External Factors Influencing the Motion of Tectonic Plates

The investigation aims to understand how external forces influence tectonic plate movement, causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Our emphasis was on calculating perigee forces at various moon-Earth distances. Our initial concern is the fluctuating perigee distance between the Moon and Earth. Later, we will cover Earth’s mass fluctuations caused by crustal inhomogeneity. Gravitational force depends on distance and Earth’s mass variations. Wobbling’s Earth and translation around Sun are additional factors. Tidal variations from the Moon trigger subduction zone earthquakes. Volcanoes in the Ring of Fire are influenced by plate movement on fractures and faults.

Influence of the layered Moon and Earth’s orientation on lunar rotation

One of the most efficient ways to probe the lunar inner structure at present is through the study of its rotation.Range and range rate(Doppler) data between the Chang’E-3 lander and station on the Earth were collected from the beginning of the Chang’E-3 lunar mission in 2013.These observation data,taken together with the existing lunar laser ranging data,provide a new approach to extend research on the Earth-Moon system.The high precision of current observation data imposes exacting demands,making it necessary to include previously neglected factors.In this paper,motivated by progress of the Chinese lunar exploration project and to use its data in the near future,two lunar models:a one-layer model and a two-layer model with a fluid core,were applied to the rotational equations based on our implemented algorithm of the Moon’s motion.There was a difference of about 0.5′′in φ and ψ,but 0.2′′in θ between the two models.This result confirms that stratification of the inner structure of the Moon can be inferred from rotation data.We also added precise Earth rotation parameters in our model;the results show that this factor is negligible at present,due to the limited precision of the existing data.These results will help us understand the rotational process clearly and build a more realistic Earth-Moon model when we combine Lunar Laser Ranging data with high precision radio data to fit lunar motion in the near future.

Design of low-energy transfer from lunar orbit to asteroid in the Sun-Earth-Moon system

Asteroid exploration trajectories which start from a lunar orbit are investigated in this work.It is assumed that the probe departs from lunar orbit and returns to the vicinity of Earth,then escapes from the Earth by performing a perigee maneuver.A low-energy transfer in Sun-EarthMoon system is adopted.First,the feasible region of lowenergy transfer from lunar orbit to perigee within 5 000 km height above the Earth surface in Sun-Earth-Moon system is calculated and analyzed.Three transfer types are found,i.e.,large maneuver and fast transfers,small maneuver and fast transfers,and disordered and slow transfers.Most of feasibility trajectories belong to the first two types.Then,the lowenergy trajectory leg from lunar orbit to perigee and a heliocentric trajectory leg from perigee to asteroid are patched by a perigee maneuver.The optimal full-transfer trajectory is obtained by exploiting the differential evolution algorithm.Finally,taking 4179 Toutatis asteroid as the target,some low-energy transfer trajectories are obtained and analyzed.

On the Imminent Regional Seismic Activity Forecasting Using INTERMAGNET and Sun-Moon Tide Code Data

In this paper we present an approach for forecasting the imminent regional seismic activity by using geomagnetic data and Earth tide data. The time periods of seismic activity are the time periods around the Sun-Moon extreme of the diurnal average value of the tide vector module. For analyzing the geomagnetic data behaviour we use diurnal standard deviation of geomagnetic vector components F (North, East, Down) for calculating the time variance GeomagSignal. The Sun storm influence is avoided by using data for daily A-indexes (published by NOAA). The precursor signal for forecasting the incoming regional seismic activity is a simple function of the present and previous day GeomagSignal and A-indexes values. The reliability of the geomagnetic “when, regional” precursor is demonstrated by using statistical analysis of day difference between the times of “predicted” and occurred earthquakes. The base of the analysis is a natural hypothesis that the “predicted” earthquake is the one whose surface energy density in the monitoring point is bigger than the energy densities of all occurred earthquakes in the same period and region. The reliability of the approach was tested using the INTERMAGNET stations data located in Bulgaria, Panagurishte, PAG (Jan 1, 2008-Jan 29, 2014), Romania, Surlari, SUA (Jan 1, 2008-Jan 27, 2014), Italy, L’Aquila, AQU (Jan 1, 2008-May 30, 2013) in the time of EU IRSES BlackSeaHazNet (2011-2014) project. The steps of program for solving the “when, where and how” earthquake prediction problem are shortly described.

