BACKGROUND Invasive breast carcinoma with osteoclast-like stromal giant cells(OGCs) is an extremely rare morphology of breast carcinomas.To the best of our knowledge,the most recent case report describing this rare pa...BACKGROUND Invasive breast carcinoma with osteoclast-like stromal giant cells(OGCs) is an extremely rare morphology of breast carcinomas.To the best of our knowledge,the most recent case report describing this rare pathology was published six years ago.The mechanism controlling the development of this unique histological formation is still unknown.Further,the prognosis of patients with OGC involvement is also controversial.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 48-year-old woman,who presented to the outpatient department with a palpable,growing,painless mass in her left breast for about one year.Sonography and mammography revealed a 26.5 mm ×18.8 mm asymmetric,lobular mass with circumscribed margin and the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System was category 4C.Sono-guided aspiration biopsy revealed invasive ductal carcinoma.The patient underwent breast conserving surgery and was diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma with OGCs,grade Ⅱ,with intermediate grade of ductal carcinoma in situ(ER:80%,3+,PR:80%,3+,HER-2:negative,Ki 67:30%).Adjuvant chemotherapy and post-operation radiotherapy were initiated thereafter.CONCLUSION As a rare morphology of breast cancer,breast carcinoma with OGC occurs most often in relatively young women,has less lymph node involvement,and its occurrence is not racedependent.展开更多
Calvarial bones are connected by fibrous sutures. These sutures provide a niche environment that includes mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, which help maintain calvarial bone homeostasis and ...Calvarial bones are connected by fibrous sutures. These sutures provide a niche environment that includes mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, which help maintain calvarial bone homeostasis and repair. Abnormal function of osteogenic cells or diminished MSCs within the cranial suture can lead to skull defects, such as craniosynostosis. Despite the important function of each of these cell types within the cranial suture, we have limited knowledge about the role that crosstalk between them may play in regulating calvarial bone homeostasis and injury repair. Here we show that suture MSCs give rise to osteoprogenitors that show active bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) signalling and depend on BMP-mediated Indian hedgehog(IHH) signalling to balance osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis activity. IHH signalling and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand(RANKL) may function synergistically to promote the differentiation and resorption activity of osteoclasts. Loss of Bmpr1a in MSCs leads to downregulation of hedgehog(Hh) signalling and diminished cranial sutures. Significantly, activation of Hh signalling partially restores suture morphology in Bmpr1a mutant mice, suggesting the functional importance of BMP-mediated Hh signalling in regulating suture tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, there is an increased number of CD200+ cells in Bmpr1a mutant mice, which may also contribute to the inhibited osteoclast activity in the sutures of mutant mice. Finally, suture MSCs require BMPmediated Hh signalling during the repair of calvarial bone defects after injury. Collectively, our studies reveal the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing cell–cell interactions within the cranial suture that regulate calvarial bone homeostasis and repair.展开更多
Giant cell tumors of the pancreas come in three varieties-osteoclastic,pleomorphic,and mixed histology.These tumors have distinctive endoscopic,clinical,and cytological features.Giant cell tumors have a controversial ...Giant cell tumors of the pancreas come in three varieties-osteoclastic,pleomorphic,and mixed histology.These tumors have distinctive endoscopic,clinical,and cytological features.Giant cell tumors have a controversial histogenesis,with some authors favoring an epithelial origin and others favoring a mesenchymal origin.The true origin of these lesions remains unclear at this time.These are also very rare tumors but proper identification and differentiation from more common pancreatic adenocarcinoma is important.The risk factors of these tumors and the prognosis may be different from those associated with standard pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Recognition of these differences can significantly affect patient care.These lesions have a unique appearance when imaged with endoscopic ultrasound(EUS),and these lesions can be diagnosed via EUS guided Fine Needle Aspiration(FNA).This manuscript will review the endoscopic,clinical,and pathologic features of these tumors.展开更多
