基于皮肤擦拭采样的石化从业人群OCPs皮肤暴露评估

以茂名市(华南典型石化及农业城市)的30名石化从业人员(男女各半)作为样本,对其裸露部位(额头、手掌)和衣物遮蔽部位(前臂、小腿)的皮肤进行擦拭采样,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)测定了样品中10种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量并计算暴露剂量.研究发现,10种OCPs在所有样品中均有不同程度的检出率(1.7%~57%),其中六六六(HCH)的平均检出率(35%)明显高于滴滴涕(DDT)(5.3%).所有样品的OCPs浓度范围为n.d.~3050ng/m^(2),不同皮肤部位的OCPs浓度差异显著(P<0.0001),表现为额头>手掌>前臂>小腿.皮肤暴露剂量(DAD_(derm))和手-口接触暴露剂量(DAD_(oral))的范围分别为n.d.~13和n.d.~0.24ng/(kg·d),两者均以HCH的贡献为主(>60%).头颈部是DAD_(derm)贡献率最高的皮肤部位(87%).尽管女性的DAD_(derm)和DAD_(oral)均高于男性,但差异不显著(P>0.05).健康风险评价结果表明,所有样本的皮肤及手-口接触致癌风险均处于可接受水平范围(<10^(-4)),但女性致癌风险相对较高.

江苏河网区地表水沉积物中OCPs的赋存特征及风险

选取我国平原河网典型区域—江苏省内重点湖泊、水库及河流等为研究对象,系统调查江苏省地表水环境沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留现状,解析区域空间分布特征和来源并评估其生态风险.结果表明,目标区域湖泊、水库及河流表层沉积物中20种OCPs化合物检出率为100%,残留范围为0.41~10.62ng/g dw(平均值为3.14ng/g dw).与国内其它流域相比,江苏省地表水环境表层沉积物中OCPs的污染负荷整体处于较低水平.OCPs单体化合物特征比值溯源结果显示,江苏省表层沉积物中的OCPs主要来源于历史残留.运用风险熵值法对江苏省表层沉积物OCPs进行生态风险评估,结果显示环氧七氯是主要的生态风险因子,其次为α-硫丹和异狄氏剂.联合生态风险评价表明太湖梅梁湾湖区处于高风险,不同水体类型沉积物OCPs风险水平呈现为湖泊高于河流、河流高于水库的整体趋势.在国家加强新污染物治理的背景下,OCPs等传统持久性有机污染物POPs同样需要持续关注,支撑流域水环境复合污染治理和风险防范.

Study on Detection of Organochlorine Pesticide Residue in Ginseng

To investigate the residue situation of pesticides in ginseng, total 17 samples of ginseng-growing soil, ginseng roots and ginseng seeds were collected from 5 regions of Fusong County, and the contents of organochlorine pesticide residues in the samples were detected by using ultrasonic-assisted extraction and gas chromatography with acetone-ligroin as the solvent, thereby providing suitable recommendations and scientific basis for the selection of ginseng-growing soil.

Advances in Analytical Techniques for Organochlorine Pesticide Detection in Tea Samples

The pretreatment and analytical techniques for organochiorine residues, including ultrasonic extraction, accelerated solvent extraction pesticide microwave extraction, solid phase extraction, and solid-phase micro-extraction and the analytical techniques of gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry）in tea samples in recent years were reviewed. The prospect of organochlorine pesti- cide residue analysis was proposed in this paper.

Potentialities of Maize on the Removal of Organochlorine Pesticides from Contaminated Soils

In this paper, glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine the accumulation, distribution and transformation of DDTs and HCHs by maize under pot culture conditions. The culture soil was spiked with the organic pollutants and samples were collected in different durations. Analysis of the plants at harvest showed that the selected plant varied widely in their ability to remove and translo- cate DDTs and HCHs from the soil, the bioconcentration factor ranged from 0.004 to 0.027 for the shoot and from 0.036 to 0.097 for the roots, and the translocation factors were lower than 0.1 with variation between DDTs and HCHs, but no signifi- cant differences were observed. DDTs appeared to have accumulated by both pas- sive adsorption and active absorption, p,p＇-DDT and p,p＇-DDE were the major metabolite and the transformation was mediated by reductive dehalogenation, the affinity of the OCPs for lipids is one of the major factors affecting their uptake and translocation within the plants.

