Identification of S-RNase genotype and analysis of its origin and evolutionary patterns in Malus plants

Identification of the S genotype of Malus plants will greatly promote the discovery of new genes,the cultivation and production of apple,the breeding of new varieties,and the origin and evolution of self-incompatibility in Malus plants.In this experiment,88 Malus germplasm resources,such as Aihuahong,Xishuhaitang,and Reguanzi,were used as materials.Seven gene-specific primer combinations were used in the genotype identification.PCR amplification using leaf DNA produced a single S-RNase gene fragment in all materials.The results revealed that 70 of the identified materials obtained a complete S-RNase genotype,while only one S-RNase gene was found in 18 of them.Through homology comparison and analysis,13 S-RNase genotypes were obtained:S_(1)S_(2)(Aihuahong,etc.),S_(1)S_(28)(Xixian Haitang,etc.),S_(1)S_(51)(Hebei Pingdinghaitang),S_(1)S_(3)(Xiangyangcun Daguo,etc.),S_(2)S_(3)(Zhaiyehaitang,etc.),S_(3)S_(51)(Xishan 1),S_(3)S_(28)(Huangselihaerde,etc.),S_(2)S_(28)(Honghaitang,etc.),S_(4)S_(28)(Bo 11),S_(7)S_(28)(Jiuquan Shaguo),S_(10)S_e(Dongchengguan 13),S_(10)S_(21)(Dongxiangjiao)and S_(3)S_(51)(Xiongyue Haitang).Simultaneously,the frequency of the S gene in the tested materials was analyzed.The findings revealed that different S genes had varying frequencies in Malus resources,as well as varying frequencies between intraspecific and interspecific.S_(3) had the highest frequency of 68.18%,followed by S_(1)(42.04%).In addition,the phylogenetic tree and origin evolution analysis revealed that the S gene differentiation was completed prior to the formation of various apple species,that cultivated species also evolved new S genes,and that the S_(50) gene is the oldest S allele in Malus plants.The S_(1),S_(29),and S_(33) genes in apple-cultivated species,on the other hand,may have originated in M.sieversii,M.hupehensis,and M.kansuensis,respectively.In addition to M.sieversii,M.kansuensis and M.sikkimensis may have also played a role in the origin and evolution of some Chinese apples.

Research on the origin and evolution of technical management regulations for railway

Purpose–To facilitate technical managers and field workers to master and understand the provisions of Technical Management Regulations for Railway more accurately,so as to better serve the comprehensive revision of the Regulations,this paper carries out the research on the traceability and evolution of the provisions of the Regulations.Design/methodology/approach–This paper studies and analyzes the evolution of the 11th edition of the Regulations by analyzing the relevance of clauses and summarizes the historical background of the development of calendar editions of the Regulations.The basic research on the traceability and evolution of the Regulations is carried out from four aspects:the continuity of the development of the Regulations,the authority of contents,the relevance of clauses and the richness of historical materials.Findings–From the first edition of the Regulations issued by the former Ministry of Railways in 1950 to the 11th edition,there have been ten comprehensive revisions.There is a strong correlation and continuity between the calendar editions of the Regulations in terms of chapter structure and clauses.Studying the context of the terms of the Regulations is an important way to understand and master the current clauses of the Regulations.Originality/value–Through the research on the traceability and evolution of the clauses of the Regulations,one is to explore the context of the development of railway technical equipment in China,the other is to clarify the historical background when the provisions were formulated and the third is to trace the development and evolution of the provisions.The revision of the Regulations is based on an accurate grasp of the context of the provisions,which can effectively judge the possible security risks caused by the revision of the provisions and avoid the possible risks in field implementation from the source.

A New Model on Origin and Evolution of Biology

Modified classical Boltzmann entropy as generalized entropy, then proposed Maximum Generalized Entropy Principle fusing physics and biology, and established a new model for biological origin and evolutions based on this principle, finally took protein evolution for an example to analyze. The model provided some reference for biological complexity research.

Origins and evolution of plant diversity in the Hengduan Mountains, China

1.Introduction The Hengduan Mountains region(HDM)in southwest China,one of the earth's 34 biodiversity hotspots,is characterized by its unique geology,dramatic topography,a climate where snow and below freezing temperatures can occur on any day of the year,by its location at elevations averaging between(1400e)2000 and4500(e5300)meters above sea level(m a.s.l.),and by one of

Origin and Evolution of the Hydrothermal System in Namiihu Samlaozhuaiig Molybdenum (Tungsten) Ore Deposit, Luanchuan County, Henan Province

Thoroughgoing studies of the homogenization temperatures, pressures and chendcal compositions offluid inclusions and the stable isotopes of hydrothermal minerals (quartz. calcite, pyrite and molybdenite)have thrown light on the evolution trend of the molybdenum-bearing hydrothermal system which originatedfrom magmatic processus and underwent significant mixing with meteoric waters in the later stages ofhydrothermal activity.

