Role of science and technology in environmentally sound urbanization in China

In the process of accelerating industrialization, urbanization is inevitable and important to Chinas modernization drive. While people are cherishing the advantages of living in cities, the increasing negative impact of urbanization has to be put on the top of priority list. As urbanization proceeds, the existing pollution problem aggravates with not only increasing quantity of pollutants, but diversity as well. Science and technology have been contributing to urbanization process in both positive and negative ways. Nonetheless, the role of science and technology in promoting sustainable urbanization is increasingly important. China has been conducting environmental research and development since the early 1970s, and now is capable of supplying most technologies needed for urban environmental protection. To keep pace with the rapid urbanization process in China, environmental research and technology development should be strengthened. This is mostly dependent on domestic resources with introduction of advanced yet cost\|effective technologies from the rest of the world. With a survey of current urban environmental R & D in China and on\|going activities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), recommendations on future UCL(University College London)\|CAS collaboration in the domain of urban environment are made.

Brief introduction of ten-year (1991-2000) programme of science and technology for environmental protection in China (Abstract)

1 Science and technology for environmental protection in China The guiding principles in formulating the ten-year Programme of science and tech-nology for environmental protection are as follows: 1.1 Science and technology should be great to the need economic construction and economic construction must rely on science and technology.

Spatial Heterogeneity of Agricultural Science and Technology Parks Technology Diffusion: A Case Study of Yangling ASTP

Agricultural science and technology parks(ASTPs) represent an important growth pole in China’s agricultural modernization.Clarifying their diffusion laws can optimize the technological diffusion process and improve its efficiency. Our study uses disaggregated spatial information in its model to analyze ASTP technology diffusion in a heterogeneous space. We constructed a comprehensive index system to evaluate the diffusion environmental quality and introduced the heterogeneous diffusion equation to calculate the technological diffusion probability. We applied this framework to a real-world scenario: the apple planting technology diffusion of the Yangling ASTP in the Loess Plateau, China. The results indicated: (1)the technological diffusion environment of the Loess Plateau advantageous apple producing area showed strong spatial heterogeneity caused by climate, topography, and external transportation links.(2) Under the combined effects of distance and spatial heterogeneity, the spatial diffusion pattern of the Yangling ASTP apple technology was expansion diffusion supplemented by hierarchical diffusion and banded diffusion, and (3) ASTP technology diffusion showed a strong distance attenuation effect, and the frictional effect of distance can be decreased by improving the diffusion environmental quality. These laws can promote regional balanced ASTP-driven development.

Science and Technology Associations and Social Governance of Britain in the Middle and Late 19^(th) Century

Civil science and technology associations have been widely springing up everywhere in Britain, especially the new industrial towns in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Associations held various academic activities, organized and funded scientific research, which played an important role in promoting the progress of science and technology and the development of industrial society. Based on case study on British Association for the Advancement of Science and Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society by academic circles at home and abroad, development situation of British science and technology associations in the middle and late 19^(th) century is summarized, and a series of activities of associations participating in industrial and agricultural development and environmental health reform are systematically sorted out, while the promoting role of science and technology associations in the social development of Britain in the 19^(th) century is explored.

Roles of Science and Technology in Soil and Water Conservation in the New Era

Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.

GIScience and remote sensing in natural resource and environmental research:Status quo and future perspectives

Geographic information science(GIScience)and remote sensing have long provided essential data and method-ological support for natural resource challenges and environmental problems research.With increasing advances in information technology,natural resource and environmental science research faces the dual challenges of data and computational intensiveness.Therefore,the role of remote sensing and GIScience in the fields of natural resources and environmental science in this new information era is a key concern of researchers.This study clarifies the definition and frameworks of these two disciplines and discusses their role in natural resource and environmental research.GIScience is the discipline that studies the abstract and formal expressions of the basic concepts and laws of geography,and its research framework mainly consists of geo-modeling,geo-analysis,and geo-computation.Remote sensing is a comprehensive technology that deals with the mechanisms of human ef-fects on the natural ecological environment system by observing the earth surface system.Its main areas include sensors and platforms,information processing and interpretation,and natural resource and environmental appli-cations.GIScience and remote sensing provide data and methodological support for resource and environmental science research.They play essential roles in promoting the development of resource and environmental science and other related technologies.This paper provides forecasts of ten future directions for GIScience and eight future directions for remote sensing,which aim to solve issues related to natural resources and the environment.