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from college school yards in Beijing, China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been a major environmental issue, attracting much scientific concern because of their nature of toxicity, persistence, and endocrine disrupting effects. Soil samples were collected from ten college school yards in Beijing in 2006 and analyzed to determine fifteen OCPs. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were found to be the main pollutants, accounting for 93.70% of total OCPs, followed by hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (2.25%) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (1.82%). Content...

Organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment of the Bosten Lake,Northwest China

We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）. Water and sediment samples were collected from 19 sites 031-1319） in the lake for analysis. Our analytical results show that the concentrations of total OCPs in water ranges from 30.3 to 91.6 ng/L and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from undetectable （ND） to 368.7 ng/L. The concentrations of total OCPs in surface （i.e., lake bottom） sediment ranges from 6.9 to 16.7 ng/g and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from 25.2 to 491.0 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexanes （HCHs） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） account for large proportions of the OCPs. Low α- to γ-HCH ratios in both water and sediment samples indicate possible contributions from both industrial products and lindane. DDTs in water are probably from historical input, whereas DDTs in sediments are from both historical and recent inputs. Moreover, DDT products in both water and sediments were from multiple sources in the northwestern part of the lake（B11, B12, B13, and B14）. Fugacity ratios for DDT isomers （p,p＇-DDE and p,p＇-DDT） at these sites were generally higher than equilibrium values. These results suggest that the input from the Kaidu River and diffusion of DDTs from the sediment to the water are responsible for DDT pollution in the water. Lower-molecular-weight PAHs, which originate primarily from wood and coal combustion and petroleum sources, represent the major fraction of the PAHs in both water and sediment samples. Our findings indicate that OCPs and PAHs in Bosten Lake can be attributed primarily to human activities. A risk assessment of OCPs and PAHs in water and sediment from Bosten Lake, however, suggests that concentrations are not yet high enough to cause adverse biological effects on the aquatic ecosystem.

Levels, distributions, and source identification of organochlorine pesticides in the topsoils in Northeastern China

Seventeen topsoil samples （9 urban, 4 suburban, 3 rural and 1 background） were collected in/around Harbin, a typical city in northeast of China, to measure concentration levels of organocholrine pesticides （OCPs） in topsoil of Northeastern China in 2006. Hexachlorohexanes （HCH）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT）, and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） were detected in soil samples with mean concentrations （in pg/g dry weight （dw）） of 7120, 5425, and 1039, respectively. The mean concentrations for other OCPs were very low, 4.8 pg/g dw for chlordane and 3.3 pg/g dw for endosulfan. Source identification analysis reveals that all OCPs found in soil samples were due to historical use of these chemicals or from other source regions through long- and short-range atmospheric transport. DDT was mainly used in the rural sites, whereas the sources of HCB, chlordane and endosulfan were mainly in the urban area. HCH was found almost equally in both urban and rural area. Soil concentrations of all detected OCPs, except HCHs, in and around Harbin were much lower than those in the southeast of China, which is expected since the use of these OCPs in the former was much lower than that in the latter, however higher HCH concentrations in and around Harbin than those found in most places of the Southeast China is not expected. It is suggested that high HCH concentration in soil of Northeast China was most likely due to long-range atmospheric transport （LRAT） from Southeast China and the cold condensation process.

Reduction of recruitment of Acartia pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs due to organochlorine pesticides

Many estuarine and coastal planktonic copepods depend on the hatching of benthic resting eggs for recruitment ofnauplii to the water column population. The potential effects of two organochlorine pesticides, hexchloriobinzene （HCH） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT）, on the recruitment of A ccu＇tla pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the seabed of Xiamen Bay were experimentally investigated. The abundance of A. pacifica nauplii hatched from the sediment significantly decreased with the increase of pesticide concentration. Trimmed Spearman-Karber analysis gave sediment 96-h LC50 values were 84.81 ng/g for HCH, and 157.94 ng/g for DDT. The median AI （Al50） was -0.77, which suggested that the combined effect of riCH and DDT showed a weak effect than individual effects. There was a positive relationship between mortality and exposure time in DDT treatment, while the relationship was not significant in HCH treatment. The results suggest that organochlorine pesticides can reduce recruitment of A. pacifica nauplii from benthic resting eggs to planktonic population.

