Orifice plate cavitation mechanism and its influencing factors

The orifice plate energy dissipater is an economic and highly efficient dissipater. However, there is a risk of cavitaion around the orifice plate flow： In order to provide references for engineering practice, we examined the cavitation mechanism around the orifice plate and its influencing factors by utilizing mathematical analysis methods to analyze the flow conditions around the orifice plate in view of gas bubble dynamics. Through the research presented in this paper, the following can be observed： The critical radius and the critical pressure of the gas nucleus in orifice plate flow increase with its initial state parameter r0 ; the development speed of bubbles stabilizes at a certain value after experiencing a peak value and a small valley value; and the orifice plate cavitation is closely related to the distribution of the gas nucleus in flow. For computing the orifice plate cavitation number, we ought to take into account the effects of pressure fluctuation. The development time of the gas nucleus from the initial radius to the critical radius is about 107-10-5 s; therefore, the gas nucleus has sufficient time to develop into bubbles in the negative half-cycle of flow fluctuation. The orifice critical cavitation number is closely related to the orifice plate size, and especially closely related with the ratio of the orifice plate radius to the tunnel radius. The approximate formula for the critical cavitation number of the square orifice plate that only considers the main influencing factor was obtained by model experiments.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CAVITATION EFFECTS ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL ORIFICES AND VALVES IN WATER HYDRAULICS

The flow characteristics and cavitation effects of water passing throughsmall sharp-edged cylindrical orifices and valves of different shapes in water hydraulics areinvestigated. The test results using orifices with different aspect ratios and different diametersshow that the flow coefficients in the case of non-cavitating flow are larger than that of flow inthe case of cavitation occurrence. The flow coefficients of flow with cavitation initially decreaseas Reynolds number increases and ultimately tend to be of constant values close to contractioncoefficient. Large aspect ratio has an effect of suppressing cavitation. The experimental resultsabout disc valves illustrate that the valves with sharp edge at large opening are less affected bycavitation than that at small opening. Throttle with triangle notch has better anti-cavitationability than that with square notch. The flowrate of the throttle with square notch is significantlyaffected by the flow direction or the flow passage shape.

Minimum wall pressure coefficient of orifice plate energy dissipater

Orifice plate energy dissipaters have been successfully used in large-scale hydropower projects due to their simple structure, convenient construction procedure, and high energy dissipation ratio. The minimum wall pressure coefficient of an orifice plate can indirectly reflect its cavitation characteristics： the lower the minimum wall pressure coefficient is, the better the ability of the orifice plate to resist cavitation damage is. Thus, it is important to study the minimum wall pressure coefficient of the orifice plate. In this study, this coefficient and related parameters, such as the contraction ratio, defined as the ratio of the orifice plate diameter to the flood-discharging tunnel diameter; the relative thickness, defined as the ratio of the orifice plate thickness to the tunnel diameter; and the Reynolds number of the flow through the orifice plate, were theoretically analyzed, and their relationships were obtained through physical model experiments. It can be concluded that the minimum wall pressure coefficient is mainly dominated by the contraction ratio and relative thickness. The lower the contraction ratio and relative thickness are, the larger the minimum wall pressure coefficient is. The effects of the Reynolds number on the minimum wall pressure coefficient can be neglected when it is larger than 10^5. An emoirical expression was presented to calculate the minimum wall oressure coefficient in this study.

Experimental study on the degradation of Rhodamine B by hydrodynamic cavitation technique

Hydrodynamic cavitation is a new technique in wastewater treatment processes. The degradation of Rbodamine B was studied on a 220 liters hydrodynamic cavitation setup using multiple hole orifice plates in this paper. The experimental results showed that Rhodamine B was really decomposed by hydrodynamic cavitation. Some factors influencing degradation effect i.e. geometric parameters and operation conditions also were discussed. It was concluded there was the optimal ratio of total area of holes to crosssectional area of the pipe and the rate constant increased with a reduction in the value of the modified cavitional number.

自适应变分模态分解算法在高温高压水空化特性分析中的应用

针对高温高压流动工况下,空化状态判断困难、传统分析方法难以有效提取压力脉动信号中的有效信息的问题,以孔板为对象,开展了高温高压水的空化实验,并提出了一种基于遗传算法的自适应变分模态分解(AVMD)算法。该算法通过结合中心频率法、遗传算法、功率谱熵和相对能量等技术,自适应地确定变分模态分解算法中的超参数并有效去除信号中的噪声成分,提高了空化特征的提取精度。结果表明:AVMD算法能够精确捕捉到高温高压水流经孔板时空化现象的发生和发展,识别空化起始点、转捩点以及空化强度的变化;当高温高压水流经孔板后,压力脉动的无量纲频率在0.04~0.35、压力脉动的无量纲幅值在0.014~0.067时,空化现象开始出现;随着空化强度增加,管内压力脉动幅值和频率整体呈增大趋势;空化起始转捩点及空化严重转捩点与入口压力和工质入口过冷度密切相关。AVMD算法能够有效提高空化特性分析的精度,尤其是在复杂流动条件下的空化预测,为压水堆核电站冷却剂系统和高压蒸汽系统的稳定运行提供理论依据和参考。

