Correction:Making the Complicated Simple:A Minimizing Carrier Strategy on Innovative Nanopesticides

The Nano-Micro Letters(2024)16:193,article by Shangguan et al.,entitled“Making the Complicated Simple:A Minimizing Carrier Strategy on Innovative Nanopesticides”(Nano-Micro Lett.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01413-5),was published online on 14 May,2024,with errors.The structural formulas and captions of the three acyl chlorides in Fig.3A were wrong.They should be as shown below.

The Role of Abdominal CT in the Assessment of the Effectiveness of Gastric Lavage after Pesticide Poisoning

Pesticide poisoning is one of the most common diseases in the emergency department, characterized by rapid changes in condition, a high misdiagnosis rate, and a poor prognosis. Measures for early removal of poisons are crucial, and gastric lavage is one of the important measures. Regarding the post-gastric lavage effect, abdominal CT scanning has an important application value in the assessment of the gastric lavage effect after pesticide poisoning.

On-site rapid detection of multiple pesticide residues in tea leaves by lateral flow immunoassay

The application of pesticides (mostly insecticides and fungicides) during the tea-planting process will undoubtedly increase the dietary risk associated with drinking tea. Thus, it is necessary to ascertain whether pesticide residues in tea products exceed the maximum residue limits. However, the complex matrices present in tea samples comprise a major challenge in the analytical detection of pesticide residues. In this study, nine types of lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (LFICSs) were developed to detect the pesticides of interest (fenpropathrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and iprodione). To reduce the interference of tea substrates on the assay sensitivity, the pretreatment conditions for tea samples, including the extraction solvent, extraction time, and purification agent, were optimized for the simultaneous detection of these pesticides. The entire testing procedure (including pretreatment and detection) could be completed within 30 min. The detected results of authentic tea samples were confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), which suggest that the LFICS coupled with sample rapid pretreatment can be used for on-site rapid screening of the target pesticide in tea products prior to their market release.

Coordination of distinctive pesticide adjuvants and atomization nozzles on droplet spectrum evolution for spatial drift reduction

Pesticide adjuvants,as crop protection products,have been widely used to reduce drift loss and improve utilization efficiency by regulating droplet spectrum.However,the coordinated regulation mechanisms of adjuvants and nozzles on droplet spectrum remain unclear.Here,we established the relationship between droplet spectrum evolution and liquid atomization by investigating the typical characteristics of droplet diameter distribution near the nozzle.Based on this,the regulation mechanisms of distinctive pesticide adjuvants on droplet spectrum were clarified,and the corresponding drift reduction performances were quantitively evaluated by wind tunnel experiments.It shows that the droplet diameter firstly shifts to the smaller due to the liquid sheet breakup and then prefers to increase caused by droplet interactions.Reducing the surface tension of sprayed liquid facilitates the uniform liquid breakup and increasing the viscosity inhibits the liquid deformation,which prolong the atomization process and effectively improve the droplet spectrum.As a result,the drift losses of flat-fan and hollow cone nozzles are reduced by about 50%after adding organosilicon and vegetable oil adjuvants.By contrast,the air induction nozzle shows a superior anti-drift ability,regardless of distinctive adjuvants.Our findings provide insights into rational adjuvant design and nozzle selection in the field application.

Evaluation of Agricultural Contamination Level by Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Sediments of Rivers and Water Bodies for Shrimp Fishing in the Lower Ouémé: Case of the Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele Stations in Benin

