Research on droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap GMA welding

In this paper, the droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap gas metal arc （ GMA ） welding was studied. According to the experimental results, the oscillating arc has effect on the droplet transfer mode. The droplet transfer frequency in narrow gap groove is higher than that in bead-on-plate welding. Because of the change of arc location in narrow gap groove, the droplet transfer in oscillating arc narrow gap changes regularly. The droplet transfer frequency near groove sidewall is higher than that at the middle of narrow gap groove.

Research on laser-arc hybrid welding technology for long-distance pipeline construction

In recent years, the research on pipeline laser-arc hybrid welding technology has been the important and difficult in the field of welding all over the world. China Petroleum Pipeline Research Institute Co. Ltd. has firstly developed pipeline laser-arc hybrid welding system in China, and executed the welding tests based on X70/X80 steel. Preliminary experiment results showed that hybrid welding could meet the requirements of related standards such as API1104,ASME,etc., the mechanical properties of girth seam are qualified in the case that there were no internal defects. With the development of high-power fiber laser and the continuous improvement of welding equipment, laser-arc hybrid welding technology for pipeline field welding will be available soon.

Oscillation Modes of Weld Pool in Stationary GTA Welding Using Structure Laser Method

Researchers have recently attempted to monitor pool oscillations using the three-dimensional laser vision method.However,the deficiency of simulation software will result in significant capital expenditure.Both simulations and experiments are performed in this study,and the Bessel equation is used to analyze the oscillation mode of a weld pool.The laser dot matrix images of(0,1),(1,1),(2,1),and(0,2)oscillation modes at different times are obtained via structured laser optical measurement simulation.The oscillation mode of a stationary gas tungsten arc weld pool is analyzed based on laser dot matrix images obtained from a structure laser experiment.Results show that the simulated laser dot matrix images are consistent with the experiment results.The oscillation mode of the weld pool can be recognized based on the laser dot matrix image.This study not only provides conditions for assessing the penetrating state of a weld pool,but also enable a further understanding of the oscillation mode of a weld pool and the development of more effective observation methods and measurement tools to effectively control and improve welding quality.

Laser Oscillating of Nickel Alloyed Welds on Press‑Hardened Steel

Laser oscillating welding was employed to fabricate Al-Si coated press-hardened steel(PHS)to improve the element homogeneity in the fusion zone.Laser oscillating welding was employed with various oscillation amplitudes(0 mm,0.5 mm and 1.3 mm)in this present.Ni foil of 0.06 mm thickness was used as an interlayer between two tailored PHS welded.The weld morphology,elemental profile,microstructure and tensile strength of welded joints were studied.The results showed that full penetration weld without any weld defects were achieved for any oscillation amplitudes,and weld width increased with increasing oscillation amplitudes.With the oscillation amplitudes increased,Ni and Al had an uneven elemental profile due to strong stirring force,but the Ni and Al content in the weld was decreased and Ni had a sharp descent compared to Al element.Only fewδ-ferrite was presented in fusion line with the oscillation amplitudes increased to 1.3 mm.The oscillation amplitudes did not have an effect on the tensile properties,which was similar to that of base metal.But if keeping increasing the oscillation amplitudes or reducing the thickness of Ni interlayer,it has a potential risk to form more and moreδferrite such that deteriorate the mechnical properties of welded joints.

Microstructure and properties of laser-arc hybrid welding of high-strength low-alloy steel

Laser-arc hybrid welding has the characteristics of optimal surface formation and greater penetration;it is extensively used in the welding of plates of medium thickness.However, for hybrid welding of lasers, the welding seam cooling rate is rapid;thus, the welding seam has a higher tendency to significantly harden, which has a negative impact on the weld quality of the high-strength low-alloy(HSLA) steel plates of medium thickness.In this study, laser-arc hybrid welding is performed on the BG890 QL HSLA steel produced by Baoshan Iron & Steel Co.,Ltd.,and the quenching tendency of the welded structure is examined.The results demonstrate that the specific growth direction of the columnar crystal structure of the laser-arc hybrid welded joint is obvious.However, at the center and top of the welded seam, there are equiaxed crystals.The impact properties at room temperature and-40 ℃ of the weld area are 58.0 J and 40.0 J,respectively, and those of the heat-affected zone(HAZ) are 147.0 J and 66.5 J,respectively.The impact performance can meet these requirements.Laser-arc hybrid welding of HSLA steel can yield strong and durable welds and the HAZ structure to meet the requirements of engineering applications.

