The Comprehensive Human Essence and the New Evolution of Human Beings

Human beings have no absolute,fixed essence. The essence of human beings is the combination of an innate substrate and acquired creation. As the degree of machine intelligence in the development of human society continues to increase,human beings are constantly changing and creating their own essence,and they are also constantly liberated from the bondage of a certain single old essence,creating and enriching the richer and more diverse aspects of its essence. The transformation of labor from its alienation to its return is also a transformation of labor from the centralized form to the non-centralized form of human essence according to Karl Marx. The new fusion of artificial intelligence and bioengineering will lead to a new tracks of evolution that"reshapes and regenerates"life itself. This new evolutionary path will fuse the two-track evolution,biological evolution and cultural evolution,which have been relatively isolated in the traditional sense. If human beings are able to work hard together to design and implement a new social system that adapts to the future intelligent development,then what the comprehensive development of intelligence bring human beings about would be not a disaster,but a bright future.

Relationship between Rice Cultural Diversity and Ecological Environment in Yunnan Province of China

[Objective] This paper aims to confirm that Yunnan is one origin center of rice and human in the world.[Method] The complicated and unique ecological environment in Yunnan makes Yunnan Province the largest center of genetic diversity and cultural diversity of rice and human being as well as the cradle of human childhood.[Result] The genetic diversity and cultural diversity of rice and human being is closely related to the ecosystem diversity.Rice civilization in Yunnan can be divided into four types,including the diversity center region of rice civilization in southwestern Yunnan,diffusion region of rice civilization of Hani-Zhuang in southern Yunnan,rice civilization region of water-drought rotation in central Yunnan and poverty region of rice civilization in northern Yunnan.Southwestern Yunnan is not only the center of genetic ecological diversity and rice cultural diversity,but also the center of origin and diversity of crop genetic diversity.It is not only a transitional region among East Asia continent,South Asian sub-continent and Indo-China Peninsula,but also a core integration area of Chinese culture,Indian culture and Mid-south Peninsula culture which all merge with the local culture.[Conclusion] Yunnan is one common sphere where the origin of human evolution is closely related to the origin of rice evolution.

Genomic characterization of velogenic avian orthoavulavirus 1 isolates from poultry workers: Implications to emergence and its zoonotic potential towards public health

Objective:To carry out the genetic characterization and evolutionary analysis of three avian orthoavulavirus 1(AOAV-1)isolates from poultry workers with respiratory symptoms.Methods:Using Illumina Mi Seq,whole-genome sequencing was carried out to assess the evolutionary dynamics of three AOAV-1 isolates.A phylogenetic and comparative analysis of all coding genes was done using bioinformatics tools.Results:Phylogenetic analysis and genetic distance estimation suggested a close relationship among human-and avian-originated velogenic strains of genotypeⅩⅢ,sub-genotypeⅩⅢ.2.1.Several substitutions in the significant structural and biological motifs were exclusively identified in the human-originated strains.Conclusions:To our knowledge,this is the first report of a velogenic AOAV-1 isolate from natural infection of the human upper respiratory tract.Our findings highlight the evolution and zoonotic potential of velogenic AOAV-1 in a disease endemic setting.

The New Contribution to the Important Discourse on Human Rights by General Secretary xi Jinping

Under the background of the fact that human rights protection has become an important part of the socialist construction with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and with the international background of the strengthened trend of mainstreaming of human rights, Xi Jinping’s series of speeches and the 19 th CPC national Congress reports comprehensively explained the construction of human rights in China and the development of the international human rights. The important discourse on human rights by General Secretary Xi Jinping is people-centered: people’s yearning for a better life is our goal and reveals the source of human rights. Chinese dream is a dream of the country, of the nation, and of everyone in China. The close integration of individual and collective human rights points out that the state and people are important parts of collective human rights and it is an effective response to the "human rights over sovereignty" of Western countries. That there are not the best human rights, but the better ones; fighting for human rights is not always done, but always doing scientifically reveals the operational form of human rights. The right of survival and development is the primary human right; to attach importance to the right of peace conforms to the reality of our country and it has the support of the vast number of developing countries. Building a community with a shared future for human beings is a new vision for the development of the international human rights. only when the perfection and implementation of Constitution and law are paid attention to, and the democratization and legalization of the international human rights cause are promoted, can the guarantee be provided for the realization of human rights. The important discourse on human rights by General Secretary Xi Jinping is guided by Marxism, carries the communist party member’s original intention of serving people and is deeply rooted in the masses of the people. It inherits the theory of "benevolence" and "harmony" in Chinese culture,stands at the height of history and times, and points out the direction for the all-round development of Chinese people and the overall progress of society, and for the liberation of all mankind. This scientific theory is successfully guiding China’s human rights construction constantly towards new achievements and has had a profound and extensive impact on the international human rights cause.

