This paper gives the truncated version of the generalized minimum backward error algorithm(GMBACK)—the incomplete generalized minimum backward perturbation algorithm(IGMBACK)for large nonsymmetric linear systems.It i...This paper gives the truncated version of the generalized minimum backward error algorithm(GMBACK)—the incomplete generalized minimum backward perturbation algorithm(IGMBACK)for large nonsymmetric linear systems.It is based on an incomplete orthogonalization of the Krylov vectors in question,and gives an approximate or quasi-minimum backward perturbation solution over the Krylov subspace.Theoretical properties of IGMBACK including finite termination,existence and uniqueness are discussed in details,and practical implementation issues associated with the IGMBACK algorithm are considered.Numerical experiments show that,the IGMBACK method is usually more efficient than GMBACK and GMRES,and IMBACK,GMBACK often have better convergence performance than GMRES.Specially,for sensitive matrices and right-hand sides being parallel to the left singular vectors corresponding to the smallest singular values of the coefficient matrices,GMRES does not necessarily converge,and IGMBACK,GMBACK usually converge and outperform GMRES.展开更多
White organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)are promising candidates for future solid-state lighting applications and backplane illumination in large-area displays.One very specific feature of OLEDs,which is currently g...White organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)are promising candidates for future solid-state lighting applications and backplane illumination in large-area displays.One very specific feature of OLEDs,which is currently gaining momentum,is that they can enable tunable white light emission.This feature is conventionally realized either through the vertical stacking of independent OLEDs emitting different colors or in lateral arrangement of OLEDs.The vertical design is optically difficult to optimize and often results in efficiency compromises between the units.In contrast,the lateral concept introduces severe area losses to dark regions between the subunits,which requires a significantly larger overall device area to achieve equal brightness.Here we demonstrate a color-tunable,two-color OLED device realized by side-by-side alignment of yellow and blue p-i-n OLEDs structured down to 20μm by a simple and up-scalable orthogonal photolithography technique.This layout eliminates the problems of conventional lateral approaches by utilizing all area for light emission.The corresponding emission of the photo-patterned two-unit OLED can be tuned over a wide range from yellow to white to blue colors.The independent control of the different units allows the desired overall spectrum to be set at any given brightness level.Operated as a white light source,the microstructured OLED reaches a luminous efficacy of 13 lm W^(−1) at 1000 cd m^(−2) without an additional light outcoupling enhancement and reaches a color rendering index of 68 when operated near the color point E.Finally,we demonstrate an improved device lifetime by means of size variation of the subunits.展开更多
文摘This paper gives the truncated version of the generalized minimum backward error algorithm(GMBACK)—the incomplete generalized minimum backward perturbation algorithm(IGMBACK)for large nonsymmetric linear systems.It is based on an incomplete orthogonalization of the Krylov vectors in question,and gives an approximate or quasi-minimum backward perturbation solution over the Krylov subspace.Theoretical properties of IGMBACK including finite termination,existence and uniqueness are discussed in details,and practical implementation issues associated with the IGMBACK algorithm are considered.Numerical experiments show that,the IGMBACK method is usually more efficient than GMBACK and GMRES,and IMBACK,GMBACK often have better convergence performance than GMRES.Specially,for sensitive matrices and right-hand sides being parallel to the left singular vectors corresponding to the smallest singular values of the coefficient matrices,GMRES does not necessarily converge,and IGMBACK,GMBACK usually converge and outperform GMRES.
基金support by the German Research Foundation and the Open Access Publication Funds of the TU DresdenNovaled AG,Dresden,is acknowledged for material support.
文摘White organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)are promising candidates for future solid-state lighting applications and backplane illumination in large-area displays.One very specific feature of OLEDs,which is currently gaining momentum,is that they can enable tunable white light emission.This feature is conventionally realized either through the vertical stacking of independent OLEDs emitting different colors or in lateral arrangement of OLEDs.The vertical design is optically difficult to optimize and often results in efficiency compromises between the units.In contrast,the lateral concept introduces severe area losses to dark regions between the subunits,which requires a significantly larger overall device area to achieve equal brightness.Here we demonstrate a color-tunable,two-color OLED device realized by side-by-side alignment of yellow and blue p-i-n OLEDs structured down to 20μm by a simple and up-scalable orthogonal photolithography technique.This layout eliminates the problems of conventional lateral approaches by utilizing all area for light emission.The corresponding emission of the photo-patterned two-unit OLED can be tuned over a wide range from yellow to white to blue colors.The independent control of the different units allows the desired overall spectrum to be set at any given brightness level.Operated as a white light source,the microstructured OLED reaches a luminous efficacy of 13 lm W^(−1) at 1000 cd m^(−2) without an additional light outcoupling enhancement and reaches a color rendering index of 68 when operated near the color point E.Finally,we demonstrate an improved device lifetime by means of size variation of the subunits.