Numerical simulation of temperature field in laser-arc hybrid welding of wear-resistant steel

Using ABAQUS software and cylindrical ellipsoid and body heat sources with a peak-heat-flux- attenuation function, a finite element model of the temperature field in the laser-arc hybrid welding of 4.5-mm BW300TP wear-resistant steel is proposed. The proposed model considers convection, radiation, molten pool flow, and heat conduction effect on temperature. A comparison of the simulation and actual welding test results confirms the reliability of the model. This welding heat-process model can provide the cooling rate at any position in the heat affected zone （HAZ） and can be used as a reference for the analysis of material properties and for process optimization.

Application and development in railway vehicles trend of new welding technologies manufacturing industry

This paper introduces the application of new automatic welding technologies in railway vehicles manufacturing industry, and presents the state of art of advanced friction stir welding technology, semi-penetration laser welding technology and laser-arc hybrid welding technology in manufacturing aluminum alloy body shell, stainless steel body shell and bogie. This paper also analyzes the application and development trend of three welding technologies in the future.

Analysis of weld pool vibration characteristics in pulsed gas metal arc welding

Using highspeed camera image measuring and processing,the contour of the weld pool was extracted accurately in pulsed metal inert gas(P-MIG)welding.Based on this extraction method,time and frequency domain characteristics at different points along the contour of the weld pool were analyzed for one pulse one droplet and one pulse two droplets,respectively.The results show that,because of the wave super position that was created by the pulsed arc and droplet impacting the weld pool,the oscillation amplitude along the weld pool fluctuated and decreased with an increase in distance from the point to the arc center.The oscillation near the arc center was complex and intense for one pulse two droplets,and the amplitude were relatively small because the oscillation caused by the pulsed arc could be offset by the molten droplet impact.The weld pool oscillation that was caused by the pulsed arc was stronger than that caused by the droplet.

FEM Simulation of Distortion and Residual Stress Generated by High Energy Beam Welding with Considering Phase Transformation

A series of experiments was carried out so as to elucidate the effect of the phase transformation in the cooling process on welding distortion and residual stress generated by laser beam welding (LBW) and laser-arc hybrid welding (HYBW) on the high strength steel (HT780). Then, the experiments were simulated by 3D thermal elasticplastic analysis with FEM (Finite Element Method) which was performed with using the idealized mechanical properties considering the transformation superplasticity. From the results, the effects of the phase transformation on welding distortion and residual stress generated by LBW and HYBW were elucidated. Furthermore, the generality of the idealization of the mechanical properties was verified.

基于摆动激光扫描的GMAW焊缝成形调控

将摆动激光与GMAW工艺复合,利用“8”字形摆动激光扫描液态熔池,对其温度场和流场进行调控,以改变熔池温度梯度,主动调控熔池流动以改善焊缝成形.在6061铝合金板材表面进行堆焊试验,重点探究了光丝间距、摆动幅度、激光功率对于焊缝成形的影响,采用高速摄像机拍摄激光扫描熔池过程.结果表明,摆动激光扫描可以有效抑制成形缺陷的发生,当摆动激光扫描熔池中部时可以获得最佳的焊缝成形效果.摆动激光扫描降低了熔池温度梯度分布,同时激光扫描产生的激光蒸发反力可以驱动熔池流动,促进了液态熔池的流动铺展,从而有效抑制了不规则焊缝成形缺陷,减少焊缝内部气孔和裂纹缺陷.调节摆动激光摆幅可以在一定范围内对焊缝宽度进行调控.

摆动工艺参数对铝合金激光焊焊接质量的影响

为了研究铝合金激光焊接过程中摆动参数对焊接结果的影响,文章采用单因素的变量试验,在其他参数固定为功率4 kW、焊接速度80 mm/s、离焦量0的情况下,分别分析激光摆动频率、摆动幅度等参数对2 mm厚的6k21和5754铝合金薄板焊缝成型、焊接质量的影响。试验结果表明:随着摆动幅度的增加,焊缝熔深减小,熔宽先增加后减小;随着摆动频率的增加,熔深、熔宽均减小;在焊缝没有焊接缺陷的情况下,试件的剪切力与熔宽成正相关。文章研究结果可为汽车轻量化全铝车身连接中的激光焊接工艺提供一定的理论参考。

