The generation and properties of human cortical organoids as a disease model for malformations of cortical development

As three-dimensional“organ-like”aggregates,human cortical organoids have emerged as powerful models for studying human brain evolution and brain disorders with unique advantages of humanspecificity,fidelity and manipulation.Human cortical organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells can elaborately replicate many of the key properties of human cortical development at the molecular,cellular,structural,and functional levels,including the anatomy,functional neural network,and interaction among different brain regions,thus facilitating the discovery of brain development and evolution.In addition to studying the neuro-electrophysiological features of brain cortex development,human cortical organoids have been widely used to mimic the pathophysiological features of cortical-related disease,especially in mimicking malformations of cortical development,thus revealing pathological mechanism and identifying effective drugs.In this review,we provide an overview of the generation of human cortical organoids and the properties of recapitulated cortical development and further outline their applications in modeling malformations of cortical development including pathological phenotype,underlying mechanisms and rescue strategies.

Cellular interplay to 3D in vitro microphysiological disease model:cell patterning microbiota-gut-brain axis

The microbiota-gut-brain axis(MGBA)has emerged as a key prospect in the bidirectional communication between two major organ systems:the brain and the gut.Homeostasis between the two organ systems allows the body to function without disease,whereas dysbiosis has long-standing evidence of etiopathological conditions.The most common communication paths are the microbial release of metabolites,soluble neurotransmitters,and immune cells.However,each pathway is intertwined with a complex one.With the emergence of in vitro models and the popularity of three-dimensional(3D)cultures and Transwells,engineering has become easier for the scientific understanding of neurodegenerative diseases.This paper briefly retraces the possible communication pathways between the gut microbiome and the brain.It further elaborates on three major diseases:autism spectrum disorder,Parkinson’s disease,and Alzheimer’s disease,which are prevalent in children and the elderly.These diseases also decrease patients’quality of life.Hence,understanding them more deeply with respect to current advances in in vitro modeling is crucial for understanding the diseases.Remodeling of MGBA in the laboratory uses many molecular technologies and biomaterial advances.Spheroids and organoids provide a more realistic picture of the cell and tissue structure than monolayers.Combining them with the Transwell system offers the advantage of compartmentalizing the two systems(apical and basal)while allowing physical and chemical cues between them.Cutting-edge technologies,such as bioprinting and microfluidic chips,might be the future of in vitro modeling,as they provide dynamicity.

Success rate of current human-derived gastric cancer organoids establishment and influencing factors:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Human-derived gastric cancer organoids(GCOs)are widely used in gastric cancer research;however,the culture success rate is generally low.AIM To explore the potential influencing factors,and the literature on successful culture rates of GCOs was reviewed using meta-analysis.METHODS PubMed,Web of Science,and EMBASE were searched for studies.Two trained researchers selected the studies and extracted data.STATA 17.0 software was used for meta-analysis of the incidence of each outcome event.The adjusted Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies.Funnel plots and Egger’s test were used to detect publication bias.Subgroup analyses were conducted for sex,tissue source,histo-logical classification,and the pathological tumor-node-metastasis(pTNM)cancer staging system.RESULTS Eight studies with a pooled success rate of 66.6%were included.GCOs derived from women and men had success rates of 67%and 46.7%,respectively.GCOs from surgery or biopsy/endoscopic submucosal dissection showed success rates of 70.9%and 53.7%,respectively.GCOs of poorly-differentiated,moderately-differentiated and signet-ring cell cancer showed success rates of 64.6%,31%,and 32.7%,respectively.GCOs with pTNM stages I-II and III-IV showed success rates of 38.3%and 65.2%,respectively.Y-27632 and non-Y-27632 use showed success rates of 58.2%and 70%,respectively.GCOs generated with collagenase were more successful than those constructed with Liberase TH and TrypLE(72.1%vs 71%,respectively).EDTA digestion showed a 50%lower success rate than other methods(P=0.04).CONCLUSION GCO establishment rate is low and varies by sex,tissue source,histological type,and pTNM stage.Omitting Y-27632,and using Liberase TH,TrypLE,or collagenase yields greater success than EDTA.

