An efficient two-step quantum key distribution protocol with orthogonal product states

An efficient two-step quantum key distribution （QKD） protocol with orthogonal product states in the （×）（n ≥3） Hilbert space is presented. In this protocol, the particles in the orthogonal product states form two particle sequences. The sender, Alice, first sends one sequence to the receiver, Bob. After Bob receives the first particle sequence, Alice and Bob check eavesdropping by measuring a fraction of particles randomly chosen. After ensuring the security of the quantum channel, Alice sends the other particle sequence to Bob. By making an orthogonal measurement on the two particle sequences, Bob can obtain the information of the orthogonal product states sent by Alice. This protocol has many distinct features such as great capacity, high efficiency in that it uses all orthogonal product states in distributing the key except those chosen for checking eavesdroppers.

An efficient quantum key distribution protocol with orthogonal product states

An efficient quantum key distribution （QKD） protocol with orthogonal product states in the 3 3 Hilbert space is presented. The sender, Alice, disorders the orthogonal product state sequence and sends it to Bob. After Alice has published the matching information of the particle sequence, Bob recovers the correct correspondences and makes an orthogonal measurement on the orthogonal product states to obtain the information sent by Alice. Finally, security analysis is also made.

Practical non-orthogonal decoy state quantum key distribution with heralded single photon source

Recently the performance of the quantum key distribution （QKD） is substantially improved by the decoy state method and the non-orthogonal encoding protocol, separately. In this paper, a practical non-orthogonal decoy state protocol with a heralded single photon source （HSPS） for QKD is presented. The protocol is based on 4 states with different intensities. i.e. one signal state and three decoy states. The signal state is for generating keys; the decoy states are for detecting the eavesdropping and estimating the fraction of single-photon and two-photon pulses. We have discussed three cases of this protocol, i.e. the general case, the optimal case and the special case. Moreover, the final key rate over transmission distance is simulated. For the low dark count of the HSPS and the utilization of the two-photon pulses, our protocol has a higher key rate and a longer transmission distance than any other decoy state protocol.

Capacity of a Class of Dirty-Tape Gaussian Orthogonal Relay Channel with State Information at the Source and Relay

A Gaussian channel with additive interference that is causally known to the transmitter is called a Dirty-Tape Channel(DTC).In this paper,we consider a state-dependent dirty-tape Gaussian relay channel with orthogonal channels from the source to the relay and from the source and relay to the destination.The orthogonal channels are corrupted by two independent additive interferences causally known to both the source and relay.The lower and upper bounds of the channel capacity are established.The lower bound is obtained by employing superposition coding at the source,Partial Decode-and-Forward(PDF)relaying at the relay,and a strategy similar to that used by Shannon at the source and relay.The explicit capacity is characterised when the power of the relay is sufficiently large.Finally,several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the impact of additive interferences and the role of the relay in information transmission and in removing the interference.

Orthogonal Collision of Particles Produces New Physical State

Collider is a machine or device that usually causes two beams of high-speed particles moving to collide in a straight line. The fundamental purpose of a collision is to obtain an abnormal mass-energy density and attempt to discover new physics and new substances namely new physical states. However, linear collisions are not easy to achieve the above purpose. Through the comparable experiment of rear-end collision, head-on collision and orthogonal collision of two low-velocity particles, this paper theoretically proposes a new idea that the orthogonal collision between two-beam high-velocity particles can really produce an abnormal mass-energy density. This machine based on the new idea of orthogonal collision can not only greatly reduce the construction cost of colliders, but also is the most effective way to achieve the purpose of collision.

Radiative decay from doubly to singly excited states of He via generalization of Laguerre-type orbitals： A non-orthogonal formalism

By taking full account of the non-orthogonality of the orbitals between the low-lying doubly excited states ^1po and the singly excited states ^1S^e and ^1D^e of He, the corresponding radiative decay rates have been investigated theoretically via analytic generalized Laguerre-type atomic orbitals at a nearly numerical multi-conflguration self-consistent field accuracy in a general non-orthogonal configuration interaction scheme. From these rates, we calculate the VUV photon emission and metastable atom spectra, and both are found to be in good qualitative agreement with recent excellent measurements. We obtain, successfully, the enhancement of the VUV photon spectrum, experimentally observed at the energy of （2s4p-4s2p）/（2p,3d） ^1po as compared with other nearby lying states. The mechanism proposed by Odling-Smee et al is verified, implying that taking appropriate account of the overlap existing between orbitals of the low-lying doubly excited and singly excited states （especially important for the compact orbitals） can reveal basic physical dominant mechanism and is crucial in understanding these spectra.