动力与机制:“劳动创造了人本身”语义的考古学辨正

不同学科的学者对恩格斯“劳动创造了人本身”本意的理解出现偏差,形成众说各表或针锋相对的讨论。本文采用跨学科研究方法和视角,对“劳动创造了人本身”的哲学命题进行了全面深入的分析与辨正。从马克思主义哲学视角来看,该命题是进化论的继承与蜕变,体现了自然观与历史观的统一:制造工具的劳动在某种意义上创造了人属(能人、直立人等),而生产劳动这种成熟劳动对人种(智人)的发展壮大以及复杂人类社会的形成具有重要作用。从考古学视角来看,该命题是对人类起源与演化的动力和机制的定性思考:制造工具的劳动促成了人类的体质异化,技术革新与演变的劳动决定了人种的生存演化,文化创造与传承的劳动造就了人群的社会发展,不同形式和内核的劳动发挥了关键或定性的决定作用。

The Models of Modern Human Origins:Eastern Perspective

The origin of modern humans is one of the fundamental scientific questions that has been widely debated in the international academic community.Since the 1980s,the discussion on this issue has formed two opposing camps:the""Out of Africa"hypothesis and the"Multiregional Evolution"hypothesis.With the continuous accumulation of new materials and rapid technological advancements in the new century,there have been significant adjustments in the debate over the origin models of modern humans,with materials from the East Asia playing an increasingly important role.This article reviews the major hypotheses and models regarding the origin of modern humans and the evolution of modern behavior,tracing their sources,history,and development.It also provides a comprehensive overview of some of the latest archaeological discoveries and research progress.Furthermore,it discusses the motives and directions for adjusting the models of modern human origins and behavioral evolution,emphasizing the importance of considering a vast amount of archaeological evidence in the discussion of various models and reflecting on the cultural implications of"modernity".The article calls for increased investment in research on the origin of modern humans in China and emphasizes the need to provide a solid Eastern perspective for discussing modern human origin models.

淮河中游新石器时代遗址出土石器的演变所反映的人地关系--以双墩和尉迟寺遗址为例

本文以淮河中游新石器早期的双墩遗址和中晚期的尉迟寺遗址的出土石器为主线,辅以其他遗存和遗址地层剖面的环境磁学、元素地球化学证据,探讨了石器工具的演变所反映的人地关系。研究表明:双墩古人最主要的生产活动是砍伐树木和狩猎,而尉迟寺则是谷物生产和狩猎。双墩古人使用投掷和其他多种狩猎方式,在猎物充足的全新世大暖期获取了大量的肉食资源。尉迟寺时期狩猎水平虽有所提高,但剧烈波动的气候和迅速增加的人口,使猎获量下降。双墩时期人们砍伐的树木较为细小,木料之间的结合以捆绑为主。而尉迟寺时期人们砍伐的树木比较粗大,木器和房屋已使用卯榫结构。双墩时期已有了水稻种植,但采集农业占有较大比重。尉迟寺时期的农业以种植为主,采集农业为有益的补充,该时期的出土石器和农业类型与环境演变有明显的相关性。

生命起源及生物进化问题的新观点——原始意识的产生及物质、意识的双轨制进化

目的：探讨单细胞个体存在原始意识和在生物进化过程中物质、意识的双轨制进化，并探讨这一新观念的重大意义；方法：把哲学观点与现代医学有机结合，通过对人的意识性的作用特点及产生过程加以分析，推论出动植物也具有意识属性，进一步推论认为：单细胞个体同样具有意识属性。以单细胞个体的生理活动特点及蛋白质的合成过程为例，论证单细胞个体内原始意识存在的生物学依据。结论：原始意识的存在是区别原始生物与非生物的根本标志，原始意识的诞生标志着生命的真正起源，生物进化是物质、意识的双轨制进化。

