Development of Orthographic Awareness, Morphological Awareness and Rapid Automatized Naming of Elementary-level Students in China： A Longitudinal Analysis from Grades 1 to 4

The longitudinal study sought to examine the dynamic development of cognitive skills for reading among elementary-level students in China's Mainland. Two groups of students in first （n=164, mean age=6.65 years at first test） and second grade （n=202, mean age=7.73 years at first test） were followed on orthographic awareness, morphological awareness and rapid automatized naming （RAN） for two years. The children exhibited significant improvement in orthographic awareness, morphological awareness and RAN from grades 1 to 4. More importantly, to the orthographic and morphological awareness, while the children took a leap from grade 1 to 2 and grade 3 to 4, the progress developed at relatively slow rates from grade 2 to 3. In order to assure children＇s development of orthographic and morphological awareness, evidence-based orthographically and morphologically enhanced instruction is needed for Chinese children in the early elementary years, especially for those at the stage from grade 2 to 3.

Orthographic Processing of Developmental Dyslexic Children in China: Evidence from an Event-Related Potential Study

Objective:This study aimed to explore the orthographic processing of simplified Chinese characters in developmental dyslexic children in Kashgar,Xinjiang,China,and provide a theoretical basis for intervention strategies for developmental dyslexia in Chinese.Methods:Using event-related potential(ERP)measures,18 developmental dyslexic children and 23 typically developing children performed a character decision task with three types of stimuli:real characters(RCs),pseudocharacters(PCs),and noncharacters(NCs).Results:Behavioral results showed that the control children displayed a faster and higher accurate performance than the dyslexic children across PCs and NCs.ERP data revealed that the RCs and PCs elicited a stronger P200 than the NCs.Compared with the RCs and NCs,children in the control group showed more N400 negatives for PCs.It is worth mentioning that dyslexic children did not show any difference on N400,which reflected the insufficient orthographic processing of dyslexic children in China.Conclusion:These results show that Chinese dyslexic children had orthographic processing defects.

ERP Effects of Word Exposure and Orthographic Knowledge on Lexical Decisions in Spanish

Orthographic knowledge is affected by language processing, which is associated with word exposure. This study used event-related potentials (ERP) to explore this association in Spanish-speaking adults with different levels of orthographic competence (High Spelling Skills: HSS;Low Spelling Skills: LSS) while they performed a lexical decision task on previously exposed words (1 or 5 times). Both groups benefited from the exposure rate, but HSS reached significantly higher correct and faster responses, particularly with repeated words. Word recognition potential (RP) amplitude was higher bilaterally in HSS group, especially with repeated words, while P220 was found to be right-lateralized and sensitive to word exposure. Also, the amplitude of P600 varied as a function of word exposure and positively correlated with reading speed. Results suggest that LSS group is less sensitive to word exposure and fails to automatize strategies to word recognition that affect reading fluency.

The Relationship Between Orthographic Awareness and Chinese Reading in Hong Kong’s Young CSL Learners

Purpose:This study investigates young Chinese as a second language(CSL)learners’Chinese character reading performance and its relationship with their orthographic awareness.There is a pressing need to gain a better understanding of Hong Kong’s ethnic minority students’CSL acquisition,so that more effective instruction can be provided.Design/Approach/Methods:A total of 157 Hong Kong ethnic minority CSL students in Grade 4 were evaluated using a range of assessments:orthographic awareness in identifying and utilizing character components,listening comprehension for vocabulary terms and short texts,and reading Chinese character lists with single-and two-character words.Findings:The students performed consistently across the two lists but made fewer errors when reading the two-character word list,most of which were orthographical.Multiple regression analysis showed that the students’orthographic awareness contributed significantly to their character reading.Originality/Value:The findings suggest that orthographic awareness can help ethnic minority CSL learners improve their Chinese character reading skills.Chinese classes provided for such students,and for CSL learners in general,should place greater focus on literacy training.

Identifying the Spatial Structure of Black Hole and Tropical Cyclone Based on a Theoretical Analysis of Orthogonal Interaction

Black holes are recognized by Newton’s gravitational theory and Einstein’s general relativity, but there is still a lack of understanding the spatial structure of events, especially the nature of event horizon. In this paper, a theoretical analysis is used to compare the structures of tropical cyclone in the atmosphere and black hole in the astronomy so that five results are: 1) Both of them share the similar spatial structure, with tropical cyclone and black hole having the outflow cloud shield and the horizon sphere in the central part, respectively, while four spiral material bands exist in the rotating plane around them;2) In theoretically, the energy density formed by the orthogonal interaction of the four spiral material bands is as times as the total kinetic energy of the head-on interaction;3) This region of high energy density can lead to the conversion from mass to energy and the creation of new physical states of matter, which is a black hole event;4) The outer horizon of a black hole is the outermost interface of events, or the orthogonal interaction interface of particles;5) High-speed plasma jets extended at the poles of the black hole are directly associated with the shear stress of orthogonal interaction.

Reconstructing Wireframe Model of Curvilinear Objects from Three Orth ographic Views

An approach for reconstructing wireframe models of curvilinear objects f rom three orthographic views is discussed in this paper. The method for generati ng 3D conic edges from 2D projection conic curves is emphasized especially, whic h is the pivotal work for reconstructing curvilinear objects from three orthogra phic views. In order to generate 3D conic edges, a five-point method is firstly utilized to obtain the algebraic representations of all 2D-projection curves i n each view, and then all algebraic forms are converted to the corresponding geo metric forms analytically. Thus the locus of a 3D conic edge can be derived from the geometric forms of the relevant conic curves in three views. Finally, the w ireframe model is created after eliminating all redundant elements generated in previous reconstruction process. The approach extends the range of objects to be reconstructed and imposes no restriction on the axis of the quadric surface.

Optimum Design of Tilt Angle and Horizontal Direction of Solar Collectors under Obstacle’s Shadow for Building Applications

Solar collectors can provide clean, renewable, and domestic energy. The tilt angle and horizontal direction of solar collectors significantly affect its efficiency. There are many good methods to search the optimum tilt angle and horizontal direction to realize the maximum total radiation on the solar collector within a particular day or a specific period. However, it is hard to realize it when solar collectors are placed under obstacle’s shadows;especially when some obstacles, such as trees, have irregular shapes. This paper presents algorithms to achieve the best tilt angle and horizontal direction for solar collector’s performance under the free-form surfaces 3D obstacle’s shadow. The solution process is composed of 4 steps. First, it creates a 3D scene, in which a unique color is given to the solar collector. Second, it employs orthographic projection from the point of view to get an image of the scene. Third, the number of pixels is used to represent the efficiency of the solar collector by counting the pixels of the unique color. Fourth, the efficiency of solar collector in each direction in a period of time is calculated with many images to further select the best direction.

THE PROCESS OF MAKING 3D VECTOR SCENOGRAPH OF ANCIENT BUILDING WITH LARGE QUANTITIES OF DATA

This paper introduces the process of making 3D vector scenograph of an ancient building with large quantities of data with the aid of AutoCAD,which displays the effect of scenery drawings.The vital skills and technique involved are illustrated through the example of Pagoda of Thousands of Buddha in Chi Lin Nunnery in HongKong.This construction was started in 1996 and finished in 1999 with the concrete structure internal and wood external,imitating the style of buildings in Tang Dynasty.Thus,3D vector scenograph become available to users.