Nuclear geyser model of the origin of life:Driving force to promote the synthesis of building blocks of life

We propose the nuclear geyser model to elucidate an optimal site to bear the first life.Our model overcomes the difficulties that previously proposed models have encountered.Nuclear geyser is a geyser driven by a natural nuclear reactor,which was likely common in the Hadean Earth,because of a much higher abundance of 235U as nuclear fuel.The nuclear geyser supplies the following：（1）high-density ionizing radiation to promote chemical chain reactions that even tar can be used for intermediate material to restart chemical reactions,（2）a system to maintain the circulation of material and energy,which includes cyclic environmental conditions（warm/cool,dry/wet,etc.）to enable to produce complex organic compounds,（3）a lower temperature than 100℃ as not to break down macromolecular organic compounds,（4）a locally reductive environment depending on rock types exposed along the geyser wall,and（5）a container to confine and accumulate volatile chemicals.These five factors are the necessary conditions that the birth place of life must satisfy.Only the nuclear geyser can meet all five,in contrast to the previously proposed birth sites,such as tidal flat,submarine hydrothermal vent,and outer space.The nuclear reactor and associated geyser,which maintain the circulations of material and energy with its surrounding environment,are regarded as the nuclear geyser system that enables numerous kinds of chemical reactions to synthesize complex organic compounds,and where the most primitive metabolism could be generated.

Relationship between Rice Cultural Diversity and Ecological Environment in Yunnan Province of China

[Objective] This paper aims to confirm that Yunnan is one origin center of rice and human in the world.[Method] The complicated and unique ecological environment in Yunnan makes Yunnan Province the largest center of genetic diversity and cultural diversity of rice and human being as well as the cradle of human childhood.[Result] The genetic diversity and cultural diversity of rice and human being is closely related to the ecosystem diversity.Rice civilization in Yunnan can be divided into four types,including the diversity center region of rice civilization in southwestern Yunnan,diffusion region of rice civilization of Hani-Zhuang in southern Yunnan,rice civilization region of water-drought rotation in central Yunnan and poverty region of rice civilization in northern Yunnan.Southwestern Yunnan is not only the center of genetic ecological diversity and rice cultural diversity,but also the center of origin and diversity of crop genetic diversity.It is not only a transitional region among East Asia continent,South Asian sub-continent and Indo-China Peninsula,but also a core integration area of Chinese culture,Indian culture and Mid-south Peninsula culture which all merge with the local culture.[Conclusion] Yunnan is one common sphere where the origin of human evolution is closely related to the origin of rice evolution.

达尔文——科学进化论的奠基者

2009年,时逢英国博物学家查尔斯.罗伯特.达尔文(Charles Robert Darwin,1809-1882)诞辰200周年,进化论光辉著作《物种起源》发表150周年。历史的发展不断认证达尔文的《物种起源》一书是生物学史上不朽的经典著作,如今《物种起源》所提及的许多观点已成为人尽皆知的常识,并且还在不断地发展、完善,为人类认识自然和自身发展指点方向。文章追忆了先贤的卓越科学贡献和科学探索精神,并对百年来科学进步和进化论的发展重要成果进行了简要的评述,指出了进化论未来研究的重点问题。

系统科学——从构成论走向生成论

当前 ,构成论和生成论是系统研究中的两条不同道路。作者主张从新的自然观出发 ,创建探索世界生成演化的“生成科学”。并提出以“生成元”作为这一新科学的逻辑起点 ,生成元与“原子”的根本差别在于 :1、生成元是未分化的整体 ,不是基本构成部分 ;2、生成元可生可灭 ,本质上是过程 ;3、生成元首显“动力因”和“目的因” ,而非质料因 ;4、部分由分化生长而成 ,具有整体性和分形性 ;5、决定生长的是信息 ,而非载体的原子质量。最后对当代生成论与达尔文进化论作一大略的比较。