This study assessed sediment contamination by heavy metals and pesticide active ingredients linked to chemical inputs used in agricultural activities in the lower Ouémé. Pesticide residues from the organochlorine, pyrethroid and organophosphorus families were investigated by gas chromatography, and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mg, Cr and Hg) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metallic pollution indices, the contamination factor (CF) and the ecological risk index were calculated. The results revealed 8 active ingredients in the rainy season and 9 in the dry season. Glyphosate was the active ingredient with the highest concentration at all stations, 9.65 ± 0.84 mg/kg recorded in the dry season at the Aguigadji station. All glyphosate values were above the EQS. DDT, Atrazine and Endosulfan also showed high concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons. Emamectin, Abamectin and Lambda Cyhalothrin also showed high concentrations in the dry season at Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele. Only glyphosate was recorded at the control station (Toho), but in very low concentrations. Lead showed the highest concentrations at all the stations, 265.96 ± 21.02 mg/Kg in the rainy season and 255.38 ± 79.09 mg/Kg in the dry season, all detected at the Aguigadji station and above the EQS. Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr were all representative in both the dry and rainy seasons at the contaminated stations. Manganese showed high concentrations in the rainy season. Pb showed very high contamination (FC ≥ 6) at the Aguigadji and Ahlan stations and significant contamination (3 ≤ FC 6) at the Sele station in both the rainy and dry seasons. Ni, Hg and Cd, showed either moderate or significant contamination at the contaminated stations. The risk values showed a considerable ecological Ri (190 ≤ Ri < 380) in the rainy season and a moderate ecological Ri (95 ≤ Ri < 190) in the dry season at these contaminated stations.

Resistance Monitoring of Field Populations of Panonychus citri to Three Pesticides

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate the development of Panonychus citri resistance to commonly used pesticides in major citrus producing areas in China,and to screen out new green and efficient agents for its control and prevention.[Methods]The resistance changes of field populations of P.citri to abamectin,pyridaben,and bifenazate in 12 locations across five provinces in China were compared using the leaf disc impregnation method.[Results]P.citri in the tested areas exhibited the most severe resistance to abamectin,with approximately 91.7%of the field populations showing high levels of resistance to abamectin(112.1-560.5 times);50%of P.citri populations exhibited high levels of resistance to pyridaben(123.0-202.7 times),while the remaining populations showed intermediate levels of resistance(25.6-80.3 times);except for the Zhejiang Xiangshan 2019 and Jiangxi Yudu 2019 populations,which exhibited a medium level of resistance to bifenazate,the remaining 10 monitored populations demonstrated a high level of resistance to bifenazate(140.4-686.1 times).[Conclusions]It is advisable to discontinue the use of abamectin and bifenazate due to significant resistance observed in populations of P.citri monitored in 12 locations across 5 provinces.It is recommended to reduce the frequency of pyridaben use and alternate with other acaricides that have different mechanisms of action due to the varying degrees of resistance developed.

Research Progress of QuEChERS Pretreatment Technique in the Detection of Multiple Pesticide Residues

The QuEChERS extraction technique is a pretreatment technique that has been rapidly applied in recent years and is widely used in the field of pesticide residues with many advantages. This technique is based on solid phase extraction (SPE), which uses the interaction between adsorbent and impurities in the matrix to achieve the purpose of purification. The method has easier operation and better purification effect than SPE. In this paper, the research progress of the QuEChERS technique in pesticide residue detection in different fields in recent years and its future development were reviewed, hoping to provide reference for further development and utilization of the QuEChERS technique in pesticide residue detection in the future.

Sensitivity of Commercial Enzyme Inhibition Colorimetric Pesticide Residue Rapid Test Kit to a Variety of Pesticides

[Objectives]To fully understand the quality of commercial enzyme inhibition-colorimetric pesticide residue rapid detection kits,so that they can play a greater role in the detection and supervision of agricultural products.[Methods]The sensitivity of 28 kinds of pesticides was determined by using the commercially available enzyme inhibition colorimetric rapid detection kit with Hendu brand.[Results]There was a significant difference in the sensitivity of the kit to each pesticide,and the kit was more sensitive to dichlorvos among the 28 pesticides tested.The sensitivity to methyl isosalifos,dimethoate,isocarbophos,fenthion and phorate was poor,and the sensitivity to quinalphos was different between 3.0 and 2.5 mL.[Conclusions]The large difference of the sensitivity of the enzyme inhibition-colorimetric rapid detection kit for pesticide residues to different kits is a reason for the false positive and false negative test results of the kit,which needs to be considered by relevant personnel.