The effect of La^(3+) on formation of osteoclast-like cells in rabbit bone marrow cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D_3 and their bone-resorbing activity was evaluated by counting the number of tartrate resistant...The effect of La^(3+) on formation of osteoclast-like cells in rabbit bone marrow cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D_3 and their bone-resorbing activity was evaluated by counting the number of tartrate resistant-acid phosphatase-positive [TRAP(+)] multi-nucleated cells and measuring the number and surface area of bone resorption pits with photomicrography and image analysis. The formation and morphological characteristics of osteoclast-like cells and bone resorption pits were observed under a phase contrast inverted microscope. La^(3+) promotes the formation of osteoclast-like cells at the concentration of 1.00×10^(-8)mol·L^(-1) compared with the control group(P<(0.01)), whereas no significant change in cell number is observed at higher concentrations(1.00×10^(-5), (1.00×)10^(-6) and 1.00×10^(-7) mol·L^(-1))(P>0.05). La^(3+) at the concentration of 1.00×10^(-8)mol·L^(-1) also increases the number and surface area of the resorption pits(P<0.01), but inhibits the bone-resorbing activity dose-dependently(P<0.01)at higher concentrations(1.00×10^(-5), 1.00×10^(-6) and 1.00×10^(-7) mol·L^(-1)). These findings suggest that La^(3+) may promote or inhibit the formation and bone-resorbing activity of osteoclast-like cells depending on its concentration.展开更多
Bone marrow(BM) cavities are utilized for hematopoiesis and to maintain hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs). HSCs have the ability to self-renew as well as to differentiate into multiple different hematopoietic lineage cel...Bone marrow(BM) cavities are utilized for hematopoiesis and to maintain hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs). HSCs have the ability to self-renew as well as to differentiate into multiple different hematopoietic lineage cells. HSCs produce their daughter cells throughout the lifespan of individuals and thus, maintaining HSCs is crucial for individual life. BM cavities provide a specialized microenvironment termed "niche" to support HSCs. Niches are composed of various types of cells such as osteoblasts, endothelial cells and reticular cells. Osteoclasts are unique cells which resorb bones and are required for BM cavity formation. Loss of osteoclast function or differentiation results in inhibition of BM cavity formation, an osteopetrotic phenotype. Osteoclasts are also reportedly required for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell(HSPC) mobilization to the periphery from BM cavities. Thus, lack of osteoclasts likely results in inhibition of HSC maintenance and HSPC mobilization. However, we found that osteoclasts are dispensable for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and mobilization by using three independent osteoclast-less animal models. In this review, I will discuss the roles of osteoclasts in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and mobilization.展开更多
背景:近年研究表明,柚皮苷抗骨质疏松的研究大多停留在体内外实验当中,了解相关信号通路的作用机制以及相关蛋白与某些特定基因的表达是深入了解柚皮苷发挥抗骨质疏松症的重要途径。目前,中医药已被证实在抗骨质疏松方面具有显著作用,...背景:近年研究表明,柚皮苷抗骨质疏松的研究大多停留在体内外实验当中,了解相关信号通路的作用机制以及相关蛋白与某些特定基因的表达是深入了解柚皮苷发挥抗骨质疏松症的重要途径。目前,中医药已被证实在抗骨质疏松方面具有显著作用,柚皮苷是骨碎补中的主要有效成分之一,其抗骨质疏松的有效性及作用机制逐渐得到学者们认可,其临床与基础研究逐渐被大家重视。目的:分析总结柚皮苷在体内外发挥抗骨质疏松作用的研究进展,为下一步研究其相关的作用机制提供一些思路。方法:检索中国知网、万方、维普数据库及PubMed数据库收录的相关文献,中文检索词为“柚皮苷,骨质疏松症,中药单体,发病机制,信号通路,骨髓间充质干细胞,成骨细胞,破骨细胞”等;英文检索词为“Naringin,Osteoporosis,Chinese medicine monomer,pathogenesis,Signal path,Bmscs,Osteoblast,Osteoclast”等,并根据研究需要确立相应的标准,对最终所得文献进行筛选,最终纳入69篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:(1)柚皮苷阻断了富含果糖饮食引起的破骨细胞和脂肪细胞数量的增加以及骨细胞和骨钙素(+)细胞数量的减少、并且通过促进成骨细胞和骨细胞分泌Sema3A,从而激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路局部增强成骨细胞骨形成,同时抑制破骨细胞生成。(2)柚皮苷通过诱导成骨细胞自噬是一种重要的形式,然而自噬相关蛋白参与成骨细胞分化和骨形成,当成骨细胞缺乏自噬会降低矿化能力,并导致成骨细胞和破骨细胞数量不平衡,从而导致骨量丢失,骨密度下降。(3)搭载柚皮苷的复合支架可为骨缺损修复提供必要的载体,并且柚皮苷还能增加局部骨形态发生蛋白2和血管内皮生长因子的含量,从而加速新生骨组织的生长,具备优异的骨修复性能。