Organochlorine pesticide and heavy metal residues in some edible biota collected from Quanzhou Bay and Xinghua Bay,Southeast China

In order to assess the contamination of edible marine organisms in Quanzhou and Xinghua Bays, Fujian Province, China, concentrations of organochlorine pesticides （hexachlorocyclohexane isomers or HCHs and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers/derivatives or DDTs） and heavy metals （Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Cd, Ni and Hg） in 13 species collected from different sites in the hays were analyzed by GC-ECD and ICP-MS. The concentration of the sum of DDTs exceeded that the sum of HCHs in the samples. Most of the organisms showed higher levels of DDTs than the first level criterion （10 ng/g） for marine biological quality in China （GB 18421-2001） but conformed to the first level criterion （20 ng/g） for HCHs. The estimated mean daily uptake of pesticides was below the level for minimal risk to the consumers. The levels of Cd, As and Pb in most organisms from both bays were markedly elevated and above the recommended legal limits for human consumption. Our results showed the need for routine monitoring of marine species contamination to ensure public and environmental health.

Residual Characteristics of Organochlorine Pesticides in Lou Soils with Different Fertilization Modes

Soll samples with three fertilization treatments （no fertilizer, corn straw and farm manure） collected from a Lou soil （Eum-orthic Anthrosol classfied using Chinese Soil Taxonomy） in northwestern China were analysed for residual levels and their characteristics of organochlorine pesticides （α-HCH, β-HCH,γ-HCH, δ-HCH, HCB, o, p＇-DDT, p, p＇-DDT, o, p＇- DDE, p,p＇-DDE, p,p＇-DDD, α-endosulfan, dieldrin and endrin）. Organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） were detected in all soil samples except δ-HCH and their total concentrations ranged from 159.31 ± 9.00 to 179.77 ± 2.58 ng g^-1 with an order of HCHs 〉 DDTs 〉 （dieldrin ＋ endrin） 〉 HCB 〉 α-endosulfan. Among all the compounds, γ-HCH had the highest concentration followed by p, p＇-DDE. The residual levels of HCH isomers and DDT as well as their metabolites in soil with different fertilization treatments were in the order of γ-HCH 〉β-HCH ≈ α-HCH 〉 δ-HCH and p,p’-DDE 〉 p, p’-DDT 〉 o,p＇-DDT 〉 p, p＇-DDD ≈ o, p＇-DDE, respectively. DDE/DDT ratios ranged from 1.59 ± 0.13 to 3.35± 0.16 and endrin/dieldrin ratios from 1.40 ±0.06 to 9.20± 4.05, both indicating no new occurrence of these pesticides in these soils, while α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios of 0.04 indicated a new input of lindane （almost pure γ-HCH） in the past several years. The farm manure treatments showed lower DDT residues than samples without fertilizer. Also addition of corn straw and farm manure increased soil organic matter content and decreased the soil pH which could retard the degradation of DDT in the soil.

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments Using Soxhlet,Ultrasonic and Accelerated Solvent Extraction Techniques

The application of soxhlet, ultrasonic and accelerated solvent extractiontechniques to the analysis of six organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, o, p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE) in Taihu Lake sediment samples is described. It was found that the limits ofquantification ranged from 0.002 μg g^(-1) to 0.004 μg g^(-1), and the recoveries oforganochlorine pesticides with the three extraction techniques were acceptable ( 】80.7%). With amass selective detector, better results were obtained by accelerated solvent extraction usinghexane-acetone (1:1) as compared with soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction. It was shown that theaccelerated solvent extraction was the optimum technique for the analysis of organochlorinepesticides in sediments. The general features of the three extraction techniques are also presented.