厚板5A06铝合金万瓦级扫描激光立焊组织与性能

针对厚板铝合金万瓦级常规激光焊接往往存在焊缝成形差和气孔缺陷严重的问题,文中提出了厚板铝合金万瓦级扫描激光立焊方法,采用厚板5A06铝合金进行了焊接工艺试验,并综合分析了焊接接头焊缝成形、微观组织、力学性能.结果表明,该方法有效的改善了厚板铝合金常规激光的焊缝成形,且减少了气孔缺陷.根据熔池形貌图像,扫描激光大幅增加了熔池尺寸,因此熔池尾部受熔池前沿激光干扰减弱,有利于改善熔池尾部焊缝成形和减少气孔缺陷.针对厚度为50 mm铝合金板,采用万瓦级扫描激光立焊实现了窄间隙坡口形式24 mm厚钝边的双面双道焊接.当扫描幅度增大时,即焊接参数Ⅱ和Ⅲ,焊缝均匀光滑,成形良好,且X射线探伤未见气孔缺陷.焊接参数Ⅱ接头微观组织全部由等轴晶构成,焊接参数Ⅲ接头由等轴晶和少量柱状晶构成.由于焊接参数Ⅲ焊接速度小,热输入更大,焊接参数Ⅲ接头晶粒尺寸更大.焊接参数Ⅱ和Ⅲ接头抗拉强度为337 MPa和322 MPa,分别达到了母材的93.6%和89.4%,焊缝性能良好.焊缝拉伸断口均呈现韧窝形态,为韧性断裂.

6061铝合金激光摆动-电弧复合焊组织与力学性能分析

对高铁6 mm的6061铝合金进行激光摆动-电弧锁底对接焊,以焊缝熔深与气孔率为指标,借助扫描电子显微镜(scanning election microscope,SEM),电子背散射衍射(electron backscatter diffraction,EBSD)等表征手段分析了摆动频率对焊缝微观组织与力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,当摆动频率升高为250 Hz时,焊缝气孔率降至1%以下,靠近熔合线附近的焊缝区域主要由柱状枝晶组成,而焊缝中心电弧区域主要由等轴枝晶组成,激光摆动频率变化会影响单位周期内光束前进距离,进而影响光束对熔池后方的搅拌能力强弱,随着激光摆动频率的增大,熔池的搅拌作用效果增强,焊缝中心等轴枝晶细化程度明显,晶粒尺寸由68μm降至44μm.当摆动频率为250Hz时,接头的抗拉强度达到最大为229 MPa,约为母材强度的73%,焊缝气孔率的降低和焊缝中心细化的枝晶组织为接头强度提高提供了有利条件.

基于内聚力模型的气波机振荡管304对接钎焊接头拉伸强度研究

气波机核心部件振荡管采用钎焊连接,钎焊接头拉伸性能对气波机结构强度具有重要影响。为了对钎焊接头界面裂纹扩展过程进行探究,笔者针对气波机振荡管钎焊结构,制备304对接钎焊接头试样进行拉伸试验,并对拉伸断口进行形貌分析,断口处表现为韧性断裂;基于内聚力模型,开发了VUMAT子程序,进行了有限元模拟分析。模拟断裂载荷为5 039 N,试验值为5 242 N,2者误差为3.9%,验证了模拟的准确性,结果表明内聚力模型可以较好地模拟气波机振荡管钎焊接头的裂纹萌生与扩展过程。在此基础上研究焊缝缺陷对钎焊接头断裂载荷的影响,发现缺陷处内聚力单元损伤速率加快,引起断裂载荷显著下降。

激光摆动焊接工艺参数对不锈钢焊缝成形与气孔率的影响

采用激光摆动焊接实现了5 mm厚1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的焊接,获得成形良好、低气孔率的接头.分析了焊接速度、摆动幅值、摆动频率、摆动形式对焊缝成形和气孔率的影响,从匙孔、熔池流动、气泡逸出的角度揭示了工艺参数影响气孔率的主要机理.结果表明,对于5 mm厚不锈钢激光摆动焊接,适当提高焊接速度和摆动幅值,更利于减小气孔率;激光摆动频率在100~300 Hz可以兼顾较低气孔率和较好的焊缝成形;“8”形摆动激光可以获得相对较优的焊缝成形,焊缝气孔率最低,达到2.94%;而线性摆动激光获得焊缝成形最差,气孔率最高,达到19.13%.

焊剂片约束电弧焊接三明治板熔滴过渡与熔池波动研究

针对焊剂片约束电弧(FBCA)焊接高强钢三明治板熔池研究难点,采用侧边贴敷耐高温石英玻璃片方法,采集焊接动态过程信息,实现熔池边缘曲线的提取与特征参数的计算,研究不同参数下熔滴过渡模式及熔池边缘曲线波动情况,分析熔池振荡角与焊接稳定性及焊缝成形之间的关系。结果表明:不同参数下FBCA焊接存在短路过渡、粗滴过渡、排斥过渡、细滴过渡、射滴过渡、弧桥并存过渡六种过渡方式,对芯板内熔池边缘波动的影响依次减弱;随着熔池振荡角变化,熔池边缘曲线形状存在混合U形、深U形及浅U形,电弧燃烧稳定性依次增强;当焊接处于弧桥并存过渡模式、熔池边缘曲线为浅U形时,电弧稳定燃烧,电弧力作用均匀,焊接过程稳定,焊缝质量最好。