Asymptotic Stability of 2-D Positive Linear Systems with Orthogonal Initial States

这份报纸处理 2-D 的 asymptotic 稳定性有直角的起始的状态的积极线性系统。与 1-D 系统不同，有直角的起始的状态 x 的 2-D 系统的 asymptotic 稳定性(我， 0 )， x ( 0 ， j )( Fornasini-Marchesini ( FM )模型)或 xv (我， 0 )， xh ( 0 ， j )( Roesser 模型)严格地依赖于合适的边界条件。第一，为 2-D 的一个 asymptotic 稳定性标准积极 FM 首先，模型被使起始的状态成为 x 介绍(我， 0 ) ， x (0， j ) 绝对会聚。然后，类似的结果也与任何绝对会聚的起始的状态 xv 为 2-D 被给积极 Roesser 模型(我， 0 ) ， xh (0， j ) 。最后，二个例子被给显示出这些标准的有效性并且由造成指数地会聚的起始的状态表明轨道的集中。

Efficient scheme for remote preparation of arbitrary n-qubit equatorial states

Recently,a scheme for deterministic remote preparation of arbitrary multi-qubit equatorial states was proposed by Wei et al.[Quantum Inf.Process.1770(2018)].It is worth mentioning that the construction of mutual orthogonal measurement basis plays a key role in quantum remote state preparation.In this paper,a simple and feasible remote preparation of arbitrary n-qubit equatorial states scheme is proposed.In our scheme,the success probability will reach unit.Moreover,there are no coefficient constraint and auxiliary qubits in this scheme.It means that the success probabilities are independent of the coefficients of the entangled channel.The advantage of our scheme is that the mutual orthogonal measurement basis is devised.To accomplish the quantum remote state preparation(RSP)schemes,some new sets of mutually orthogonal measurement basis are introduced.

Cryptanalysis and improvement of a quantum secret sharing scheme based on χ-type entangled states

In the paper [2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 050306], Yang et al. put forward a novel three-party quantum secret sharing protocol of secure direct communication based on x-type entangled states, they claimed that the scheme is secure. However, in this paper, we study the security of the protocol and find that it is insecure. Applying intercept and resend attack, the agent Bob can obtain Alice＇s secret without the help from the other agent Charlie. In the end, we give our effective modification for its improvement.

Controlled Remote State Preparation

We present a scheme for remotely preparing a state via the controls of many agents in a network.In thescheme,the agents' controls are achieved by utilizing quantum key distribution.Generally,the original state can berestored by the receiver with probability 1/2 if all the agents collaborate.However,for certain type of original states therestoration probability is unit.

Scheme for Cloing a Three-Particle GHZ Class State with Assistance

Our concern is to design an assisted-clone scheme which can produce a perfect copy of a three-particle Oreenberger-Horne-Zeilinger （GHZ） class state with a high probability. In the first stage of the protocol, the sender teleports the input state to the receiver by using three EPR pairs as the quantum channel. In the second stage of the protocol, a novel set of mutually orthogonal basis vectors is constructed. With the assistance of the preparer through a three-particle projective measurement under this basis, the perfect copy of an original state can be reestablished by the sender with the probability 1/2. Moreover, the classical communication cost of the scheme is also calculated.

Decoherence Sensing of Entangled-Coherent-State Channels via Unambiguous Quantum State Filtering

Unambiguous quantum state filtering is applied to evaluation of the decoherence sensing of entangled quantum channels consisting of N-mode entangled coherent states. It is found that quantum entanglement can enhance the performance of decoherence sensing while the increase of the mode numbers in the entangled probe field can slightly improve the sensing performance only in the weak field regime.

Efficient quantum secret sharing scheme with two-particle entangled states

This paper proposes a protocol for multi-party quantum secret sharing utilizing four non-orthogonal two-particle entangled states following some ideas in the schemes proposed by Liu et al. （2006 Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 3148） and Zhang et al. （2009 Chin. Phys. B 18 2149） respectively. The theoretical efficiency for qubits of the new protocol is improved from 50% to approaching 100%. All the entangled states can be used for generating the private key except those used for the eavesdropping check. The validity of a probable attack called opaque cheat attack to this kind of protocols is considered in the paper for the first time.

Frameworks of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Communication Systems

Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.

q-Deforrned Entangled States Representations and Some Applications

The q-deformed entangled states are introduced by using deformation quantization methods and new normal ordering of the vacuum projection operator for q-deformed boson oscillator. In similar way, by virtue of the technique of integration within an ordered product （IWOP） of operators, the new completeness and orthogonMity relations composed of the bra and ket, which are not mutually Hermitian conjugates are obtained. Furthermore, the property of squeezing operator represented by the q-deformed entangled states is exhibited. Lastly, the nonclassical properties of the q-deformed two-mode squeezed vacuum state are studied.

OPTIMAL ANTENNA SUBSET SELECTION AND BLIND DETECTION APPROACH APPLIED TO ORTHOGONAL SPACE-TIME BLOCK CODING

An approach combining optimal antenna subset selection with blind detection scheme for Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding (OSTBC) is proposed in this paper. The optimal antenna sub- set selection is taken into account at transmitter and/or receiver sides, which chooses the optimal an- tennas to increase the diversity order of OSTBC and improve further its performance. In order to en- hance the robustness of the detection used in the conventional OSTBC scheme, a blind detection scheme based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is exploited which can directly extract transmitted signals without channel estimation. Performance analysis shows that the proposed ap- proach can achieve the full diversity and the flexibility of system design by using the antenna selec-tion and the ICA based blind detection schemes.

