组织法调整。在数字法治政府建设背景下,应以整体政府改革为面向,科学调整行政组织法体系;以数字素养、监督机制、技术和法律手段解决行政合法性难题;从采购思维转向规则制定思维,依法设计负责任的人工智能。

党的组织力何以助推乡村共同富裕?——基于“情景-主体-策略-制度”的解释框架

党的农村基层组织力是推动乡村共同富裕的重要抓手。基于对组织力概念的辨析,本文构建了“情景-主体-策略-制度”4维理论框架,以解释党的农村基层组织力在落实国家中心任务实现“集体协商-共同目标-集体行动-共同富裕”中的具体行动逻辑。进一步,结合浙江省K镇“党建联盟+片区组团”的具体实践案例,研究发现党的组织力通过“对接统合”多元主体,进而“引领创变”形成因地制宜、因村而变的不同策略选择,是有效破解乡村振兴中公共事务治理能力弱化困局、促进共同富裕的关键。最后,本文从强化“党建引领+村民参与”的组织结构,实现民主集中的“集体协商”;发挥组织力“对接统合+引领创变”优势,凝聚发展有望的“共同目标”;组织力赋能公共事务治理能力,激发内生驱动的“集体行动”;党员接力培育村内精英,持续实现“共同富裕”等4个方面提出政策启示。

企业社会责任解耦对实质性创新的影响

中国企业开展实质性创新的占比较低,但现有研究极少涉及企业社会责任解耦如何影响实质性创新。为此,基于组织解耦理论,从企业借助社会责任解耦策略实施印象管理而非仅从企业社会责任行为本身对实质性创新的作用效应进行探究,为解读企业社会责任引致的创新困境提供新的理论视角参考。以2009—2019年沪深两市中356家披露社会责任报告的A股制造业上市公司为样本,利用来自国泰安等数据库的相关数据,采用带有调节效应的回归模型进行多元回归分析,并考察重污染行业、管理层权力和内部控制的调节效应。结果表明:企业社会责任解耦与实质性创新呈负相关。其中,针对重污染和非重污染行业的检验结果支持基于合法性观点的假设而不是基于归因理论的假设,重污染行业中企业社会责任解耦与实质性创新之间的负向关系被削弱;同时,管理层权力增大会加强企业社会责任解耦与实质性创新之间的负向关系,企业内部控制对企业社会责任解耦与实质性创新之间的调节效应则未得到验证。由此启示,中国需进一步健全企业社会责任信息披露制度,加强对重污染行业企业社会责任信息披露行为的监管,并通过督促企业完善内部控制体系制衡管理层权力过大导致的社会责任解耦策略滥用问题,以促进企业更有效地开展实质性创新。

城市街道党组织组织力提升路径考察--以北京市东城区为例

街道是城市治理和基层党组织建设的前沿阵地,其党组织组织力的发挥事关党的路线方针政策执行和社会治理效能释放。通过对北京市东城区5个街道的调研发现,面对新时代首都发展新要求,东城区各街道探索出了回应群众关切、加强区域统筹、创新党建品牌等组织力提升经验,但也存在自我革新力较差、服务群众能力欠缺、队伍建设疲软等影响组织力的问题。可通过强化体制机制建设、组织队伍建设、社会功能建设和政治文化建设进一步提升街道党组织组织力。