12 mm厚304L高功率摆动激光自熔焊工艺研究

对12 mm厚304L不锈钢进行高功率摆动激光自熔焊接工艺试验,研究焊接速度、摆动频率、摆动幅度对焊缝宏观形貌和微观组织的影响规律。结果表明:当激光功率为9.5 kW、激光无摆动时,焊接速度从0.9 m/min增加至1.5 m/min,焊缝从熔透变为未熔透,未熔透试样的表面飞溅明显;当摆动频率在50~400 Hz范围内,随着摆动频率的增加,焊缝熔宽由6.67 mm单调减小至4.94 mm,而熔深在7.5 mm附近上下浮动;当焊接速度为0.9 m/min,摆动幅度在0.2~1.0 mm范围内,随着摆动幅度增加,焊缝的熔宽由5.36 mm单调增加至7.14 mm,熔深先增加后减小;当焊接速度为0.72 m/min,摆动幅度在0.5~1.0 mm范围内,随着摆动幅度增加,焊缝的熔宽由2.99 mm单调增加至7.73 mm,熔深由12 mm单调减小至8.42 mm。激光的摆动参数对焊缝熔宽的影响规律较焊缝熔深的更明显。焊缝接头的显微组织在焊缝深度方向存在差异,柱状晶主要分布在焊缝上部和中部,焊缝底部主要为等轴晶。激光束摆动会改变焊缝柱状晶和等轴晶在焊缝上部和中部的分布。

重熔摆动激光焊修复TC4钛合金焊接接头组织和性能

采用摆动激光焊对TC4钛合金焊接接头进行重熔,研究摆动频率对TC4钛合金焊接接头气孔、组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,重熔摆动激光焊可有效消除TC4钛合金焊接接头中存在的气孔缺陷;随着摆动频率的增加,气孔的消除效果增强,且大气孔的消除效果变得更加明显。重熔摆动激光焊接头的焊缝组织为针状的α'马氏体和部分α相,热影响区组织由初生α相、针状α'马氏体及β相组成。随着摆动频率的增加,激光对熔池的搅拌作用增强,焊缝晶粒破碎逐渐细化,而热影响区晶粒生长变得更加有利,导致晶粒逐渐粗大。摆动频率的增加使焊接接头组织发生变化,进而导致焊接接头性能发生变化。随着摆动频率的增大,TC4重熔焊接接头的焊缝硬度上升,热影响区硬度逐渐下降,且焊接接头的拉伸性能呈现下降趋势。当摆动频率增加到120 Hz和150 Hz时,断裂区域由母材转变为热影响区。

等离子弧−MIG焊丝振荡式复合焊接工艺

针对现有的等离子弧-MIG复合焊接过程中的双弧排斥问题,基于MIG焊丝位移规律性改变提出了一种新型的MIG焊丝振荡与等离子弧共熔池的复合焊接工艺.通过调节MIG焊丝电机转速(振荡频率)和振荡振幅进行了焊接工艺试验.结果表明,随着电机转速(振荡频率0~41 Hz)的增加,等离子弧与MIG电弧排斥减弱,耦合趋势增大.尤其是电机转速为2000 r/min(振荡频率33 Hz)时,共熔池复合焊接效果较好;MIG焊炬振荡振幅为1 mm时,电弧形状最为稳定,但振荡频率和振荡振幅过大均不利于焊接过程稳定性;MIG焊炬振荡提高了熔滴过渡频率,使焊丝尖部呈现小熔滴过渡,减小了焊接飞溅.对接试验力学性能测试表明,抗拉强度、抗弯强度均随振荡频率的提高呈现先增大后减小趋势,分析认为MIG焊炬振荡具有一定搅拌熔池的作用,有效提高了焊接接头的力学性能.

功率分布对5A06铝合金激光摆动焊接熔池动态行为的影响

以5A06铝合金锁底对接焊缝为研究对象,在激光束摆动的基础上引入一种沿正弦摆动路径分布的激光功率(功率分布),实现功率相对于摆动路径的动态调控.基于FLUENT有限元软件,建立激光摆动焊接过程的流体动力学模型,研究光斑摆动与功率分布对焊缝成形的影响机制,模拟对比了施加等功率与功率分布2种工艺下的焊缝截面形貌、熔池动态行为及气孔形成过程.结果表明,与等功率焊接相比,施加功率分布焊缝成形更优,未出现咬边和烧穿等缺陷;由于功率分布的特点,有效缓和了熔池的平均流速,熔融金属呈现更为稳定的流动行为,进一步提高了匙孔的稳定性,并获得了深宽比较小的匙孔,有效降低了焊缝的孔隙率(0.9%).