Identification of S-RNase genotype and analysis of its origin and evolutionary patterns in Malus plants

Identification of the S genotype of Malus plants will greatly promote the discovery of new genes,the cultivation and production of apple,the breeding of new varieties,and the origin and evolution of self-incompatibility in Malus plants.In this experiment,88 Malus germplasm resources,such as Aihuahong,Xishuhaitang,and Reguanzi,were used as materials.Seven gene-specific primer combinations were used in the genotype identification.PCR amplification using leaf DNA produced a single S-RNase gene fragment in all materials.The results revealed that 70 of the identified materials obtained a complete S-RNase genotype,while only one S-RNase gene was found in 18 of them.Through homology comparison and analysis,13 S-RNase genotypes were obtained:S_(1)S_(2)(Aihuahong,etc.),S_(1)S_(28)(Xixian Haitang,etc.),S_(1)S_(51)(Hebei Pingdinghaitang),S_(1)S_(3)(Xiangyangcun Daguo,etc.),S_(2)S_(3)(Zhaiyehaitang,etc.),S_(3)S_(51)(Xishan 1),S_(3)S_(28)(Huangselihaerde,etc.),S_(2)S_(28)(Honghaitang,etc.),S_(4)S_(28)(Bo 11),S_(7)S_(28)(Jiuquan Shaguo),S_(10)S_e(Dongchengguan 13),S_(10)S_(21)(Dongxiangjiao)and S_(3)S_(51)(Xiongyue Haitang).Simultaneously,the frequency of the S gene in the tested materials was analyzed.The findings revealed that different S genes had varying frequencies in Malus resources,as well as varying frequencies between intraspecific and interspecific.S_(3) had the highest frequency of 68.18%,followed by S_(1)(42.04%).In addition,the phylogenetic tree and origin evolution analysis revealed that the S gene differentiation was completed prior to the formation of various apple species,that cultivated species also evolved new S genes,and that the S_(50) gene is the oldest S allele in Malus plants.The S_(1),S_(29),and S_(33) genes in apple-cultivated species,on the other hand,may have originated in M.sieversii,M.hupehensis,and M.kansuensis,respectively.In addition to M.sieversii,M.kansuensis and M.sikkimensis may have also played a role in the origin and evolution of some Chinese apples.

Origin and Evolution of the Hydrothermal System in Namiihu Samlaozhuaiig Molybdenum (Tungsten) Ore Deposit, Luanchuan County, Henan Province

Thoroughgoing studies of the homogenization temperatures, pressures and chendcal compositions offluid inclusions and the stable isotopes of hydrothermal minerals (quartz. calcite, pyrite and molybdenite)have thrown light on the evolution trend of the molybdenum-bearing hydrothermal system which originatedfrom magmatic processus and underwent significant mixing with meteoric waters in the later stages ofhydrothermal activity.

Origin and Evolution Characteristics of Geothermal Water in the Niutuozhen Geothermal Field,North China Plain

Statistical study of analyses of water from 43 samples from geothermal wells, three groundwater wells, and one sample of local rainwater along with rainwater data from the Global Net- work of Isotopes in Precipitation has been used to identify the origin and evolution of geothermal water in the Niutuozhen （~f=~jg） geothermal field and estimate the renewability rate of its geothermal re- source. The results show that the geothermal waters of the Jixianian Wumishanian dolomite reservoir and the Ordovician limestone reservoir are of CI-Na type, the geothermal water of the Pliocene Minghuazben （H~/~） Formation sandstone reservoir are CI-Na type and HCO3-Na type and the groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer is HCO3-Na and HCO3-Na.Mg.Ca type. A linear relationship between silica concentration and temperature indicates that higher temperature probably enhances concentration of silica in Jixianian geothermal water. 81SO shift in Wumishanian geothermal water av- eraged 1.57%o, and was less than 1%o in the other geothermal waters. The minimum and maxi-mum 14C ages of Wumishanian geothermal wa- ter are 17 000 and 33 000 years from north to the south of the Niutuozhen geothermal field. Geo- thermal water and Quaternary groundwater belong to different groundwater systems with no hydraulic connections. Although the geothermal field receives some recharge from the Yanshan and Taihang mountains outside the northern and western boundaries of the geothermal field re- spectively, the renewability rate of geothermal water is on the scale of 10 000 years.