Dark Galaxies, Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction, Tunguska Event—Explained by WUM

Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth’s rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge;2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents of the charged Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by a huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.

Just a Bit of Physics Can Tell So Much: A Unique Story of the Start of the Earth-Moon System

The start of the Earth-Moon system has been studied to show that this was an exceptionally violent event. One result was that Earth became the terrestrial planet with the highest average density. Another result was that Earth acquired enough mass and radioactive elements that it is expected to maintain a molten core region and magnetic field for the expected life of the Earth. Earth alone of the terrestrial planets was then able to develop plate tectonics as a long term energy release mechanism. The dipole magnetic field of the Sun reverses periodically, currently at the rate of about every 11 years, so that there was a magnetic braking action acting on the core of Venus that accounts for the slow rotation of that planet. A key result is that the impact event that resulted in the Earth-Moon system led to long term stability on Earth that allowed the eventual development of complex life forms on the Earth.

Computation of the atmosphere-less light intensity curve during a total solar eclipse by using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter topography data and the DE430 astronomical ephemeris

Observations of the sky irradiation intensity in the visible wavelengths during a solar eclipse permit to model the Sun diameter,a key number to constrain the internal structure of our star.In this paper,we present an algorithm that takes advantage of the precise Moon topography from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to compute,with a high resolution in time,the geometrical part(i.e.top-of-atmosphere,and for a given wavelength)of the sky irradiation at any given location on the Earth during these events.The algorithm is also able to model the Baily’s beads.We give as an application the theoretical computation of the light curve corresponding to the solar eclipse observed at Lakeland(Queensland,North Australia)on 2012 November 13.The application to real data,with the introduction of atmospheric and instrumental passbands,will be considered in a forthcoming paper.

The Sun or the Moon?

1.Wang Xiaoer came out ofa bar,drunk.2.He raised his head andlooked up into the sky.3. There was a roundball shining.He won-dered:'What's that inthe sky?'

Sun-Moon-Earth Interactions, External Factors for Earthquakes

The aim of this paper is to continue analyzing the interactions in the three-body system made up of the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth. First, we review new details about Moon-Earth connections, with a special focus on mechanical forces. Following, we expand the study to consider the pair Sun-Earth, with calculations for electromagnetic forces. The objective in both cases is to know how mechanical and electromagnetic forces affect seismological events on Earth. Our calculations found that Solar Cycles have no direct interaction with earthquake variations. Instead, we established that there is an internal discrepancy for quakes below 35 km detected in some of the regions analyzed. The results indicate that geomagnetic variations must be studied next to understand their connections to earthquakes.

Formation and Evolution of the Solar System as well as Expansion of the Universe and Global Climate Change

Having found some orbit variation mechanisms of natural satellites and planets, the author has revealed the formation and evolution law of the Moon. According to this law, the author has further revealed the formation and evolution law of the Solar System and other galaxies in the universe. Especially, the author has also explained why the eight planets around the Sun are prograde planets, why the orbits of the eight planets almost lie in the same plane, and why most planets rotate around their own axes from west to east. Additionally, the author could also explain the expansion of the universe as well as the cause of global climate change.

文化符号的传播与共享——以夏鲁寺、贡嘎曲德寺日月图像为例

西藏地区的夏鲁寺与贡嘎曲德寺壁画中均出现了以金乌、玉兔代表日与月的图像。金乌与玉兔图像是中原文化用来表示日与月的固定图式。自汉朝时期由西王母神话与民间信仰不断糅合产生,唐代时被吸收进佛教图像体系中,后期随着藏传佛教的兴盛与文化交流的频繁,藏传佛教绘画吸收了这种日月图像母题。西藏壁画艺术中的日月图像,不仅更新了藏传佛教艺术的表达范式,而且图像意义也突破了单纯宗教艺术的阐释,凸显了中央皇权的在场。夏鲁寺与贡嘎曲德寺壁画中的日月图像是汉藏文化交往交流交融的结果,彰显了元明时期各民族之间的频繁互动,以及多元文化交流下文化符号互融互生的整体性社会结构。