孟子教育思想及其内在逻辑

孟子作为先秦儒家的重要代表,其教育思想日益受到教育学者的重视。孟子的教育思想以性善论为基础,以求放心为儒家教育的基本原理,仁义是其教育的总目标,五伦关系是教育的基本内容,孝悌是教育的基础课目,教育的作用则是个人的幸福与社会的和谐。经孟子加以总结的这一儒家教育思想,成为秦汉以后我国教育思想的主流。当前,教育学者对孟子的研究归纳虽然是正确的,但对孟子教育思想的内涵及其内在逻辑关系还很少进行深入的探讨。而对儒家教育思想的深入理解,是儒家教育思想运用于现代教育的前提。因而,对孟子教育思想的内在逻辑进行深入分析与论证十分必要。

经济全球化与人的发展

经济全球化是以市场经济为基础的社会发展的必然趋势 ,市场的外向型和资本的殖民扩张 ,是形成全球性经济联系的机制 ;经济全球化趋势下世界经济发展的新特点是 :各国相互开放性、生产组织跨国性、交往主体多样性、资源配置灵活性等。经济全球化使个人在更大程度上成为普遍的类存在 ,为人的发展提供了新的空间和条件 ,有利于培养和提高人的素质。但经济全球化又对人的发展具有负效应。中国建立社会主义市场经济体制 ,符合世界历史的客观必然趋势 ,符合人性的关怀。

赣语昌都片声调古今演变及人文成因

昌都片是赣语的分区之一。昌都片赣语声调演变体现为四种模式,这四种模式之间有着不同的历史层次,且彼此之间紧密联系。从声调演变的条件来看,既存在清浊分调、调值调形相似合并等普遍性演变条件,又存在送气分调、韵摄分调等区别性特征条件。昌都片赣语声调演变特点呈现出区域分布,从成因来看,与赣北的历史人文及自然交通地理有着密切关系。

中国第四纪人类牙齿大小的演化及其意义

对第四纪中国境内人类牙齿大小变化特点的分析及与世界其它地区人类牙齿测量数据的对比分析显示，从直立人到现代人，中国境内人类牙齿尺寸呈缩小变化，但在具体表现特点上，中国古人类牙齿尺寸的演化具有与世界其它地区人类不同的特点。作者认为，这些特点反映了中国古人类演化过程中生存环境和文化发展的特点，提示中国乃至东亚地区人类演化及文化发展的独特性。本文对其在东亚地区人类演化上的意义进行了讨论。

高等教育本体价值的确证——一种基于生存论的思考

在传统的哲学论证中,无论是认识论的,还是政治论的都未关注高等教育价值的本源性所在,它们基本上是把“有用性”作为价值论的基础,并把高等教育的价值建立在“兴趣”或“需要”这两个范畴之上。本文认为“兴趣”或“需要”都不是“存在”或“本体”的范畴,而应为高等教育存在寻找更为原初的价值基础。人的生存为我们追寻高等教育本体价值提供了的根本性依据,高等教育也只有立足于人之生存,才能实现其价值的本源性回归。

古人类学研究进展

人类定义的改变将南方古猿纳入人类的范围 ,延长了人类历史的记录。 70年代延长到 30 0多万年 ,90年代延长到 40 0多万年。人造石器的历史已达 2 50万年。人类最可能诞生于非洲 ,大约在 2 0 0万年前走出非洲。直立人近年最重要的发现还有非洲纳里奥科托姆 1 60万年前的骨架和西班牙 78万年前的人骨。人类到达澳洲在 6万年前。早期人类进化模式呈树丛状 ;晚期的模式较可能呈河网状。最近在中国人类进化研究的基础上提出了新的假说 :“连续进化附带杂交”。这个假说支持现代人起源的“多地区进化说” ,并受到旧石器考古研究的支持 ,而与“现代人出自非洲说”(夏娃说或替代说 )相矛盾。近年有人根据对现生中国人 2 8个群体的遗传学研究推测“夏娃”的后代在 6万年前到达华南取代原住民 ,以后再到华北。将非洲和欧亚头骨 ,西亚和中国旧石器进行对比研究的结果指示“替代说”与中国的化石和石器的硬证据抵触很大。尼人的古DNA研究指示其与智人可能属于同一物种 ,可以杂交。葡萄牙新发现的人骨为此提供了实物证据 ,不利于“替代说”。