In vitro engineered models of neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegeneration is a catastrophic process that develops progressive damage leading to functional andstructural loss of the cells of the nervous system and is among the biggest unavoidable problems of our age.Animalmodels do not reflect the pathophysiology observed in humans due to distinct differences between the neuralpathways,gene expression patterns,neuronal plasticity,and other disease-related mechanisms in animals andhumans.Classical in vitro cell culture models are also not sufficient for pre-clinical drug testing in reflecting thecomplex pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.Today,modern,engineered techniques are applied to developmulticellular,intricate in vitro models and to create the closest microenvironment simulating biological,biochemical,and mechanical characteristics of the in vivo degenerating tissue.In THIS review,the capabilities and shortcomings ofscaffold-based and scaffold-free techniques,organoids,and microfluidic models that best reflect neurodegeneration invitro in the biomimetic framework are discussed.

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids:Current progress and challenges

Human pluripotent stem cell(hPSC)-derived kidney organoids share similarities with the fetal kidney.However,the current hPSC-derived kidney organoids have some limitations,including the inability to perform nephrogenesis and lack of a corticomedullary definition,uniform vascular system,and coordinated exit path-way for urinary filtrate.Therefore,further studies are required to produce hPSC-derived kidney organoids that accurately mimic human kidneys to facilitate research on kidney development,regeneration,disease modeling,and drug screening.In this review,we discussed recent advances in the generation of hPSC-derived kidney organoids,how these organoids contribute to the understanding of human kidney development and research in disease modeling.Additionally,the limitations,future research focus,and applications of hPSC-derived kidney organoids were highlighted.

Visualization analysis of research hotspots and trends on gastrointestinal tumor organoids

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal tumor organoids serve as an effective model for simulating cancer in vitro and have been applied in basic biology and preclinical research.Despite over a decade of development and increasing research achievements in this field,a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the research hotspots and future trends is lacking.AIM To address this problem by employing bibliometric tools to explore the publication years,countries/regions,institutions,journals,authors,keywords,and references in this field.METHODS The literature was collected from Web of Science databases.CiteSpace-6.2R4,a widely used bibliometric analysis software package,was used for institutional analysis and reference burst analysis.VOSviewer 1.6.19 was used for journal cocitation analysis,author co-authorship and co-citation analysis.The‘online platform for bibliometric analysis(https://bibliometric.com/app)’was used to assess the total number of publications and the cooperation relationships between countries.Finally,we employed the bibliometric R software package(version R.4.3.1)in R-studio,for a comprehensive scientific analysis of the literature.RESULTS Our analysis included a total of 1466 publications,revealing a significant yearly increase in articles on the study of gastrointestinal tumor organoids.The United States(n=393)and Helmholtz Association(n=93)have emerged as the leading countries and institutions,respectively,in this field,with Hans Clevers and Toshiro Sato being the most contributing authors.The most influential journal in this field is Gastroenterology.The most impactful reference is"Long term expansion of epithelial organs from human colon,adenoma,adenocarcinoma,and Barrett's epithelium".Keywords analysis and citation burst analysis indicate that precision medicine,disease modeling,drug development and screening,and regenerative medicine are the most cutting-edge directions.These focal points were further detailed based on the literature.CONCLUSION This bibliometric study offers an objective and quantitative analysis of the research in this field,which can be considered as an important guide for next scientific research.

Application of patient-derived tumor models in anticancer drug development and individualized medicine

Malignant tumor is the second leading cause of death due to its high incidence, lack of effective treatment and poor prognosis. The evaluation of anticancer drugs used to based on NCI-60 cell line models, but the limited heterogeneity and the divorce from clinical practice of models lead to extremely low success rate of novel anticancer drugs during clinical trials (less than 10%). In recent years, because of the high heterogeneity and human derived tumor matrix, patient-derived tumor models have been gradually applied to the preclinical evaluation of various antitumor drugs, which shows certain advantages in predicting the clinical efficacy of antitumor drugs. Optimize the drug combination through patient-derived tumor models to achieve individualized medicine has gradually become an indispensable strategy in clinical cancer therapy. The current review summarized the development of patient-derived tumor models, characterized the application, advantages and challenges of them in preclinical antitumor drug evaluation and clinical precise medicine, which will provide a scientific basis and novel insights for further basic research, drug development and clinical application.