New protocols for non-orthogonal quantum key distribution

Combining the passive decoy-state idea with the active decoy-state idea, a non-orthogonal （SARG04） decoy-state protocol with one vacuum and two weak decoy states is introduced based on a heralded pair coherent state photon source for quantum key distribution. Two special cases of this protocol are deduced, i.e., a one-vacuum-and-one-weak-decoy-state protocol and a one-weak-decoy-state protocol. In these protocols, the sender prepares decoy states actively, which avoids the crude estimation of parameters in the SARG04 passive decoy-state method. With the passive decoy-state idea, the detection events on Bob＇s side that are non-triggered on Alice＇s side are not discarded, but used to estimate the fractions of single-photon and two-photon pulses, which offsets the limitation of the detector＇s low efficiency and overcomes the shortcoming that the performance of the active decoy-state protocol critically depends on the efficiency of detector. The simulation results show that the combination of the active and passive decoy-state ideas increases the key generation rate. With a one-vacuum-and-two-weak-decoy-state protocol, one can achieve a key generation rate that is close to the theoretical limit of an infinite decoy-state protocol. The performance of the other two protocols is a little less than with the former, but the implementation is easier. Under the same condition of implementation, higher key rates can be obtained with our protocols than with existing methods.

基于非局域性正交乘积态的动态量子秘密共享方案

当前的量子秘密共享(QSS)存在资源制备开销较大、安全性不强的问题,该文提出一种基于正交乘积态的可验证量子秘密共享方案弥补上述不足,且多方成员能动态地加入或退出秘密共享。该方案将正交乘积态的粒子分成两个序列,第1个序列在多个参与者之间传输,前一个参与者对其执行嵌入份额值的酉算子后传输给下一个参与者,直到全部份额聚合完成;对于另一个序列,只有最后一个参与者(验证者)对接收到的粒子执行Oracle算子。然后,验证者对两个序列中的粒子对执行全局测量,得到秘密值的平方剩余。最后,借鉴Rabin密码中密文与明文之间非单一映射的思想,验证者联合Alice验证测量结果的正确性,并从测量结果确定出秘密值。安全性分析表明,该方案能抵抗常见的外部攻击和内部攻击,且验证过程具有强安全性;由于非局域性正交乘积态以两个序列分开传输,因此增强了秘密重构过程的安全性。性能分析表明,该方案使用正交乘积态作为信息载体,量子资源开销较小,且将正交乘积基的维度从低维拓展到d维,参与者人数能动态地增加和减少,使得方案具有更好的灵活性和通用性。

量子力学表示理论的一种实现

量子力学创立伊始,狄拉克就关注到了一般表示的问题,其后量子力学的发展又引入了福克态、相干态等表示。好的表示应能提供正交归一的完备基,同时又能给出问题的严格解析解或者允许方便地得到近似解,但这常常是做不到的。我们意识到此前得到的相干态正交化方法恰恰满足表示理论的一般性要求,且因为包含自由参数为构造归一化的完备正交基实际上提供了无限的选择,这样甚至在解决问题的过程中都可以灵活地选择不同的表示,从而带来计算量的大幅减小。通过对不同耦合强度下的近共振态Rabi模型最初10个能级的计算,并同关联的JC模型的结果相比较,验证了相干态正交化方法的有效性。

基于硬件损伤和非完美CSI的IRS辅助NOMA网络鲁棒传输算法

为提升非正交多址接入(NOMA,non-orthogonal multiple access)网络的鲁棒性并减少其能量消耗,考虑了收发器的硬件损伤(HWI,hardware impairment)和非完美的信道状态信息(CSI,channel state information),提出了智能反射面(IRS,intelligent reflecting surface)辅助的NOMA网络传输功率最小化算法。考虑了用户服务质量(QoS,quality of service)约束、串行干扰消除约束以及IRS的反射相移约束,基于HWI和非完美CSI建立了基站主动波束成形和IRS被动波束成形联合优化问题模型。为求解该非凸优化问题,首先利用线性近似和S-Procedure方法对QoS约束进行转换,然后将优化问题分解为两个子问题,并且利用逐次凸逼近(SCA,successive convex approximation)方法求解主动波束成形子问题,利用惩罚凸凹过程算法求解被动波束成形子问题,最后利用交替优化将子问题交替迭代得到最终解。仿真结果表明,在传输功率方面,所提算法比正交多址鲁棒算法降低了17.05%;在系统鲁棒性方面,所提算法相较于HWI鲁棒算法和CSI鲁棒算法,分别提升了20.69%和31.14%。