(4)柚皮苷可调控ERK、PI3K/Akt和Wnt等相关信号通路来发挥调节骨代谢以及抑制氧化应激等作用,进而调控骨质疏松症,对该病起到良好的防治作用,但目前相关研究深度和广度不足,在未来应基于目前的机制研究,深入探究柚皮苷调控该病不同通路的具体机制及通路间相互作用,将有利于运用柚皮苷治疗骨质疏松症的多元发展。展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Invasive breast carcinoma with osteoclast-like stromal giant cells(OGCs) is an extremely rare morphology of breast carcinomas.To the best of our knowledge,the most recent case report describing this rare pathology was published six years ago.The mechanism controlling the development of this unique histological formation is still unknown.Further,the prognosis of patients with OGC involvement is also controversial.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 48-year-old woman,who presented to the outpatient department with a palpable,growing,painless mass in her left breast for about one year.Sonography and mammography revealed a 26.5 mm ×18.8 mm asymmetric,lobular mass with circumscribed margin and the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System was category 4C.Sono-guided aspiration biopsy revealed invasive ductal carcinoma.The patient underwent breast conserving surgery and was diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma with OGCs,grade Ⅱ,with intermediate grade of ductal carcinoma in situ(ER:80%,3+,PR:80%,3+,HER-2:negative,Ki 67:30%).Adjuvant chemotherapy and post-operation radiotherapy were initiated thereafter.CONCLUSION As a rare morphology of breast cancer,breast carcinoma with OGC occurs most often in relatively young women,has less lymph node involvement,and its occurrence is not racedependent.
基金supported by grants from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH (supported by R01 DE026339)
文摘Calvarial bones are connected by fibrous sutures. These sutures provide a niche environment that includes mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, which help maintain calvarial bone homeostasis and repair. Abnormal function of osteogenic cells or diminished MSCs within the cranial suture can lead to skull defects, such as craniosynostosis. Despite the important function of each of these cell types within the cranial suture, we have limited knowledge about the role that crosstalk between them may play in regulating calvarial bone homeostasis and injury repair. Here we show that suture MSCs give rise to osteoprogenitors that show active bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) signalling and depend on BMP-mediated Indian hedgehog(IHH) signalling to balance osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis activity. IHH signalling and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand(RANKL) may function synergistically to promote the differentiation and resorption activity of osteoclasts. Loss of Bmpr1a in MSCs leads to downregulation of hedgehog(Hh) signalling and diminished cranial sutures. Significantly, activation of Hh signalling partially restores suture morphology in Bmpr1a mutant mice, suggesting the functional importance of BMP-mediated Hh signalling in regulating suture tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, there is an increased number of CD200+ cells in Bmpr1a mutant mice, which may also contribute to the inhibited osteoclast activity in the sutures of mutant mice. Finally, suture MSCs require BMPmediated Hh signalling during the repair of calvarial bone defects after injury. Collectively, our studies reveal the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing cell–cell interactions within the cranial suture that regulate calvarial bone homeostasis and repair.
文摘Giant cell tumors of the pancreas come in three varieties-osteoclastic,pleomorphic,and mixed histology.These tumors have distinctive endoscopic,clinical,and cytological features.Giant cell tumors have a controversial histogenesis,with some authors favoring an epithelial origin and others favoring a mesenchymal origin.The true origin of these lesions remains unclear at this time.These are also very rare tumors but proper identification and differentiation from more common pancreatic adenocarcinoma is important.The risk factors of these tumors and the prognosis may be different from those associated with standard pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Recognition of these differences can significantly affect patient care.These lesions have a unique appearance when imaged with endoscopic ultrasound(EUS),and these lesions can be diagnosed via EUS guided Fine Needle Aspiration(FNA).This manuscript will review the endoscopic,clinical,and pathologic features of these tumors.