天体运动的三维DDA模拟

不连续变形分析(DDA)方法广泛应用于岩土工程领域,其中三维球颗粒DDA(3D-SDDA)理论能够对球形物体模型的运动进行数值模拟。本研究将不连续变形分析方法应用于太阳系天体运行模拟,将各天体看作球状物体,仅考虑天体间的引力和其自身惯性力,通过建立系统总体平衡方程式,推导载荷矩阵方程,求解总体方程,编写Matlab计算程序,从而得到各天体的运动参数,对天体运动进行数值模拟。结果表明,利用3D-SDDA理论能够模拟日-地二体系统和日-地-月三体系统在宇宙空间中的运行状态,获取任意时刻天体的空间位置和速度信息。分别将日-地二体系统的数值计算结果与开普勒计算方法所得结果对比,日-地-月三体系统的结果与虚拟天文馆软件Stellarium高精度数据对比,结果吻合良好。同时输入月全食发生的限制条件,能够正确预测出月全食发生时刻。

叙事性首饰设计中的文化传承——以元阳哈尼日月盘神话为例

叙事性首饰设计作为一种将情感和故事融入首饰艺术的方法,通过具象化的设计作品传达抽象的文化故事。文章以元阳哈尼族的日月盘神话为研究对象,分析神话故事的文化内涵及其在首饰设计中的表现形式,通过对哈尼神话的深入解读,提出结合文化传承原则和故事运用原则的叙事性首饰设计方案,传递哈尼族的民族精神和文化特色,旨在为哈尼日月盘神话的现代传承提供新方向,为叙事性首饰设计的创新性融合提供思路。

Earth: Review Article

Every year on 22 April, we have celebrated Earth Day and the beautiful planet we call home. Earth Day, established in 1970, has been used to highlight our planet’s environmental challenges and raise awareness of the importance of protecting our world for future generations [1]. To provide the protection of our planet, we should explain Earth’s environmental challenges to the best of our knowledge in frames of contemporary Geophysics. This paper gives a short overview of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) and pay particular attention to the principal role of Dark Matter (DM) in the Earth’s life. In this manuscript, we discuss different aspects of the Earth: a condition of Young Earth before the Beginning of life on It;Internal Structure;“The 660-km Boundary” that we named Geomagma;Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed on a daily basis;Origin of Moon;Expanding Earth;Internal Heating;Faint Young Sun paradox;Geocorona and Planetary Coronas;High-Energy Atmospheric Physics. WUM proposed principally different ways to solve the problems of Internal Heating, Origin of the Moon, and Faint Young Sun paradox based on DM core of the Earth. The Model revealed the fact that the Sun Activity causes the Geomagma Activity and, as a consequence, Random Variations of Earth’s Rotational Speed by the varying Sun’s magnetic field.

Everything Is a Circle: A New Universal Orbital Model

Based on measured astronomical position data of heavenly objects in the Solar System and other planetary systems, all bodies in space seem to move in some kind of elliptical motion with respect to each other. According to Kepler’s 1st Law, “orbit of a planet with respect to the Sun is an ellipse, with the Sun at one of the two foci.” Orbit of the Moon with respect to Earth is also distinctly elliptical, but this ellipse has a varying eccentricity as the Moon comes closer to and goes farther away from the Earth in a harmonic style along a full cycle of this ellipse. In this paper, our research results are summarized, where it is first mathematically shown that the “distance between points around any two different circles in three-dimensional space” is equivalent to the “distance of points around a vector ellipse to another fixed or moving point, as in two-dimensional space”. What is done is equivalent to showing that bodies moving on two different circular orbits in space vector-wise behave as if moving on an elliptical path with respect to each other, and virtually seeing each other as positioned at an instantaneously stationary point in space on their relative ecliptic plane, whether they are moving with the same angular velocity, or different but fixed angular velocities, or even with different and changing angular velocities with respect to their own centers of revolution. This mathematical revelation has the potential to lead to far reaching discoveries in physics, enabling more insight into forces of nature, with a formulation of a new fundamental model regarding the motions of bodies in the Universe, including the Sun, Planets, and Satellites in the Solar System and elsewhere, as well as at particle and subatomic level. Based on the demonstrated mathematical analysis, as they exhibit almost fixed elliptic orbits relative to one another over time, the assertion is made that the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon must each be revolving in their individual circular orbits of revolution in space. With this expectation, individual orbital parameters of the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon are calculated based on observed Earth to Sun and Earth to Moon distance data, also using analytical methods developed as part of this research to an approximation. This calculation and analysis process have revealed additional results aligned with observation, and this also supports our assertion that the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon must actually be revolving in individual circular orbits.

