Role of science and technology in environmentally sound urbanization in China

In the process of accelerating industrialization, urbanization is inevitable and important to Chinas modernization drive. While people are cherishing the advantages of living in cities, the increasing negative impact of urbanization has to be put on the top of priority list. As urbanization proceeds, the existing pollution problem aggravates with not only increasing quantity of pollutants, but diversity as well. Science and technology have been contributing to urbanization process in both positive and negative ways. Nonetheless, the role of science and technology in promoting sustainable urbanization is increasingly important. China has been conducting environmental research and development since the early 1970s, and now is capable of supplying most technologies needed for urban environmental protection. To keep pace with the rapid urbanization process in China, environmental research and technology development should be strengthened. This is mostly dependent on domestic resources with introduction of advanced yet cost\|effective technologies from the rest of the world. With a survey of current urban environmental R & D in China and on\|going activities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), recommendations on future UCL(University College London)\|CAS collaboration in the domain of urban environment are made.

Brief introduction of ten-year (1991-2000) programme of science and technology for environmental protection in China (Abstract)

1 Science and technology for environmental protection in China The guiding principles in formulating the ten-year Programme of science and tech-nology for environmental protection are as follows: 1.1 Science and technology should be great to the need economic construction and economic construction must rely on science and technology.

Spatial Heterogeneity of Agricultural Science and Technology Parks Technology Diffusion: A Case Study of Yangling ASTP

Agricultural science and technology parks(ASTPs) represent an important growth pole in China’s agricultural modernization.Clarifying their diffusion laws can optimize the technological diffusion process and improve its efficiency. Our study uses disaggregated spatial information in its model to analyze ASTP technology diffusion in a heterogeneous space. We constructed a comprehensive index system to evaluate the diffusion environmental quality and introduced the heterogeneous diffusion equation to calculate the technological diffusion probability. We applied this framework to a real-world scenario: the apple planting technology diffusion of the Yangling ASTP in the Loess Plateau, China. The results indicated: (1)the technological diffusion environment of the Loess Plateau advantageous apple producing area showed strong spatial heterogeneity caused by climate, topography, and external transportation links.(2) Under the combined effects of distance and spatial heterogeneity, the spatial diffusion pattern of the Yangling ASTP apple technology was expansion diffusion supplemented by hierarchical diffusion and banded diffusion, and (3) ASTP technology diffusion showed a strong distance attenuation effect, and the frictional effect of distance can be decreased by improving the diffusion environmental quality. These laws can promote regional balanced ASTP-driven development.

Science and Technology Associations and Social Governance of Britain in the Middle and Late 19^(th) Century

Civil science and technology associations have been widely springing up everywhere in Britain, especially the new industrial towns in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Associations held various academic activities, organized and funded scientific research, which played an important role in promoting the progress of science and technology and the development of industrial society. Based on case study on British Association for the Advancement of Science and Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society by academic circles at home and abroad, development situation of British science and technology associations in the middle and late 19^(th) century is summarized, and a series of activities of associations participating in industrial and agricultural development and environmental health reform are systematically sorted out, while the promoting role of science and technology associations in the social development of Britain in the 19^(th) century is explored.

Roles of Science and Technology in Soil and Water Conservation in the New Era

Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.

GIScience and remote sensing in natural resource and environmental research:Status quo and future perspectives

Geographic information science(GIScience)and remote sensing have long provided essential data and method-ological support for natural resource challenges and environmental problems research.With increasing advances in information technology,natural resource and environmental science research faces the dual challenges of data and computational intensiveness.Therefore,the role of remote sensing and GIScience in the fields of natural resources and environmental science in this new information era is a key concern of researchers.This study clarifies the definition and frameworks of these two disciplines and discusses their role in natural resource and environmental research.GIScience is the discipline that studies the abstract and formal expressions of the basic concepts and laws of geography,and its research framework mainly consists of geo-modeling,geo-analysis,and geo-computation.Remote sensing is a comprehensive technology that deals with the mechanisms of human ef-fects on the natural ecological environment system by observing the earth surface system.Its main areas include sensors and platforms,information processing and interpretation,and natural resource and environmental appli-cations.GIScience and remote sensing provide data and methodological support for resource and environmental science research.They play essential roles in promoting the development of resource and environmental science and other related technologies.This paper provides forecasts of ten future directions for GIScience and eight future directions for remote sensing,which aim to solve issues related to natural resources and the environment.