文摘The effect of La^(3+) on formation of osteoclast-like cells in rabbit bone marrow cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D_3 and their bone-resorbing activity was evaluated by counting the number of tartrate resistant-acid phosphatase-positive [TRAP(+)] multi-nucleated cells and measuring the number and surface area of bone resorption pits with photomicrography and image analysis. The formation and morphological characteristics of osteoclast-like cells and bone resorption pits were observed under a phase contrast inverted microscope. La^(3+) promotes the formation of osteoclast-like cells at the concentration of 1.00×10^(-8)mol·L^(-1) compared with the control group(P<(0.01)), whereas no significant change in cell number is observed at higher concentrations(1.00×10^(-5), (1.00×)10^(-6) and 1.00×10^(-7) mol·L^(-1))(P>0.05). La^(3+) at the concentration of 1.00×10^(-8)mol·L^(-1) also increases the number and surface area of the resorption pits(P<0.01), but inhibits the bone-resorbing activity dose-dependently(P<0.01)at higher concentrations(1.00×10^(-5), 1.00×10^(-6) and 1.00×10^(-7) mol·L^(-1)). These findings suggest that La^(3+) may promote or inhibit the formation and bone-resorbing activity of osteoclast-like cells depending on its concentration.
文摘Bone marrow(BM) cavities are utilized for hematopoiesis and to maintain hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs). HSCs have the ability to self-renew as well as to differentiate into multiple different hematopoietic lineage cells. HSCs produce their daughter cells throughout the lifespan of individuals and thus, maintaining HSCs is crucial for individual life. BM cavities provide a specialized microenvironment termed "niche" to support HSCs. Niches are composed of various types of cells such as osteoblasts, endothelial cells and reticular cells. Osteoclasts are unique cells which resorb bones and are required for BM cavity formation. Loss of osteoclast function or differentiation results in inhibition of BM cavity formation, an osteopetrotic phenotype. Osteoclasts are also reportedly required for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell(HSPC) mobilization to the periphery from BM cavities. Thus, lack of osteoclasts likely results in inhibition of HSC maintenance and HSPC mobilization. However, we found that osteoclasts are dispensable for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and mobilization by using three independent osteoclast-less animal models. In this review, I will discuss the roles of osteoclasts in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and mobilization.
文摘背景:近年研究表明,柚皮苷抗骨质疏松的研究大多停留在体内外实验当中,了解相关信号通路的作用机制以及相关蛋白与某些特定基因的表达是深入了解柚皮苷发挥抗骨质疏松症的重要途径。目前,中医药已被证实在抗骨质疏松方面具有显著作用,柚皮苷是骨碎补中的主要有效成分之一,其抗骨质疏松的有效性及作用机制逐渐得到学者们认可,其临床与基础研究逐渐被大家重视。目的:分析总结柚皮苷在体内外发挥抗骨质疏松作用的研究进展,为下一步研究其相关的作用机制提供一些思路。方法:检索中国知网、万方、维普数据库及PubMed数据库收录的相关文献,中文检索词为“柚皮苷,骨质疏松症,中药单体,发病机制,信号通路,骨髓间充质干细胞,成骨细胞,破骨细胞”等;英文检索词为“Naringin,Osteoporosis,Chinese medicine monomer,pathogenesis,Signal path,Bmscs,Osteoblast,Osteoclast”等,并根据研究需要确立相应的标准,对最终所得文献进行筛选,最终纳入69篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:(1)柚皮苷阻断了富含果糖饮食引起的破骨细胞和脂肪细胞数量的增加以及骨细胞和骨钙素(+)细胞数量的减少、并且通过促进成骨细胞和骨细胞分泌Sema3A,从而激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路局部增强成骨细胞骨形成,同时抑制破骨细胞生成。(2)柚皮苷通过诱导成骨细胞自噬是一种重要的形式,然而自噬相关蛋白参与成骨细胞分化和骨形成,当成骨细胞缺乏自噬会降低矿化能力,并导致成骨细胞和破骨细胞数量不平衡,从而导致骨量丢失,骨密度下降。(3)搭载柚皮苷的复合支架可为骨缺损修复提供必要的载体,并且柚皮苷还能增加局部骨形态发生蛋白2和血管内皮生长因子的含量,从而加速新生骨组织的生长,具备优异的骨修复性能。(4)柚皮苷可调控ERK、PI3K/Akt和Wnt等相关信号通路来发挥调节骨代谢以及抑制氧化应激等作用,进而调控骨质疏松症,对该病起到良好的防治作用,但目前相关研究深度和广度不足,在未来应基于目前的机制研究,深入探究柚皮苷调控该病不同通路的具体机制及通路间相互作用,将有利于运用柚皮苷治疗骨质疏松症的多元发展。