浅析T型帛画中日月同辉之象的意蕴

“帛”即白色丝织品,古人常于帛上作画,通过帛画可探究古人对宇宙人间的认知与追求。1972年长沙马王堆一号汉墓中出土的T型帛画分为上、中、下三部分,以神龙串联天界、人间、地狱三景。其中帛画的天界部分出现了阳乌与蟾蜍并存的日月同辉之象。这种现象背后的思想渊源主要为“天人合一”观、谶纬神学观以及阴阳五行观。阳乌与蟾蜍形象是汉代社会思想具化而成的人文产物,作为日与月的符号象征共同出现,蕴含了汉代人引魂升天、阴阳和谐的宇宙生死观。

Possible Connections between Seasons and Ultra-Deep Earthquakes Worldwide

The aim of this investigation is to find possible changes in ultra-deep earthquakes (UDQ) during different seasons of the year. In the acquisition of data for our previous work we observed an inexplicable pattern of growth of ultra-deep tremors (UDQ) during the studied period. Apparently, there is no viable explanation for growth occurring at such a level, presumably in the asthenosphere. Current research and theories developed for the inner layers of the Earth do not explain such variations. Therefore, a possible explanation would be in external factors such as the seasons of the year, which are determined by changes in the Earth’s axial tilt, and therefore the portion of the earth that is angled toward the sun. This paper focuses exclusively on UDQ events. To simplify the calculations, we consider four main locations;this includes one more region than our previous paper but includes only UDQ data. The results showed that during spring and autumn UDQ events grew slightly in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is also suggested that a contributor to UDQ events is friction from the subducting lithosphere against the continental plates.

从日月神话谈铸牢中华民族共同体意识——基于傣族日月神话的思考

通过辨析傣语中的日月神及其相关词汇可发现傣族继承了中原日月神话的语言基因,其他壮侗语族民族的情况也是如此。通过分析日月起源、多日月、射日月、救日月、日月运行、日月蚀等日月神话叙事,发现傣族与其他民族一样共创、共享和共传着相同的母题。各民族交往交流交融是造成日月神话高度相似的原因之一,从族缘关系看,傣族属于百越族裔,因此与其他壮侗语族民族有着许多同源词汇和高度相似的日月神话;从地缘关系看,傣族地处我国西南沿边,与周边诸多民族世代为邻,在多民族文化“三维交融”过程中共享共传着日月神话母题。神话叙事是传承中华民族文化基因的载体之一,从古老的日月神话中可以挖掘傣族先民所形成的中华民族共同体意识。

太阳同步回归轨道的轨道面外运动及在轨数据分析

针对近地太阳同步回归轨道的轨道面外运动,基于在轨遥测数据分析了轨道倾角和降交点地方时的运动变化规律。日月三体摄动对轨道倾角产生了长周期和短周期的运动,基于数据驱动方法进行了不同周期运动的辨识与分解,并与经典的解析解进行了比对。解析解反映的倾角半月周期运动与在轨数据基本一致,可以作为倾角半月周期运动的预报依据。基于轨道面外运动特征,分析了自主轨迹保持任务中虚拟编队构形参数与轨道面外参数的相关性。在精确回归轨道保持时充分考虑了轨道面外运动的特征,降低了自主轨道面外控制的频次。研究结果可以作为轨道面外运动轨迹优化的基础。