The effects of science,technology,society,environment(STSE)interactions on teaching chemistry

This study aimed to investigate the effects of making Science, Technology, Society and En-vironment relations on students’ comprehen-sion of chemistry topics through teaching che-mistry using STSE approach at secondary level. The study made use of the research model where pre and post tests were administered to control and treatment groups. The Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) was used in the study. The sampling consisted of Grade 9 students studying at Anatolian High School and Voca-tional High School. Since the sampling had not been equated, in order to determine students’ logical and spatial thinking skills, they were administered Logical Thinking Skill Test and Mental Rotation test as pretests. Students were chosen randomly to take part in two control and two treatment groups. This experimental study was applied to the treatment group in teaching of “Separation of Mixtures” topic in Grade 9 Chemistry course during a four-week period. Students in the control group were taught through the traditional teaching methods. The data obtained were analyzed through the SPSS Software. As a result of the study, statistically significant increases were observed in the achievement levels of treatment group which received instruction using STSE relations. The change observed in the achievement levels of the control group was not statistically signifi-cant. The difference between the achievement levels of control and treatment groups in the posttests were favoring the treatment groups.

Consider Science, Technology, Environment and Human Rights as a Whole to Achieve Scientific Development

The 18th National Congress of CPC, which concluded not long ago, put forward the ambitious goal ofcompletely building up a better-off society by 2020. Since the reform and opening of 1978, especially in the past decade, the human rights construction of China has made enormous achievements. The complete building up of a better-off society requires taking comprehensive consideration of many aspects, such as the economy, politics, culture,

Velocity Correction and Measurement Uncertainty Analysis of Light Screen Velocity Measuring Method

Light screen velocity measuring method with unique advantages has been widely used in the velocity measurement of various moving bodies.For large air resistance and friction force which the big moving bodies are subjected to during the light screen velocity measuring,the principle of velocity correction was proposed and a velocity correction equation was derived.A light screen velocity measuring method was used to measure the velocity of big moving bodies which have complex velocity attenuation,and the better results were gained in practical tests.The measuring uncertainty after the velocity correction was calculated.

提升环境监测质量管理水平的有效路径

本文以某公司环境监测项目为例,分析提升环境监测质量管理水平的有效路径。首先解析了环境监测难点,包括环境监测工作内容多、环境污染覆盖面广、环境问题处理复杂等方面。然后归纳了项目环境监测质量管理措施,提出了相关的环境监测质量控制方案,最终圆满解决环境监测问题,达到预期的环境监测效果,希望为有关监测技术人员提供帮助。

News: Environmental scientists receive National Science and Technology Awards

China’s major achievements in science and technology were publically recognized and celebrated at a recent National Science and Technology Award Conference, held in Beijing on January 8,2019. The National Preeminent Science and Technology Award,the top award, was presented by President Xi Jinping to two outstanding scientists.

Logic of Citizen Participation in Sustainable Development

Sustainable development,a concept which has been built with the sustainability of economic progression as a main thrust,has been a widely preferred model to traditional developmental models.However,the real meaning of what sustainable development is and should include has been an object of debate.On the one hand,differing from traditional economic developmental models,economic progress does not necessitate the practice of ‘sustainable development'.On the other hand,current levels of science and technology are still unable to solve several problems that arise with economic development.Sustainable development has transferred the responsibility of environmental destruction to that of developing countries.Lastly,instead of utilizing the best technology and leadership into formulating excellent environmental-protection policies,it is more important to create widespread awareness to the public on the need to protect the environment and thereby engage their participation in decision-making to actually realize what is truly ‘sustainable development'.

News:Dr.Susan D.Richardson appointed an Associate Editor of Environmental Science & Technology

Dr. Susan D. Richardson, a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Journal of Environmental Sciences,

典型有机磷阻燃剂对蓝藻的Hormesis效应及机制探究

为探究有机磷阻燃剂(Organophosphate Flame Retardants,OPFRs)对蓝藻的毒性效应,以铜绿微囊藻为蓝藻受试模型,测定典型OPFRs{烷基OPFRs磷酸三乙酯(Triethyl Phosphate,TEP)和氯代OPFRs磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯[Tris(2-Chloroethyl)Phosphate,TCEP]}对蓝藻生长及光合色素、氧化应激、细胞膜疏水性等相关生理指标的影响。结果显示,TEP与TCEP均对铜绿微囊藻的生长产生了低质量浓度促进、高质量浓度抑制的Hormesis效应,促进生长的质量浓度分别为6.80×10^(-4)~1.53×10^(-1)mg/L和5.87×10^(-5)~1.54×10^(-1)mg/L。相关生理指标变化显示,低质量浓度OPFRs通过提高光合色素的合成及调控活性氧的适当增加可刺激蓝藻增殖;相反,高质量浓度OPFRs则阻碍光合作用,对藻细胞产生氧化胁迫,进而改变细胞膜疏水性致使细胞膜受损,最终导致蓝藻大量死亡。研究结果表明,OPFRs能引发蓝藻生长的Hormesis效应,且氯代OPFRs比烷基OPFRs具有更明显的生物效应,在一定暴露质量浓度内具有促进蓝藻水华形成的潜在环境风险。研究可为OPFRs水生毒性和相应的环境风险评价提供数据基础和理论依据。