进化论视角下旅游的起源、本质及其启示

进化论是一个科学界公认的事实。进化论认为,人类的演化过程是一个不断适应与淘汰的过程,今天的现代人是在漫长的演化中个体生存与种族繁衍的过程中的适应者,并且这种适应具有漫长性,不是在短短的几代人的过程中能够产生的,因而现代人的身体构造和精神状态更多的是适应远古社会的。建立在进化论基础上的进化心理学认为,在人类进化过程中,过去不仅在人类的身体而且同样也在人的心理方面留下了印记,这成为探索心理机制的基础。基于进化论和进化心理学,运用历史和逻辑的方法,探讨了迁移在远古人获取生存资源和确保基因传递方面所具有的生存优势。由于适应的漫长性,现代人身心上依然具有不断迁移的身体适应性和精神特质。但社会条件的变化,使现代人无法像古人那样自由地迁移,于是这种身心深处的对于移动的需求与倾向以旅游的形式表现出来。因此,旅游起源于迁移,发生于农业社会的定居时代,现代人旅游的本质就是一种非生计性的"见异(地)思迁(移)"的移动行为。最后提出了该结论对于旅游学科建设、旅游学理论、旅游实践、旅游体验以及保存地方性的意义等5个方面的启示。

论近代中国进化论的思想渊源

中国古代变易思想、今文经学朴素进化观和西方进化学说是近代中国进化论的思想渊源 ,由此中国近代思想家进化论的思想来源也有所不同 ,“多源”

“民族唱法”与“原生态唱法”的文化根源

"民族唱法"和"原生态唱法"是当代中国民族声乐领域中的两大范畴。前者在继承中国民族声乐艺术某些成分的基础上,借鉴欧洲声乐艺术的体系而形成;后者则是中国各民族固有的演唱方法。二者百年来的历史遭遇是不同的,这与它们各自不同的文化根源以及社会取向休戚相关。

Origin and Evolution Characteristics of Geothermal Water in the Niutuozhen Geothermal Field,North China Plain

Statistical study of analyses of water from 43 samples from geothermal wells, three groundwater wells, and one sample of local rainwater along with rainwater data from the Global Net- work of Isotopes in Precipitation has been used to identify the origin and evolution of geothermal water in the Niutuozhen （~f=~jg） geothermal field and estimate the renewability rate of its geothermal re- source. The results show that the geothermal waters of the Jixianian Wumishanian dolomite reservoir and the Ordovician limestone reservoir are of CI-Na type, the geothermal water of the Pliocene Minghuazben （H~/~） Formation sandstone reservoir are CI-Na type and HCO3-Na type and the groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer is HCO3-Na and HCO3-Na.Mg.Ca type. A linear relationship between silica concentration and temperature indicates that higher temperature probably enhances concentration of silica in Jixianian geothermal water. 81SO shift in Wumishanian geothermal water av- eraged 1.57%o, and was less than 1%o in the other geothermal waters. The minimum and maxi-mum 14C ages of Wumishanian geothermal wa- ter are 17 000 and 33 000 years from north to the south of the Niutuozhen geothermal field. Geo- thermal water and Quaternary groundwater belong to different groundwater systems with no hydraulic connections. Although the geothermal field receives some recharge from the Yanshan and Taihang mountains outside the northern and western boundaries of the geothermal field re- spectively, the renewability rate of geothermal water is on the scale of 10 000 years.

The phylogenetic status of typical Chinese native pigs: analyzed by Asian and European pig mitochondrial genome sequences

China is one of the most diverse countries, which have developed 88 indigenous pig breeds. Several studies showed that pigs were independently domesticated in multiple regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the origin and evolution of Chinese pigs using complete mitochondrial genomic sequences （mtDNA） from Asian and European domestic pigs and wild boars. Thirty primer pairs were designed to determine the mtDNA sequences of Xiang pig, Large White, Lantang, Jinhua and Pietrain. The phylogenetic status of Chinese native pigs was investigated by comparing the mtDNA sequences of complete coding regions and D-loop regions respectively amongst Asian breeds, European breeds and wild boars. The analyzed results by two cluster methods contributed to the same conclusion that all pigs were classified into two major groups, European dade and Asian clade. It revealed that Chinese pigs were only recently diverged from each other and distinctly different from European pigs. Berkshire was clustered with Asian pigs and Chinese pigs were involved in the development of Berkshire breeding. The Malaysian wild boar had distant genetic relationship with European and Asian pigs. Jinhua and Lanyu pigs had more nucleotide diversity with Chinese pigs although they all belonged to the Asian major clade. Chinese domestic pigs were clustered with wild boars in Yangtze River region and South China.