Determination of 14 Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Mutton by Gel Permeation Chromatography-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GPC-GC-MS)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to purify mutton samples by gel permeation chromatography(GPC).[Methods]Fourteen organophosphorus pesticide residues in samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)in selective ion scanning mode(SIM).[Results]The organophosphorus pesticide standard solutions showed good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0.1-10.0μg/ml with correlation coefficients(r)not lower than 0.999,and the detection limits(S=3 N)ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg.The average recovery values were in the range of 80.2%-99.7%,with relative standard deviations(RSDs,n=3)in the range of 1.8%-6.3%,at the addition levels of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg.[Conclusions]The method is simple,sensitive and accurate,and can be used for the determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in mutton.

Agricultural Contamination of the Surface Waters of the Upper Ouémé in Benin: The Case of Heavy Metals and Pesticides

Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the degree of contamination of surface waters by heavy metals and pesticides. Method: To this end, data were collected in December 2022 from four specific sampling stations: Okpara, Térou, Affon and Adjiro. Levels of heavy metals, including cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel and lead, were measured and subjected to in-depth statistical analysis using graphical summation models. In addition, the concentrations of pesticide active ingredients present in the samples were interpreted and evaluated. The statistical data collected during this study were processed using R software, version 3.5.0. Results: The values obtained at the different stations Okpara, Térou, Affon and Adjiro are respectively Arsenic (2 × 10-4 mg/L;2.2 × 10-1 mg/L;1.2 × 10-4 mg/L;2 × 10-4 mg/L), Cadmium (4.4 × 10-5 mg/L;1.1 × 10-2 mg/L;10-4 mg/L;4 × 10-4 mg/L). Then Copper (7 × 10-4 mg/L;3 × 10-3 mg/L;7 × 10-4 mg/L;1 × 10-4 mg/L), Iron (1.51 mg/L;6.4 × 10-1 mg/L;2.0012 mg/L;2.9 × 10-1 mg/L), Lead (0 mg/L;0 mg/L;1.5 × 10-3 mg/L;1.5 × 10-3 mg/L). Mercury, nickel and chromium were not detected in surface waters. It is important to note that the values obtained for trace metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Mercury, nickel and chromium were not detected in surface waters. It is important to note that the values obtained for trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel and lead) were all below the guideline standards set by the WHO in 2006 for uncontaminated surface waters. This indicates that the surface waters of the Upper Ouémé were below acceptable contamination thresholds in terms of heavy metals. However, the presence of pesticide active ingredients such as cyfluthrin, endosulfan-alpha, endosulfan-beta, profenosfos, tihan, atrazine, gala super and glycel clearly indicates that these surface waters are subject to agricultural contamination.

使用合规农药能确保农产品“地头”质量安全吗?——基于豇豆农户的扎根理论分析

新的农产品质量安全法首次将小农户施药行为纳入监管范围,进一步厘清农户施药行为的影响机理与因素,有助于政府精准施策。通过对海南3个村32户农民豇豆种植过程的全程蹲点跟踪,对豇豆施药环节的参与式观察与深度访谈,运用扎根理论分析了访谈资料。研究发现:农户施药环节是一个复杂的行为选择过程,即使施用合规农药也不能确保农产品在产地的质量安全。在合规农药视角下影响农户施药行为选择的最重要因素是信息渠道,其次是农产品质量安全管理的政策强度、农产品市场价格和农村劳动用工成本。同时,邻里效应在农户施药行为选择中的作用越来越弱。在此基础上提出,要增加农户用药信息的有效供给渠道,加强农产品质量安全的全面检测,坚持为农户提供形式多样的有针对性的有效培训,增加重要食用农产品质量安全关键技术供给与推广,加强农产品“优质优价”市场建设的政策建议,并进一步指出海南自贸港建设和RECP协议实施背景下提升海南农产品质量安全水平的紧迫性。