The Application of Erosive Burning to Propellant Charge Interior Ballistics

Erosive burning is a common burning phenomenon of the gunpowder with inner holes.The actual combustion law of the gunpowder with inner holes can be changed by erosive burning.Pressure difference between the inner and the outer of hole caused by loading density variation of the propellant charge makes erosive burning occur at inner holes during in-bore burning.The effect of erosive burning on burning speed of the propellant is studied by using the effects of flow rate,heat transfer and erosion of the combustion gas in inner holes on burning rate.The mathematic model of erosive burning of the propellant is established.The effects of the factors such as loading density,inner hole size and grain length on erosive burning and interior ballistic performance are analyzed.The method to improve the bore pressure for small charge mass and small firing range by erosive burning is proposed.

江西省农业绿色发展协同效应研究

探究江西省农业绿色发展水平的提升路径,可为农业绿色发展提供理论依据。以江西省为例,构建农业资源、生态环境和社会经济3个维度的协同发展关系,测度与评价2008—2020年江西省农业绿色发展水平现状,并通过系统动力学模型设计农业生产方式、农业科技创新、经济发展、消费习惯、政策支持5种策略下的7种情景模式对2021—2030年江西省农业绿色发展系统的影响。结果显示:在2008—2020年,江西省农业绿色发展水平先降后升,总体趋势向好,化肥农药零增长行动效果显著。在维持现有情景模式下,在2021—2030年江西省农业绿色发展水平能够进一步提升,7种情景模式均能有效促进江西省农业绿色发展水平。在各要素独立作用下,调减耕地复种指数、提高化肥利用率对江西省农业绿色发展水平的促进效果更为显著;与单要素发展相比,多要素协同发展对江西省农业绿色发展促进效果更大。为了使江西省农业绿色发展水平朝着有序方向发展,未来应构建区域多要素协同发展机制,实现农业生产生态生活全过程全方位绿色化。

数智技术时代的中国档案学学科发展

数智技术,直接导致我国千行百业的原始数据形成,其管理正发生前所未有的变化。为适应从人人相连走向万物智联的大数据安全管理,需要对我国高等教育相关学科专业进行系统研究。梳理数字技术对我国组织的业务活动及其原始记录形成和管理的作用影响之后,提出传统的“中国档案学”学科将演进为“档案大数据工程”学科。并且指出,档案大数据工程学科高等教育包括“管理文秘”“数据资源管理”“大数据技术”等专业,尝试提出以上几个专业建设的发展方向。

土荆芥凋落物腐解液的化感效应及根边缘细胞的响应机制

为深入探讨入侵植物土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides L.)的化感作用机制,以土荆芥入侵地广泛种植的农作物玉米(Zea mays L.)、大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]、苦荞麦[Fagopyrum tataricum(L.)Gaertn.]为受体,采用纯琼脂悬空气培养法和根边缘细胞(Root Border Cells,RBCs)移除试验,研究土荆芥凋落物腐解物对受体RBCs的作用,以及RBCs存在与否条件下对受体作物幼根长度、根冠果胶甲基酯酶(Pectinmethyl Esterase,PME)活性的影响,并用化感效应指数进行评价。结果显示:土荆芥茎和叶腐解液对3种受体植物幼根生长均具有抑制作用,其化感效应指数依次为苦荞麦(0.295)、大豆(0.239)、玉米(0.163),对本地种(苦荞麦、大豆)的化感效应大于外来种(玉米);叶腐解物的化感抑制作用普遍强于茎腐解物;腐解时间越短,腐解物化感抑制效应越强。3种作物的RBCs数量与PME活性均呈显著正相关,当处理时间延长或腐解天数减少时,高浓度处理组的PME活性减弱,RBCs数量下降,死亡率上升,根长变短;移除RBCs后,根生长受抑制程度加剧。其中,玉米和苦荞麦在去除RBCs及处理12 h时部分处理组的PME活性增加,RBCs数量与根长变化量呈极显著正相关。结果表明,在受到土荆芥腐解物化感胁迫早期,作物可通过应激反应增加PME合成提高其活性,并释放较多的RBCs以保护幼根生长。当胁迫超过一定阈值后PME合成减少,RBCs数量降低且死亡率增加,根的生长受到抑制,但大豆存在不同的响应机制。