Pressure characteristics of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor due to the combination of Venturi tubes with multi-orifice plates

The pressure characteristics in the throats of Venturi tube and behind triangular multi-orifice plates were experimentally investigated by a pressure data acquisition system of SINOCERA-YE6263, and the effect of throat length of Venturi tube, different geometric parameters of multi-orifice plate and their combinations on the time-averaged pressure, cavitation number, and pressure frequency spectrum, correlation function calculated by FFT were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the throat length of L/R= 40 made for improving the fluctuation energy and promoting the uniform energy distribution, appropriately decreasing the size and increasing the number of orifice could accelerate the uniform distribution of the fluctuation energy in frequency domain. In the combination reactors, the cavitation number behind multi-orifice plates was lower and the fluctuation of correlation function was more intense.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON INCIPIENT CAVITATION EROSION OF FLOOD DISCHARGE TUNNEL WITH ORIFICE

Serial grades of cement mortar specimens have been tested on the model of con- crete-lining flood discharge tunnel with orifice,The results show that incipient cavitation erosion number is much smaller than incipient cavitation number.Based on the principle of bubble dy- namics,the flow speed effect on incipient cavitation erosion number for cement mortar is pre- sented.

结构尺寸对两级式厚壁阻尼孔流动特性的影响

目前,两级式阻尼孔的设计使用是参考单级式阻尼孔的流量计算公式以及经验参数,选型误差较大,依靠现场实验去修正压损参数或者采用试错法更换不同尺寸的阻尼孔进行效果补偿。结合实验和CFD仿真深入研究了气穴、不同长径比及加工误差等因素对两级式厚壁阻尼孔流动特性的影响,得到了有或无气穴现象时固定长度、不同直径尺寸的阻尼孔流量系数稳定值,为两级式厚壁阻尼孔正确选型及数学建模中的特征参数设置提供依据。

平头孔板的初生空化特性定量分析

随着现代水利水电工程的日益优化创新,高坝设计中需要解决的重大技术瓶颈是消杀高坝泄放洪流所携带的超大能量。利用水流的突扩、突缩消能的孔板制造简便,并且消能效率高。孔板的抗空化特性跟它的最小壁面压强系数大小紧密相关,其作为孔板设计制造的一个关键性指标。通过数值模拟和物理模型试验的方法,研究了平头孔板初生空化数与相关体型要素和水力要素之间的关系,并得到了经验表达式。研究结果表明,平头孔板初生空化数的经验表达式与实际吻合较好,为孔板的工程应用提供了参考。

基于正交试验的多级节流孔板流动特性分析

为降低多级节流孔板空化与湍流噪声,采用正交试验法分析多级节流孔板的孔分布、板厚、板间距等参数以及通流孔形状对空化和湍流噪声的影响,分析最小压力、湍流动能等流场参数的变化规律。通过极差分析得到各参数对流场性能影响的主次关系,并筛选出空化与湍流噪声优化方案,结果表明,在满足通流能力的情况下,多级节流孔板孔的开孔形状对空化的影响较为显著;适当的增加孔板厚度与板间距,可以抑制空化的产生;同时增加多级节流孔板板间距和孔的分布间距,可以让流动更加平缓,减小湍流噪声。

多孔孔板空化流动特性实验研究

多孔孔板常作为节流元件安装在管道中,但孔板下游的空化流动容易导致管道振动,对系统产生不利影响,本文通过实验测量不同孔隙率孔板在不同空化阶段产生的振动及对应的压差和流量。结果表明,随着空化程度的不断加剧,全频段振动加速度级显著增大,峰值逐渐也增大,振动加速度呈现宽频特性。通过空化振动曲线中拟合曲线的斜率不同,可以区分出不同空化阶段以及临界空化数,孔隙率小于1.8的孔板临界空化数随孔隙率的增大迅速减小,当孔隙率大于1.8,初生及持续空化数随孔隙率增速变缓,阻塞空化数基本不变,即适当增大孔隙率有利于延缓空化的发生。根据空化流阻曲线,未发生空化时孔板流阻系数基本不变,空化初生时流阻系数略有减小,而后随着空化不断加剧,流阻系数迅速增大,孔隙率越大,流阻越大,流阻受空化数的影响越大。综合考虑孔板的振动和流阻特性,建议孔板孔隙率应保持在1.8~2.0之间。

Computational study of different venturi and orifice type hydrodynamic cavitating devices

This paper reports optimization of various geometrical parameters of two types of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors （HC） such as venturi type and orifice type. Mostly orifice and venturi nozzles are used as HC reactor, a simple valve can also be used to cause cavitation which depends on geometry and area of opening. Different operating and geometrical parameters such as divergence angle, throat height/diameter to length ratio, number of holes and inlet pressure to the cavitating device were selected to study the inception, growth and dynamics of cavities. In this work, a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics simulation is performed to numerically investigate the 3-D flow behaviors within HC reactors using cavitational model with standard κ - ε Turbulence model. The study of different geometries of venturi type HC reactor （like slit, circular and elliptical） shows that 1：1 of the ratio of throat height/diameter to length and 6.5% of divergence angle is an optimum geometry for best cavitational activity. In case of orifice, 1：3 of the ratio of diameter to length is best for cavitation and an increase in the total flow area increases the cavitational yield.