Gridded inventories of historical usage for selected organochlorine pesticides in Heilongjiang River Basin, China

The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use （41800 t） in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat （28000 t, 25.7%） and on soybean （26600 t, 24.4%）. The highest DDT use （2300 t） was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize （1500 t, 31.3%） and on sorghum （600 t, 13.2%）. The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs （organochlorine pesticides）, in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5： HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5： DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.

Distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticides in tissue/organ of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from Guanting Reservoir, China

The concentration of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） in tissues and organs of silver carp（Hypophthalmichthys mofitrix） from Guanting Reservoir were investigated to evaluate the pollution potential and distribution of OCPs. A total of 16 OCPs were measured and the concentrations were in the range of 1.61-69.01 ng/g wet weight（ww） for total OCPs, 0.16- 0.75 ng/g ww for HCB. 0.75 -26.80 ng/g ww for SHCH（sum of α-,β-, γ- and δ-HCH） and 0.68-35.94 ng/g ww for SDDT（ sum of p, p＇-DDE, p, p＇-DDD, o, p＇-DDT and p, p＇- DDT）. The mean concentrations of total OCPs, HCB, ∑HCH, and ∑DDT were 18.04, 0.96, 7.14 and 9.28 ng/g ww, respectively. Among the organochlorine pesticides, β-HCH and p, p＇-DDE were the most dominant compounds in tissue and organ with the average concentrations of 4.42 and 8.14 ng/g, respectively. The results obtained in this study show that the levels of 16 OCP residues found in silver carps are low and pose no threat to human health and wildlife fed upon them on the basis of existing related quality guidelines. However, recent input of lindane and DDT might still exist in the area investigated and further investigation should be carried on.

Determination of Organochlorine and Nitrogen Containing Pesticide Residues in Water,Sediments and Fish Samples by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatograph

With high performance liquid chromatography, the concentrations of α-endosulfan, DDE, parathion methyl, isoproturon, atrazine, carbaryl and carbofuran were determined in farmed raised fish Labeo rohita of two weight groups. All these pesticide residues were detected in fish meat samples. All these pesticide residues except isoproturon were identified in soil sediments, whereas all these pesticide residues except isoproturon, carbaryl and DDE were also present in water samples. DDT, heptachlor, β-endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, captan, cypermethrin, chlorobromuron and chlorotoluron were absent in all samples of water, sediments and fish flesh. The pesticide residues levels were in order of parathion methyl 〉 DDE 〉 carbofuran 〉 atrazine 〉 α-endosulfan 〉 isoproturan 〉 carbaryl. The concentrations of pesticides were higher in fish weighing 800 -1 300 g than in those weighing 250 -750 g. The DDE was remained highest in sediments, while that was not detected in water samples. The pesticides （endosulfan, parathion methyl, atrazine and carbofuran） had crossed their MRL values （0.001 μg/g） in water samples.

Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction combined with liquid phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating drop for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in grains followed by GC

A convenient,cost-effective and fast method using dynamic microwave-assisted extraction and liquid phase microextraction based on the solidification of a floating drop was proposed to analyze organochlorine pesticides in grains including rice,maize and millet.Twelve samples can be processed simultaneously in the method.During the extraction process,10%acetonitrile-water solutions containing 110μL of n-hexadecane were used to extract organochlorine pesticides.Subsequently,1.0 g sodium chloride was placed in the extract,and then centrifuged and cooled.The n-hexadecane drops containing the analytes were solidifi ed and transferred for determination by gas chromatography-electron capture detector without any further filtration or cleaning process.Limits of detection for organochlorine pesticides were 0.97–1.01μg/kg and the RSDs were in the range of 2.6%–8.5%.The developed technology has succeeded in analyzing six real grains samples and the recoveries of the organochlorine pesticides were 72.2%–94.3%.Compared with the published extraction methods,the developed method was used to analyze organochlorine pesticides in grains,being more environmentally friendly,which is suitable for the daily determination of organochlorine pesticides.