Control Effect of Botanical Pesticides against Ectropis oblique hmpulina and Empoasca pirisuga in Tea Plantation

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effects of several botanical pesticides against two pests in tea plantation. [ Method] Using randomized block de- sign, different concentrations of botanical pesticides were sprayed during the young larvae periods of Ectropis oblique hmpulina Wehrli and peak periods of Empoasca pirisuga, the reduction rate of population and control effects were investigated after spraying for 1,3,7 and 10 d. [ Result] 5% rotenone EC 800 times had the best control effect against E. oblique hmpulina, and 0.5% veratridine soluble liquid 800 times had the best control effect against E. pirisuga. 0. 5% veratridine soluble liquid, 0.2% celangulin EC, 0.3% matrine water agent and 7.5% rotenone EC could be selected as the pesticides for the control of E. oblique hmpulina; 0. 5% veratridine soluble liquid, 0. 2% celangulin EC, 0.3% azadirachtin EC, 0.3% matrine water agent and 7.5% rotenone EC could be selected as the pesticides for the control of E. pirisuga, of which 0. 3% azadiraehtin EC 600 times showed the best durable effect against E. pirisuga with control effect of 100% after spraying for 7 d. [ Conclusion] The results provided basis for application of botanical pesticides in pests control in tea plantation.

Determination of 2 Amides Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products by Terahertz Time-domain Spectroscopy

[Objective] The aim was to explore the application of terahertz （THz） technique in pesticide recognition and residue determination. [Method] THz far-infrared spectral characteristics of 2 herbicides （butachlor and metolachlor） were measured by THz time-domain spectroscopy （THz-TDS） under conditions of room temperature and nitrogen,meanwhile their refractive index and absorption coefficient between 0.2 and 2.2 THz were calculated by using models based on Fresenl equations. [Result] The 2 pesticides both had a series of different characteristic absorption peaks between 0.2 and 2.2 THz,respectively. Their molecular structures were similar,but there were great difference in absorption and refractive index spectrum between them. [Conclusion] THz-TDS technique is feasible to detect pesticide residues,especially there is a greater advantage in identifying the structure of similar substances.

Simultaneous Determination of Four Pesticide Residues in Fruit Juice by HPLC

[Objective] This study was conducted to develop a system for simultaneous determination of imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, thiabendazole and carbendazim in fruit juice by HPLC. [Method] Using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent, the pesticides in fruit juice were purified through a NH2 solid phase extraction （SPE） cartridge, then detected by HPLC. [Result] There was a good linear relationship between the peak area and the concentrations of imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, thiabendazole and carbendazim in a range of 0.05-5.0 μg/ml, and the linear correlation coefficient varied in a range of 0.999 0-0.999 8; the limit of detection for imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, thiabendazole and carbendazim was 0.003, 0.005, 0.003 and 0.007 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery rate of imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, thiabendazole and carbendazim standards added at three levels （0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg） ranged from 82% to 107%, with RSD less than 4.5%. [Conclusion] The sensitivity, accuracy and precision of this method were able to meet the requirements for pesticide residue analysis.

Selection of High-efficient Safe Pesticides for Controlling Tea Lesser Leafhopper(Empoasca vitis)