负载敏感多路阀阀芯组合节流口的空化研究

针对负载敏感多路阀阀口空化严重的现象,利用Fluent中的多相流模型对多路阀阀芯U+U型组合节流口的空化现象进行仿真分析,通过Solidworks建立具有不同长度C、宽度R、深度b的组合节流口三维模型,将节流口三维模型在Workbench中进行流道抽取,采用Fluent对抽取的流道模型进行模拟仿真,通过对36组数据对比分析,得到了大U型槽的深度、宽度、长度对多路阀阀芯节流口处气体体积分数值的影响规律。

水力空化技术的研究进展

水力空化技术具有低运行成本、高效率等优势,广泛应用于废水处理及重油减黏等领域。空化发生器的结构特性直接影响空化效果。文丘里管型的管径、喉径、喉长等与空化效果有关,其内部螺旋流动会引起局部压力损失。孔板型孔径、孔间距直接影响空化效果,结构简单但易堵塞。旋转式空化反应器能运输流体,但大规模生产能耗高,其定子、转子间距及形状影响空化效果。通过研究空化发生器的结构特性,将为相关领域提供创新解决方案。

水力空化降解若丹明B的试验研究

水力空化技术是一种废水处理新技术.为了验证多洞孔板的空化效果和探讨几何参数等因素对降解速率常数的影响,在220L水力空化装置中利用多洞孔板对含有若丹明B染色剂的模拟印染废水进行了降解试验研究,结果表明:多洞孔板对若丹明B确实有降解作用,同时存在一个最佳的多洞孔板的面积比,并且降解速率常数随修正空化数的减小而增大.

以水为介质阻尼孔气穴流动理论和试验研究

针对水的汽化压力高、容易发生气穴的特点,应用气穴模型理论对阻尼小孔中以水作为工作介质时的流动特性进行理论分析。在此基础上,用可视化方法对阻尼小孔中的气穴流动特性进行试验,研究阻尼孔中的气穴发生过程,分析阻尼孔内径和长径比对气穴的影响。研究结果表明阻尼孔的气穴首先在进口部位产生,并随着两端压差的增大向出口推移。大长径比的阻尼孔相对小长径比的阻尼孔而言不容易发生气穴。在相同长径比的情况下,孔径大的阻尼孔相对孔径小的阻尼孔更容易发生气穴。研究结果对阻尼小孔的选择设计具有一定的参考意义。

柴油机喷孔内部空化效应的可视化实验研究

柴油机喷孔内空化现象显著影响燃油雾化质量.针对目前广泛应用的VCO型喷嘴,设计大尺度透明喷嘴稳态实验系统,全面研究了无量纲数、雷诺数、喷嘴射流参数和结构参数对喷嘴内空化过程的影响.结果表明,空化数对空化剧烈程度影响显著,雷诺数对空化剧烈程度影响小于空化数;射流参数直接影响流体流动状态,增大入口压力、减小出口压力和针阀升程能使喷孔内的空化现象显著增强;结构参数决定喷孔内流动形式,增大喷孔倾角、直径和长径比,采用入口圆角等措施会抑制空化的产生.

多级节流孔板在核级管道中的应用

针对大亚湾核电站安全壳喷淋系统(EAS)试验管线节流孔板气蚀引起的管道剧烈振动和噪音,以及支管疲劳破坏这一事例,研究了气蚀引起管道振动的分析方法,以及采用多级节流孔板减小气蚀的设计方法。对气蚀引起的管道振动,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法分析孔板附近的流动特性和压力分布,确定节流孔板下游是否发生气蚀现象;对于发生气蚀现象的节流孔板,提出采用多级节流孔板来减弱气蚀,并采用各级节流孔板气蚀数相近的原则确定节流孔径。通过对改造后的EAS试验管线的试验证实,采用本文的设计分析方法设计的多级节流孔板能够有效地减小节流孔板气蚀引起的管道系统振动和噪音。

喷孔流动模型及其对高压喷雾计算的影响

对喷孔内液体的流动进行了较为深入的研究,分析了喷孔内空穴产生的机理,建立了相应的流动模型。在该流动模型中,考虑了喷油压力、喷孔几何尺寸、流动因素以及喷雾背压的影响。利用此流动模型并联合KIVA程序对柴油和二甲醚(DME)的喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角等喷雾特性进行了模拟计算,并与实验结果进行了对比,结果表明:考虑喷孔内燃油流动过程中空穴的产生,能更真实地反映燃油的喷雾特性。

水力空化降解罗丹明B研究

采用不同厚度、孔数和孔径的孔板作为水力空化发生装置,研究了水力空化对罗丹明B的降解效果,得出了孔板几何尺寸与空化处理效果的关系。