Concentrations and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in shellfish from Changjiang estuary

To analyze and evaluate the status of organochlorine pollutants in the Changjiang （Yangtze River） estuary and adjacent waters, the concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane （HCHs） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDTs） in shellfish collected in study area from 2006 to 2007 were determined with gas chromatography （GC）. The concentration range of HCHs was （ND-12.13）×10^-3 mg/kg wet weight and averaged at 0.54×10^-3 mg/kg while the concentration of DDTs was in the range of （4.06-281.73） ×10^-3 mg/kg with a mean of 57.52×10^-3 mg/kg in the survey areas. The concentrations of DDTs in the shellfish were higher than HCHs＇, so that DDTs could be considered as typical organochlorine pollutants in the areas. The concentrations of DDTs in the shellfish were higher than HCHs＇, so that DDTs could be considered as typical organochlorines pollutants. The HCHs in all the shellfish conformed to the first level of criterion （0.02 mg/kg） of the Marion Biology Quality （GB 18421-2001）, and that of DDTs in most samples were beyond the first level （0.01 mg/kg） but conformed to the second level （0.10 mg/kg）. On average, α-HCH and δ-HCH occupied the most part of HCHs, while O,P＇-DDT and P,P＇-DDT occupied the most part of DDTs. The concentrations of organocholorine pesticides in shellfish samples varied in site and in species. The highest level occurred at the Shengsi （SS）, followed by Yangkougang （YKG）, Lvsi （LS）, Dongyuan （DY） and Beibayao （BBY）, low concentrations were observed at Changsha （CS）, Beidaodi （BDD）, and Gouqi （GQ）. The concentration of HCHs and DDTs in most sites decreased clearly from 2006 to 2007 except for YKG, DY, BDD, LYS, and SS. All of above results suggested that the study area was slightly affected by organochlorine pesticide, special by DDTs.

Isolation of Organochlorine Pesticide from Ginseng with Supercritical CO_2

The feasibility of removal of the organochlorine pesticides residues of hexachlorocyclohexane(BHC) from radix ginseng with supercritical CO2 was explored. Some factors, such as extraction pressure, extraction temperature, and kinds of co-solvents were investigated. The experimental results indicate that it is possible to reduce BHC residues in radix ginseng to the level of 0.1 × 10^-6 with supercritical CO2 in the presence of suitable amount of co-solvent, such as water.

Synthetic Detergents (Surfactants) and Organochlorine Pesticide Signatures in Surface Water and Groundwater of Greater Kolkata, India

An assessment on the concentration of surfactants and pesticides of chlorinated hydrocarbon group in surface and groundwater, is made from Greater Kolkata located in the Western Ganga Delta, one of the largest urban agglomerate in Asia. Concentration of both anionic synthetic detergents and organochlorine pesticide resi-dues analysed from 54 and 19 sampling stations covering groundwater and surface water sources respec-tively, are generally found to be within the tolerance limit for human consumption. The concentration of synthetic detergent ranges from 0.084 to 0.425mg/l. Residues of organochlorine pesticides are analysed from different sources like tanks, lakes, rivers and groundwater. Lindane (0.01-0.43μg/l) and DDT (0.03-0.65 μg/l) are the most widely detected pesticide residues. Howerer, the two have not exceeded the limits for drinking anywhere. High value of aldrin and dieldrin (0.9μg/l) is obtained in the river Hugli at Barakpur-Seoraphuli, 20 km north of Kolkata. Likewise high value of Heptachloreis detected in a canal water sample at Palta (0.05 μg/l), a suburban area. Seasonally, the pesticide concentration in surface water is maximum during winter due to their higher application and minimum during monsoon. In groundwater, however, this relationship is reverse due to higher infiltration of surface water during monsoon.

Monitoring of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues──The GEMS/Food Program in China

This paper covers the monitoring activities of organochlorine (OCS) pesticide residues in the GEMS/Food program, which China took part in for the first time in 1992. The levels of HCH and DDT were determined in 355 samples of eight main varieties of food , taken from five provinces and cities. The results show that the positive rate of HCH is 69%, of which 99. 44 % is in accord with the National Standards of Food Hygiene of China. As to DDT, the two rates are 42 % and 100 % respectively. The daily intakes of HCH and DDT are 0. 22 mg/ kg.bw and 0. 54 mg/kg. bw respectively, which are far below their corresponding ADIs.Compared with those in 1970s, the OCS residues have decreased significantly. Therefore the monitored varieties of food are safe to people's health