The effects of science,technology,society,environment(STSE)interactions on teaching chemistry

This study aimed to investigate the effects of making Science, Technology, Society and En-vironment relations on students’ comprehen-sion of chemistry topics through teaching che-mistry using STSE approach at secondary level. The study made use of the research model where pre and post tests were administered to control and treatment groups. The Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) was used in the study. The sampling consisted of Grade 9 students studying at Anatolian High School and Voca-tional High School. Since the sampling had not been equated, in order to determine students’ logical and spatial thinking skills, they were administered Logical Thinking Skill Test and Mental Rotation test as pretests. Students were chosen randomly to take part in two control and two treatment groups. This experimental study was applied to the treatment group in teaching of “Separation of Mixtures” topic in Grade 9 Chemistry course during a four-week period. Students in the control group were taught through the traditional teaching methods. The data obtained were analyzed through the SPSS Software. As a result of the study, statistically significant increases were observed in the achievement levels of treatment group which received instruction using STSE relations. The change observed in the achievement levels of the control group was not statistically signifi-cant. The difference between the achievement levels of control and treatment groups in the posttests were favoring the treatment groups.

Consider Science, Technology, Environment and Human Rights as a Whole to Achieve Scientific Development

The 18th National Congress of CPC, which concluded not long ago, put forward the ambitious goal ofcompletely building up a better-off society by 2020. Since the reform and opening of 1978, especially in the past decade, the human rights construction of China has made enormous achievements. The complete building up of a better-off society requires taking comprehensive consideration of many aspects, such as the economy, politics, culture,

Velocity Correction and Measurement Uncertainty Analysis of Light Screen Velocity Measuring Method

Light screen velocity measuring method with unique advantages has been widely used in the velocity measurement of various moving bodies.For large air resistance and friction force which the big moving bodies are subjected to during the light screen velocity measuring,the principle of velocity correction was proposed and a velocity correction equation was derived.A light screen velocity measuring method was used to measure the velocity of big moving bodies which have complex velocity attenuation,and the better results were gained in practical tests.The measuring uncertainty after the velocity correction was calculated.

“学域—枢纽”:研究型大学学术组织架构的新范式--基于香港科技大学(广州)的分析

学科跨界交叉融合是原始创新之源,促进学科交叉融合创新需要一种新的组织架构来保障。香港科技大学(广州)以重大科技与社会问题为指向,实施跨越传统学科边界的研究与教育,在学术组织上首设“学域—枢纽”,打破了大学传统“学系—学院”组织架构带来的学科割据,重塑了未来大学学术组织架构的新范式。这将成为推动学科间大跨度交叉综合创新的有效载体以及实现关键领域重大原始创新、破解“卡脖子”问题和培养拔尖创新人才的新方略。该校对全球研究型大学学术组织范式改革的新探索,也为我国研究型大学的学术组织变革提供了有益参考。

土地生态安全的时空动态:环渤海地区的实证研究

随着城市快速发展,环渤海地区的生态环境面临挑战。现有研究未能动态评价环渤海地区土地生态安全现状和未来趋势。研究基于1 km×1 km网格尺度,采用压力-状态-响应(Pressure-State-Response,PSR)模型、最优参数地理探测器、元胞自动机-马尔科夫(Cellular Automata-Markov,CA-Markov)模型,评价与预测2010—2035年环渤海地区土地生态安全时空动态。结果显示:在研究期间,环渤海地区耕地面积减少,建设用地和水域面积增加。土地生态安全状况经历“先降后升”趋势,呈现“北高南低、西高东低”的格局。2010—2020年,土地生态安全的安全级占比分别为24.33%、21.73%以及23.15%。城镇化率、城镇居民人均可支配收入、工业二氧化硫排放量、土地利用程度和人为干扰指数是影响土地生态安全的关键驱动因素,对应的年均解释力q分别为0.977、0.966、0.938、0.912和0.896。交互因子探测结果显示,人类干扰指数、土地利用程度、建设用地比例3个变量的交互作用最强,均超过0.87。随着环境保护政策的加强,环渤海地区的土地生态安全状况在未来将得到改善。

提升环境监测质量管理水平的有效路径

本文以某公司环境监测项目为例,分析提升环境监测质量管理水平的有效路径。首先解析了环境监测难点,包括环境监测工作内容多、环境污染覆盖面广、环境问题处理复杂等方面。然后归纳了项目环境监测质量管理措施,提出了相关的环境监测质量控制方案,最终圆满解决环境监测问题,达到预期的环境监测效果,希望为有关监测技术人员提供帮助。

News: Environmental scientists receive National Science and Technology Awards

China’s major achievements in science and technology were publically recognized and celebrated at a recent National Science and Technology Award Conference, held in Beijing on January 8,2019. The National Preeminent Science and Technology Award,the top award, was presented by President Xi Jinping to two outstanding scientists.