The Lantian biota:A new window onto the origin and early evolution of multicellular organisms

The Lantian biota at the Lantian Town of Xiuning County, Anhui Province, is preserved in black shales of the Ediacaran Lantian Formation. It yields some of the oldest known complex macroorganisms, including fan-shaped seaweeds and possible animal fossils with tentacles and intestinal-like structures reminiscent of modern coelenterates and bilaterians. The Lantian Lagerst^itte sheds new light on the origin and early evolution of multicellular organisms in relatively quiet and deep environments soon after the Neoproterozoic Marinoan glaciation. The morphological complexity and diversity of early multicellular organisms may be closely related to sexual reproduction and alternation of generations. The fluctuation of oceanic redox conditions during this peri- od may have played a role in the ecology and preservation of the Lantian biota.

晚清时期对国家起源的思考和诠释

晚清时期先进的中国人对国家起源问题的思考和诠释,既是晚清国家观变化的重要内容和鲜明标志之一,又是当时中国御侮雪耻、变法求强、推翻帝制和创建共和之迫切现实需求在国家观念上的反映,更是晚清时期思想启蒙和思想解放的重要组成部分,对当时及其后中国的历史进程和走向产生了重大而深远的影响。

动机进化论:关于自然界从生命起源进化到人类的学术思考

生命起源与进化是地球历史发展过程中的一个自然现象。即便是能够通过考古学和历史学研究等知晓人类是从动物进化而来的,然而通常也很难理解自然界进化出复杂生命现象的目的、动机和意义。虽然有"存在即合理"的说法,但如果进化是随机的,那么,自然界又怎么会进化出号称"万物之灵"的人类这一特殊的高级物种呢?从原始社会发展到现代社会,人类经历了数不胜数的自然灾害、疾病和战争等痛苦与磨难,其成长和发展过程实属不易。当前虽已进入21世纪,人类在物质文明与精神文明获得大发展的同时,却依然面临病毒疫情、慢病顽疾、焦虑抑郁、恐怖袭击、难民危机、战争阴云等压力,这就不得不令人深思,人类的出现与发展是否必须面对这些痛苦。在此前提出"菌心进化论"的基础上,进一步从"动机进化论"的角度进行学术探讨,旨在为人类存在与发展的意义和价值提供一种新解释,有利于对人类社会未来健康美好的生活图景进行科学展望。

The diversity and evolution of retroviruses:Perspectives from viral“fossils”

Retroviruses exclusively infect vertebrates,causing a variety of diseases.The replication of retroviruses requires reverse transcription and integration into host genomes.When infecting germline cells,retroviruses become inherited vertically,forming endogenous retroviruses(ERVs).ERVs document past viral infections,providing molecular fossils for studying the evolutionary history of retroviruses.In this review,we summarize the recent advances in understanding the diversity and evolution of retroviruses from the perspectives of viral fossils,and discuss the effects of ERVs on the evolution of host biology.

The advantages of crosstalk during the evolution of the BZR1–ARF6–PIF4 (BAP) module∞

The BAP module,comprising BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1(BZR1),AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6(ARF6),and PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR 4(PIF4),functions as a molecular hub to orchestrate plant growth and development.In Arabidopsis thaliana,components of the BAP module physically interact to form a complex system that integrates light,brassinosteroid(BR),and auxin signals.Little is known about the origin and evolution of the BAP module.Here,we conducted comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the evolution and functional diversification of the BAP module.Our results suggest that the BAP module originated in land plants and that theζ,ε,andγwhole‐genome duplication/triplication events contributed to the expansion of BAP module components in seed plants.Comparative transcriptomic analysis suggested that the prototype BAP module arose in Marchantia polymorpha,experienced stepwise evolution,and became established as a mature regulatory system in seed plants.We developed a formula to calculate the signal transduction productivity of the BAP module and demonstrate that more crosstalk among components enables higher signal transduction efficiency.Our results reveal the evolutionary history of the BAP module and provide insights into the evolution of plant signaling networks and the strategies employed by plants to integrate environmental and endogenous signals.

Higher Plant Proteins of Cyanobacterial Origin:Are They or Are They Not Preferentially Targeted to Chloroplasts?

Dear Editor, What does the evolutionary origin of a plant protein tell about its subcellular localization？ Naively thinking, one would assume that plant proteins that were originally encoded in the endosymbiont genome are targeted to the chloroplast. However, published data seem to support only a loose link between evolutionary origin and subcel- lular localization. About half of the Arabidopsis proteins with a detectable cyanobacterial ortholog are targeted to subcellular compartments other than the chloroplast （Martin et al., 2002）. H