[Objective] This study was conducted to select a batch of new high-effi- cient low-toxicity high-selectivity pesticides for the application in tea gardens. [Method] This experiment was designed with 12 treatments including clear water as the CK, in randomized block arrangement, with 4 replications, and each plot had an area of 30 m2. The pesticides were sprayed in the high occurrence period of larvae of tea lesser leafhopper when tea shoots grew vigorously. [Result] In the 11 pesti- cides, 100 g/L bifenthrin EC , 70% imidacloprid WDG and 150 g/L indoxacarb EC were the best pesticides with efficacies above 90%; and in the bio-pesticides, 0.5% azadirachtin SC showed an efficacy over 87.97%. [Conclusions] Among the tested pesticides, 100 g/L bifenthrin EC , 70% imidacloprid WDG and 150 g/L indoxacarb EC could effectively control tea lesser leafhopper during the outbreak of tea lesser leafhopper, and when the occurrence degree of tea lesser leafhopper is below the medium level, environment-friendly 0.5% azadirachtin SC, 0.5% veratrine SC, 0.3% matrine SC and 4.0×10^10 spores/g Beauveria bassiana OD could be selected.

Study on Pesticide Screening and Control Techniques of Parathrene regalis Butler

[Objective] This study aimed to screen the effective pesticide for control-ling Parathrene regalis Butler. [Method] By field trials, the effects of six kinds of commonly used pesticides on P. regalis were determined. ln addition, different agri-cultural measures were employed to integrate control technologies. [Result] At the early occurrence stage of P. regalis, spraying 7.5g/hm2 5% emamectin benzoate EC, 13.5 g/hm2 2% avermectin EC and 25 g/hm2 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin EC can ef-fectively control P. regalis. [Conclusion] This study provided reference for the pre-vention and control of P. regalis.

Determination of 10 Pyrethroids Pesticide Residues in Rice by GC-MS-MS

[Objective] A method was developed for the determination of 10 pyrethroids pesticide residues in rice by GC-MS-MS. [Method] Pyrethroids were extracted with acetonitrile, followed by a salting-out step with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride, cleaned up by florisil solid phase extraction （SPE） cartridge, and determined by multiple reaction monitoring mode. [Result] The method showed good linearity over the range of 0.010-0.500 mg/L for 10 pyrethroid pesticide with correlation coefficients over 0.99. The detection limits were 0.005 -0.010 mg/kg. The method was validated by analyzing samples spiked with 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 mg/kg of 10 pyrethroid pesticides, respectively. The average recoveries in rice ranged from 75.0-115.5%, and the relative standard deviations （RSD） were between 3.9%-6.9%. [Conclusion] The method is easy, accurate and reliable, which can meet the requirement for the simultaneous determination and confirmation of pyrethroid pesticide residues in rice.

Study on Detection of Organochlorine Pesticide Residue in Ginseng

To investigate the residue situation of pesticides in ginseng, total 17 samples of ginseng-growing soil, ginseng roots and ginseng seeds were collected from 5 regions of Fusong County, and the contents of organochlorine pesticide residues in the samples were detected by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction and gas chromatography with acetone-ligroin as the solvent, thereby providing suitable recommendations and scientific basis for the selection of ginseng-growing soil.

Application of Biological Pesticides in Medicinal Plants

At present, the excessive application of traditional chemical pesticides, serious pesticide residue pollution and destruction of the ecological balance in China have become important factors affecting the quality and safety of medicinal material. Biological pesticides are rapidly developed due to their characteristics of high efficiency, low toxicity and residue. This study aimed to introduce the specific property of biological pesticides, review the classification of biological pesticides and their application in medicinal plants, analyze the problems in the production and utilization process of biological pesticides, and forecast the developmental prospect.

Investigation and Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Citrus from Parts of Hubei Province

The analysis of pesticide residues in Citrus from Yichang, Danjiangkou, Zigui and Xingshan in Hubei Province was accomplished by UPLC-MS and GC-MS. The results showed that the detection rate of pesticide residues in Citrus reticulate was 91.9%. The detection rate of banned pesticides was 1.6%. The detection rate of restricted pesticides was 9.5%. The detection rate of allowed pesticides was 68.3%. The detection rate of unregistered pesticides was 15.9%. The pesticide used in citrus was relatively common. Because of the banned and restricted pesticides were both in the control degree, on the whole, the quality and security of Citrus reticulata was safe.