CMIP 6 models simulation of the connection between North/South Pacific Meridional Mode and ENSO

The subtropical North and South Pacific Meridional Modes(NPMM and SPMM)are well known precursors of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).However,relationship between them is not constant.In the early 1980,the relationship experienced an interdecadal transition.Changes in this connection can be attributed mainly to the phase change of the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO).During the positive phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline in the central Pacific is responsible for the stronger trade wind charging(TWC)mechanism,which leads to a stronger equatorial subsurface temperature evolution.This dynamic process strengthens the connection between NPMM and ENSO.Associated with the negative phase of PDO,a shallower thermocline over southeastern Pacific allows an enhanced wind-evaporation-SST(WES)feedback,strengthening the connection between SPMM and ENSO.Using 35 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models,we examined the NPMM/SPMM performance and its connection with ENSO in the historical runs.The great majority of CMIP6 models can reproduce the pattern of NPMM and SPMM well,but they reveal discrepant ENSO and NPMM/SPMM relationship.The intermodal uncertainty for the connection of NPMM-ENSO is due to different TWC mechanism.A stronger TWC mechanism will enhance NPMM forcing.For SPMM,few models can simulate a good relationship with ENSO.The intermodel spread in the relationship of SPMM and ENSO owing to SST bias in the southeastern Pacific,as WES feedback is stronger when the southeastern Pacific is warmer.

Hepatitis B virus infection modeling using multi-cellular organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus(HBV)remains a global health concern despite the availability of vaccines.To date,the development of effective treatments has been severely hampered by the lack of reliable,reproducible,and scalable in vitro modeling systems that precisely recapitulate the virus life cycle and represent virus-host interactions.With the progressive understanding of liver organogenesis mechanisms,the development of human induced pluripotent stem cell(iPSC)-derived hepatic sources and stromal cellular compositions provides novel strategies for personalized modeling and treatment of liver disease.Further,advancements in three-dimensional culture of self-organized liver-like organoids considerably promote in vitro modeling of intact human liver tissue,in terms of both hepatic function and other physiological characteristics.Combined with our experiences in the investigation of HBV infections using liver organoids,we have summarized the advances in modeling reported thus far and discussed the limitations and ongoing challenges in the application of liver organoids,particularly those with multi-cellular components derived from human iPSCs.This review provides general guidelines for establishing clinical-grade iPSC-derived multi-cellular organoids in modeling personalized hepatitis virus infection and other liver diseases,as well as drug testing and transplantation therapy.

Organoids: a novel modality in disease modeling

Limitations of monolayer culture conditions have motivated scientists to explore new models that can recapitulate the architecture and function of human organs more accurately.Recent advances in the improvement of protocols have resulted in establishing three-dimensional(3D)organ-like architectures called‘organoids’that can display the characteristics of their corresponding real organs,including morphological features,functional activities,and personalized responses to specific pathogens.We discuss different organoid-based 3D models herein,which are classified based on their original germinal layer.Studies of organoids simulating the complexity of real tissues could provide novel platforms and opportunities for generating practical knowledge along with preclinical studies,including drug screening,toxicology,and molecular pathophysiology of diseases.This paper also outlines the key challenges,advantages,and prospects of current organoid systems.

Brain organoids are new tool for drug screening of neurological diseases

At the level of in vitro drug screening,the development of a phenotypic analysis system with highcontent screening at the core provides a strong platform to support high-throughput drug screening.There are few systematic reports on brain organoids,as a new three-dimensional in vitro model,in terms of model stability,key phenotypic fingerprint,and drug screening schemes,and particula rly rega rding the development of screening strategies for massive numbers of traditional Chinese medicine monomers.This paper reviews the development of brain organoids and the advantages of brain organoids over induced neurons or cells in simulated diseases.The paper also highlights the prospects from model stability,induction criteria of brain organoids,and the screening schemes of brain organoids based on the characteristics of brain organoids and the application and development of a high-content screening system.

Unraveling pathological mechanisms in neurological disorders:the impact of cell-based and organoid models

Cell-based models are a promising tool in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurological disorders as well as aiding in the discovery and development of future drug therapies.The greatest challenge is creating cell-based models that encapsulate the vast phenotypic presentations as well as the underlying genotypic etiology of these conditions.In this article,we discuss the recent advancements in cell-based models for understanding the pathophysiology of neurological disorders.We reviewed studies discussing the progression of cell-based models to the advancement of three-dimensional models and organoids that provide a more accurate model of the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in vivo.The better we understand how to create more precise models of the neurological system,the sooner we will be able to create patient-specific models and large libraries of these neurological disorders.While three-dimensional models can be used to discover the linking factors to connect the varying phenotypes,such models will also help to understand the early pathophysiology of these neurological disorders and how they are affected by their environment.The three-dimensional cell models will allow us to create more specific treatments and uncover potentially preventative measures in neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder,Parkinson’s disease,Alzheimer’s disease,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Modernising autism spectrum disorder model engineering and treatment via CRISPR-Cas9:A gene reprogramming approach