现代人起源的多地区进化学说在中国的实证

关于现代人起源主要有两种学说多地区进化说和近期出自非洲说。文章介绍了中国人类进化的假说‘连续进化附带杂交’。构成这个假说的基础的中国资料为多地区进化说提供实证。其直接证据来自人类化石,包括中国人类化石具有一系列共同特征,直立人与智人之间有形态学上的镶嵌,中国化石中有表现西方基因的形态学证据。另外,本文还简略介绍了用DNA研究中国现代人起源目前达到的结论,并从体质人类学、旧石器时代考古学、古环境研究和分子生物学研究等诸方面的资料对这个结论进行检验。

从《诗经》的“兴”看“兴”的起源——兼评“兴”起源于原始宗教说

本文认为《诗经》中的"兴"和引起的所咏之词并不存在一定的对应关系;起"兴"的并非某种单一的"它物",而是由多个意象结合而构成的某种场景或情景,而原始宗教崇拜对象都是单一的动物、植物。《诗经》用作起兴的"它物"基本上都是原始人类采集、渔猎生活的对象,与原始人类的生产生活密切相关。因而,"兴"起源于原始人类的采集、渔猎生活,与原始宗教没有必然的联系。

海德格尔存在之用与人之用的本质关系探询

海德格尔揭示的存在的“用”根本地区别于主体-客体关系的对象化的“用”,所显明的是存在与存在者的本质关系,并展现为此在的超越和存在用人。这不仅显露着存在之用与人之用的本质关系,且所凸显的海德格尔对存在本身的追问的“转向”,指引存在之用根源性地打开了人之为人的存在之实践的源始向度,即人之本质居留的“源始伦理学”,同时对实践本身作出了追思,使存在之用与人之用的本质关系最终得以揭示。这不仅解构了主体-客体关系对象化的“用”的主体性,即解构了实践的主体性,而且在存在论上打开了一种对“用”本身追问的源始而开放的实践路径。

人类起源与进化简说

笔者大体上按照时代先后介绍包括600－700万年前的原初人和撒海尔人的最早期的人类、地猿、南方古猿、扁脸肯尼亚人、能人、鲁道夫人、格鲁吉亚的化石人、东南亚的直立人、魁人和弗洛勒斯人、欧洲的海德堡人、尼安德特人、非洲的匠人、罗德西亚人。接着介绍中国的直立人（俗称猿人）的主要特征,并对中国其他人类化石作了简略的介绍。其后用具体资料说明人类进化早期身材逐渐增高,这种趋势停止于大约180万年,人类的脑量则一直存在着增大的趋势,后期增速更快。笔者还简单叙述人类物质生活和精神生活的发展。最后介绍关于现代人起源的争论,特别是从人类化石的形态,古文化遗物,古气候环境等方面的资料对中国现代人起源进行了讨论。

人类从哪里来?——(1)国际古人类学研究历史与现状

简要回顾了国际古人类学的研究历史与现状,阐明人类对于自身的发展有一个漫长的了解过程,认识到人类并不是"上帝"创造之物,而是像其他生物一样,一步一步逐渐发展到现今阶段。认为"人猿过渡"仅是一个哲学概念,在自然科学研究中不能将早期人类的演化阶段称为"人猿过渡阶段",再将Australopithecus译为"南方古猿"并不合适,因此建议将其中文学名译为"南方猿人",将Sahelanthropus的中文学名译为"撒海尔猿人",将Orrorin的中文学名译为"原初猿人",将Ardipithecus的中文学名译为"始祖地居猿人"。明确提出"复系"和"副系"的概念不科学,而是提倡"同源、共祖、单系"的概念。

伦理学视阈中的教育起源论析

从伦理学的视角解读教育起源问题是教育伦理学研究的基点。教育活动以人的未确定性和未完成性为基础,直接起源于人之"成人"的内在需要,使一个自然人成长为富有理性精神的伦理性存在。这一设定不仅从源头上揭示了教育存在的价值合理性,而且把教育从人的外在性的东西理解为人的内在性的东西,理解为"成人"的过程而非满足人的实利性需要的手段。教育的原初任务就是真正的人的创造,它是人类通往"成人"之路的必经之道。