Logic of Citizen Participation in Sustainable Development

Sustainable development,a concept which has been built with the sustainability of economic progression as a main thrust,has been a widely preferred model to traditional developmental models.However,the real meaning of what sustainable development is and should include has been an object of debate.On the one hand,differing from traditional economic developmental models,economic progress does not necessitate the practice of ‘sustainable development'.On the other hand,current levels of science and technology are still unable to solve several problems that arise with economic development.Sustainable development has transferred the responsibility of environmental destruction to that of developing countries.Lastly,instead of utilizing the best technology and leadership into formulating excellent environmental-protection policies,it is more important to create widespread awareness to the public on the need to protect the environment and thereby engage their participation in decision-making to actually realize what is truly ‘sustainable development'.

News:Dr.Susan D.Richardson appointed an Associate Editor of Environmental Science & Technology

Dr. Susan D. Richardson, a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Journal of Environmental Sciences,

典型有机磷阻燃剂对蓝藻的Hormesis效应及机制探究

为探究有机磷阻燃剂(Organophosphate Flame Retardants,OPFRs)对蓝藻的毒性效应,以铜绿微囊藻为蓝藻受试模型,测定典型OPFRs{烷基OPFRs磷酸三乙酯(Triethyl Phosphate,TEP)和氯代OPFRs磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯[Tris(2-Chloroethyl)Phosphate,TCEP]}对蓝藻生长及光合色素、氧化应激、细胞膜疏水性等相关生理指标的影响。结果显示,TEP与TCEP均对铜绿微囊藻的生长产生了低质量浓度促进、高质量浓度抑制的Hormesis效应,促进生长的质量浓度分别为6.80×10^(-4)~1.53×10^(-1)mg/L和5.87×10^(-5)~1.54×10^(-1)mg/L。相关生理指标变化显示,低质量浓度OPFRs通过提高光合色素的合成及调控活性氧的适当增加可刺激蓝藻增殖;相反,高质量浓度OPFRs则阻碍光合作用,对藻细胞产生氧化胁迫,进而改变细胞膜疏水性致使细胞膜受损,最终导致蓝藻大量死亡。研究结果表明,OPFRs能引发蓝藻生长的Hormesis效应,且氯代OPFRs比烷基OPFRs具有更明显的生物效应,在一定暴露质量浓度内具有促进蓝藻水华形成的潜在环境风险。研究可为OPFRs水生毒性和相应的环境风险评价提供数据基础和理论依据。

The Application of Erosive Burning to Propellant Charge Interior Ballistics

Erosive burning is a common burning phenomenon of the gunpowder with inner holes.The actual combustion law of the gunpowder with inner holes can be changed by erosive burning.Pressure difference between the inner and the outer of hole caused by loading density variation of the propellant charge makes erosive burning occur at inner holes during in-bore burning.The effect of erosive burning on burning speed of the propellant is studied by using the effects of flow rate,heat transfer and erosion of the combustion gas in inner holes on burning rate.The mathematic model of erosive burning of the propellant is established.The effects of the factors such as loading density,inner hole size and grain length on erosive burning and interior ballistic performance are analyzed.The method to improve the bore pressure for small charge mass and small firing range by erosive burning is proposed.

江西省农业绿色发展协同效应研究

探究江西省农业绿色发展水平的提升路径,可为农业绿色发展提供理论依据。以江西省为例,构建农业资源、生态环境和社会经济3个维度的协同发展关系,测度与评价2008—2020年江西省农业绿色发展水平现状,并通过系统动力学模型设计农业生产方式、农业科技创新、经济发展、消费习惯、政策支持5种策略下的7种情景模式对2021—2030年江西省农业绿色发展系统的影响。结果显示:在2008—2020年,江西省农业绿色发展水平先降后升,总体趋势向好,化肥农药零增长行动效果显著。在维持现有情景模式下,在2021—2030年江西省农业绿色发展水平能够进一步提升,7种情景模式均能有效促进江西省农业绿色发展水平。在各要素独立作用下,调减耕地复种指数、提高化肥利用率对江西省农业绿色发展水平的促进效果更为显著;与单要素发展相比,多要素协同发展对江西省农业绿色发展促进效果更大。为了使江西省农业绿色发展水平朝着有序方向发展,未来应构建区域多要素协同发展机制,实现农业生产生态生活全过程全方位绿色化。