Origins and evolution of plant diversity in the Hengduan Mountains, China

1.Introduction The Hengduan Mountains region(HDM)in southwest China,one of the earth's 34 biodiversity hotspots,is characterized by its unique geology,dramatic topography,a climate where snow and below freezing temperatures can occur on any day of the year,by its location at elevations averaging between(1400e)2000 and4500(e5300)meters above sea level(m a.s.l.),and by one of

The phylogenetic status of typical Chinese native pigs: analyzed by Asian and European pig mitochondrial genome sequences

China is one of the most diverse countries, which have developed 88 indigenous pig breeds. Several studies showed that pigs were independently domesticated in multiple regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the origin and evolution of Chinese pigs using complete mitochondrial genomic sequences （mtDNA） from Asian and European domestic pigs and wild boars. Thirty primer pairs were designed to determine the mtDNA sequences of Xiang pig, Large White, Lantang, Jinhua and Pietrain. The phylogenetic status of Chinese native pigs was investigated by comparing the mtDNA sequences of complete coding regions and D-loop regions respectively amongst Asian breeds, European breeds and wild boars. The analyzed results by two cluster methods contributed to the same conclusion that all pigs were classified into two major groups, European dade and Asian clade. It revealed that Chinese pigs were only recently diverged from each other and distinctly different from European pigs. Berkshire was clustered with Asian pigs and Chinese pigs were involved in the development of Berkshire breeding. The Malaysian wild boar had distant genetic relationship with European and Asian pigs. Jinhua and Lanyu pigs had more nucleotide diversity with Chinese pigs although they all belonged to the Asian major clade. Chinese domestic pigs were clustered with wild boars in Yangtze River region and South China.

The diversity and evolution of retroviruses:Perspectives from viral“fossils”

Retroviruses exclusively infect vertebrates,causing a variety of diseases.The replication of retroviruses requires reverse transcription and integration into host genomes.When infecting germline cells,retroviruses become inherited vertically,forming endogenous retroviruses(ERVs).ERVs document past viral infections,providing molecular fossils for studying the evolutionary history of retroviruses.In this review,we summarize the recent advances in understanding the diversity and evolution of retroviruses from the perspectives of viral fossils,and discuss the effects of ERVs on the evolution of host biology.

The advantages of crosstalk during the evolution of the BZR1–ARF6–PIF4 (BAP) module∞

The BAP module,comprising BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1(BZR1),AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6(ARF6),and PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4),functions as a molecular hub to orchestrate plant growth and development.In Arabidopsis thaliana,components of the BAP module physically interact to form a complex system that integrates light,brassinosteroid(BR),and auxin signals.Little is known about the origin and evolution of the BAP module.Here,we conducted comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the evolution and functional diversification of the BAP module.Our results suggest that the BAP module originated in land plants and that theζ,ε,andγwhole‐genome duplication/triplication events contributed to the expansion of BAP module components in seed plants.Comparative transcriptomic analysis suggested that the prototype BAP module arose in Marchantia polymorpha,experienced stepwise evolution,and became established as a mature regulatory system in seed plants.We developed a formula to calculate the signal transduction productivity of the BAP module and demonstrate that more crosstalk among components enables higher signal transduction efficiency.Our results reveal the evolutionary history of the BAP module and provide insights into the evolution of plant signaling networks and the strategies employed by plants to integrate environmental and endogenous signals.

The Models of Modern Human Origins:Eastern Perspective

The origin of modern humans is one of the fundamental scientific questions that has been widely debated in the international academic community.Since the 1980s,the discussion on this issue has formed two opposing camps:the""Out of Africa"hypothesis and the"Multiregional Evolution"hypothesis.With the continuous accumulation of new materials and rapid technological advancements in the new century,there have been significant adjustments in the debate over the origin models of modern humans,with materials from the East Asia playing an increasingly important role.This article reviews the major hypotheses and models regarding the origin of modern humans and the evolution of modern behavior,tracing their sources,history,and development.It also provides a comprehensive overview of some of the latest archaeological discoveries and research progress.Furthermore,it discusses the motives and directions for adjusting the models of modern human origins and behavioral evolution,emphasizing the importance of considering a vast amount of archaeological evidence in the discussion of various models and reflecting on the cultural implications of"modernity".The article calls for increased investment in research on the origin of modern humans in China and emphasizes the need to provide a solid Eastern perspective for discussing modern human origin models.

The Emergent Constructive Approach to Evolinguistics:Considering Hierarchy and Intention Sharing in Linguistic Communication

Evolinguistics is an attempt to clarify the origins and evolution of language and communication,thereby deepening our understanding of humans from an evolutionary perspective.The origins of language is characterized by the biological evolution of abilities related to language and communication,and the evolution of language by the structuralization and complexification of language knowledge as well as communication systems through cultural evolution.In Evolinguistics,two idiosyncrasies of human linguistic communication are the primary focus,namely,using hierarchically organized symbol sequences in language and sharing intentions in communication.We believe that the integration of these two characteristics made humans co-creative and smart,and in particular gave us knowledge co-creation capacity.The emergent constructive approach plays an important role in this research,which is a methodology to analyze complex systems by constructing and operating the evolutionary and emergent process of complex phenomena.Two studies taking this approach are introduced in this paper.One is a language evolution experiment in a laboratory to consider the process,mechanisms,and neural basis of symbolic communication systems.The other is an evolutionary simulation of recursive combination,which is thought of as the essential ability to form hierarchical structures.A hypothesis integrating intention sharing and recursive combination is discussed as an abductive reasoning mechanism for understanding others intentions.