A neurological abnormality called autism spectrum disorder(ASD)affects how a person perceives and interacts with others,leading to social interaction and communication issues.Limited and recurring behavioural patterns are another feature of the illness.Multiple mutations throughout development are the source of the neurodevelopmental disorder autism.However,a well-established model and perfect treatment for this spectrum disease has not been discovered.The rising era of the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats(CRISPR)-associated protein 9(Cas9)system can streamline the complexity underlying the pathogenesis of ASD.The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful genetic engineering tool used to edit the genome at the targeted site in a precise manner.The major hurdle in studying ASD is the lack of appropriate animal models presenting the complex symptoms of ASD.Therefore,CRISPR-Cas9 is being used worldwide to mimic the ASD-like pathology in various systems like in vitro cell lines,in vitro 3D organoid models and in vivo animal models.Apart from being used in establishing ASD models,CRISPR-Cas9 can also be used to treat the complexities of ASD.The aim of this review was to summarize and critically analyse the CRISPRCas9-mediated discoveries in the field of ASD.

猪流行性腹泻病毒PEDV SD株的分离及体外3D肠道类器官感染模型建立

猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)是一种主要感染仔猪小肠的肠道冠状病毒。本研究旨在建立一种用于PEDV体外研究的仔猪小肠类器官模型。首先从PEDV发病猪场的临床仔猪腹泻样品中分离PEDV并进行全基因组测序,结果显示成功分离1株PEDV,命名为PEDV SD株。另外采用肠道类器官的培养技术,从10日龄健康仔猪小肠中分离小肠隐窝组织,经过体外培养7 d左右分化成具有肠道隐窝结构的猪小肠类器官,并能进行连续传代。然后将分离的PEDV SD株感染传代培养的猪小肠道类器官,通过间接免疫荧光试验显示PEDV可以很好地感染猪小肠道类器官,表明成功建立了PEDV感染肠道类器官的模型。猪小肠类器官感染模型可以在体外很好地重现PEDV感染肠道细胞的复杂结构的过程,为深入研究PEDV的致病机制提供一种新的可再生的体外研究模型。

卵巢恶性肿瘤类器官库的初建

背景卵巢恶性肿瘤异质性导致患者个体治疗效果差异大,经典治疗方案无法实现患者个体化治疗。可靠的卵巢恶性肿瘤体外模型可作为患者“替身”进行研究和药物敏感性测定,其结果为卵巢恶性肿瘤患者的精准治疗提供新思路。目的建立卵巢恶性肿瘤类器官生物库,在基因组学层面验证类器官与对应卵巢癌组织的一致性,探索类器官模型药敏结果预测临床疗效的可行性。方法分离患者组织来源的卵巢恶性肿瘤细胞,在基质胶三维环境中培养形成类器官。利用全外显子测序技术检测并对比类器官与对应卵巢恶性肿瘤组织的基因组学特征。类器官培养2~3 d后加入化疗单药或联合方案药物,进行药物敏感性测定。结果本研究建立了卵巢恶性肿瘤类器官生物库,包含来自113例患者的122个类器官系,培养成功率达90.4%。全外显子测序分析显示卵巢恶性肿瘤类器官在基因组学层面与亲本肿瘤组织具有一致性。卵巢恶性肿瘤类器官药敏结果对临床疗效的预测准确性达70.7%,敏感度为75%,特异度为55.6%。结论本研究在体外成功建立了卵巢恶性肿瘤类器官生物库,类器官模型可反映亲本肿瘤的基因组学特征,其药敏结果可反映临床疗效。卵巢恶性肿瘤类器官库为卵巢恶性肿瘤研究、药物开发、临床治疗方案制定提供了可靠的临床前模型。

PDO的三维空间结构和时间演变特征

利用再分析次表层海温资料和CCSM3模式的1870—1999年130a模拟试验的结果,分析了北太平洋年代际变化(PDO)的三维空间结构和时间演变特征。结果表明,CCSM3模式较好的模拟了北太平洋年代际变化的主要特征,对再分析资料和模式结果的分析都表明从北太平洋表层至次表层的中层,年代际变化是非常显著的,PDO不仅仅局限于表层海洋,而是一个深厚的系统。北太平洋年代际振荡在海洋次表层存在一个信号传播通道,PDO的信号是沿着副热带海洋环流在海洋次表层顺时针传播的,从北太平洋东部沿西南方向传播到热带西太平洋,随后向北到黑潮-亲潮延伸区附近,最后向东传播至北太平洋中部,完成一次位相的转换。在信号传播的过程中深度逐步加深,最后在北太平洋中部达到最深。

类器官模型在肝细胞癌中的研究进展

类器官作为一种维持自身组织结构和功能的体外3D模型,很大程度上克服了传统肿瘤模型(包括2D细胞培养和体内小鼠培养)的局限性,近年来已成为研究肿瘤领域的有力工具。肝细胞癌(HCC)类器官从人和鼠来源的组织样品中产生,保留了亲本肿瘤组织的关键特征,包括组织学结构、基因组景观、表达谱和肿瘤内异质性。目前类器官在乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)及其他因素诱导的肝癌机制探索、药物筛选、个体化医疗中的应用正在被广泛研究。文章就类器官的起源、特性及其在肝癌中的应用展开综述。

子宫内膜异位症在位内膜上皮类器官模型的建立及鉴定

目的:探讨并验证构建人子宫内膜异位症(EMs)患者在位内膜上皮类器官模型的可行性及影响因素。方法:选择经腹腔镜手术并病理确诊为卵巢型EMs囊肿患者的新鲜在位内膜组织10例,组织消化法将在位内膜消化成单细胞,在基质胶Matrigel中培养7d构建EMs在位内膜上皮类器官模型。通过形态学、免疫组化、HE染色、透射电镜检测等,与原在位内膜组织对比进行模型鉴定;雌激素1、5、10nmol/L干预后观察在位内膜上皮类器官直径的变化,初步探讨雌激素在EMs在位内膜上皮类器官构建中的作用。结果:10例患者在位内膜组织均成功构建EMs在位内膜上皮类器官,光学显微镜下显示在位内膜上皮类器官的数量可观,形态上呈类圆形3D立体结构,周围可见腺体结构;免疫组化显示上皮源性标记物及雌孕激素受体表达阳性属于内膜源性上皮;HE染色显示在高倍镜下构建的在位内膜上皮类器官排列成腺腔样结构但腺体排列稀疏,较不规则,腔体内部分细胞形成分隔与原组织腺上皮结构相似;透射电镜显示在位内膜上皮类器官的内部超微结构与原在位内膜组织具有高度相似性;在培养基中加不同浓度雌二醇,10nmol/L雌激素浓度干预第6d的类器官直径明显大于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:体外成功构建的EMs在位内膜上皮类器官模型具有上皮性特征,与原在位内膜组织对比高度重现来源组织的结构、病理特性,可替代人子宫内膜异位症在位内膜组织用于EMs疾病药物的干预与基础实验的研究的建模。

基于类器官的视网膜色素变性疾病模型构建及研究进展

基于多能干细胞定向诱导分化视网膜类器官(RO)技术可以高度模拟人类视网膜的发育过程,帮助深入理解视网膜的发育机制,并为视网膜疾病提供新的治疗方法。目前,RO广泛应用于视网膜疾病的机制和治疗研究,尤其在视网膜色素变性(RP)中取得了较为突出的进展。本文总结了利用人多功能干细胞制备RO的方法,阐述了RO-RP疾病模型在PRPF 31、RPGR、CRB 1、RP 2、IMPG 2、NR 2 E 3、USH 2 A、PDE 6 B和TRNT 1等不同突变基因中的机制与治疗应用,概括其在药物筛选、药物毒性试验、基因疗法和细胞疗法方面的研究进展,讨论了RO的研究及应用挑战。

COPD细胞微环境体外模型建立的思路与方法

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)是危害公众健康的重大慢性疾病。COPD病理机制复杂,细胞微环境改变是其病理生理的重要组成部分。细胞培养技术是研究COPD病理机制及药效药理评价的重要工具。该文介绍了肺内细胞微环境的基本构成,COPD病理进程中细胞微环境变化,总结了细胞微环境体外模型在COPD机制研究中的应用,提出COPD细胞微环境体外模型建立的思路与方法。