Otitis media with effusion in children: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.A review

Otitis media with effusion(OME)is a frequent paediatric disorder.The condition is often asymptomatic,and so can easily be missed.However,OME can lead to hearing loss that impairs the child's language and behavioural development.The diagnosis is essentially clinical,and is based on otoscopy and(in some cases)tympanometry.Nasal endoscopy is only indicated in cases of unilateral OME or when obstructive adenoid hypertrophy is suspected.Otitis media with effusion is defined as the observation of middle-ear effusion at consultations three months apart.Hearing must be evaluated(using an age-appropriate audiometry technique)before and after treatment,so as not to miss another underlying cause of deafness(e.g.perception deafness).Craniofacial dysmorphism,respiratory allergy and gastro-oesophageal reflux all favour the development of OME.Although a certain number of medications(antibiotics,corticoids,antihistamines,mucokinetic agents,and nasal decongestants)can be used to treat OME,they are not reliably effective and rarely provide long-term relief.The benchmark treatment for OME is placement of tympanostomy tubes(TTs)and(in some cases)adjunct adenoidectomy.The TTs rapidly normalize hearing and effectively prevent the development of cholesteatoma in the middle ear.In contrast,TTs do not prevent progression towards tympanic atrophy or a retraction pocket.Adenoidectomy enhances the effectiveness of TTs.In children with adenoid hypertrophy,adenoidectomy is indicated before the age of 4 but can be performed later when OME is identified by nasal endoscopy.Children must be followed up until OME has disappeared completely,so that any complications are not missed.

Association of asymptomatic otitis media with effusion in patients with adenoid hypertrophy

Objective: Clinical symptoms of otitis media with effusion are rarely brought forward to the guardians of young children who the disease is most prevalent in. This often leads to poor scholastic performances and difficult social interactions. The objective of this study was to identify asymptomatic cases of otitis media with effusion present in individuals with adenoid hypertrophy. Material and Methods: In a cross sectional study advocated in Justice K.S.Hegde Hospital, Karnataka India we evaluated one hundred patients above the age of three from August 2016 to December 2017. Candidates who presented with an adenoid nasopharyngeal ratio of more than 0.5 were selected for the study. Individuals who complained of otological symptoms were not considered for the study. Patients cleared of other pathological otological conditions were underwent audiological evaluation with pure tone audiometry and tympanometry for evaluating the middle ear status and hearing loss. Results: The study showed a total of 36% of patients evaluated presented with asymptomatic otitis media with effusion. In candidates who presented with a bilateral B tympanogram, 40% had significant conductive hearing loss of more than 25dB. Conclusion: An objective test such as impedance audiometry in all patients with adenoid hypertrophy would aid in the diagnosis of fluid in the middle ear, so that timely intervention can be done and possible complications be averted.

One-stage coclear implantation via a facial recess approach in children with otitis media with effusion

Objective:To investigate surgical indications, operative techniques, complications and auditory and speech rehabilitation for cochlear implant (CI) in children with otitis media with effusion (OME). Material and methods:This is a retrospective review of records of 24children with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss and OME who were implanted during January 2011 to November 2014 in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery at the PLA Hospital, using one-stage implantation via the facial recess approach and round window insertion. The incus was removed in 8 cases during the implantation procedure. Local infiltration of dexamethasone and adrenaline in the middle ear was also performed. Postoperative complications were examined. Preoperative and postoperative questionnaires including Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP), Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR), and the Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (MAIS) were collected. Results: All electrodes were implanted successfully without any immediate or delayed complications. Inflammatory changes of middle ear mucosa with effusion were noted in all implanted ears. The scores of post-implant CAP and SIR increased significantly in all 24 cases (t ? ?25.95 and ?14.09, respectively for CAP and SIR, p<0.05). Conclusions:One-stage CI via the facial recess approach with round window insertion is safe and effective in cochlear implant candidates with OME, as seen in the 24 children in our study who achieved improved auditory performance and speech intelligibility after CI. Copyright ? 2015, PLA General Hospital Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Production and hosting by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

TRANSFORMATION OF EFFUSION AND FORMATION OF GRANULATION TISSUE IN PATHOLOGIC PROCESS OF OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION

Objective To explore the diversity of stagnant effusions and the pathologic processes leading to granulation tissue formation in otitis media with effusion(OME). Methods Temporal bone slides from 306 ears with OME were studied histopathologically under the light microscope. Results Results of this study revealed a pathologic process in witch the type and the condition of stagnant effusion in the middle ear cleft was a variable in the dynamics of OME progression from an early stage to an advanced stage. The location of granulation tissue and retentive effusion were found to be closely related. Conclusion Early stage granulation tissue formation exhibited a pathologic process in which granulation tissue formation occurred only in areas where effusion had stagnated or was absorbed. The incidence of the retentive effusion and formation of granulation tissue was much higher and the pathologic changes most extensive in the area around the ossicular chain.

Pathogenesis and Microbiology of Otitis Media with Effusion in Children

Objective: To detect different etiological factors of otitis media with effusion (OME) and different types of microorganisms in middle ear fluids. Methods: This prospective study included 60 patients with otitis media with effusion diagnosed at the otorhinolaryngology (ENT) outpatient clinic with age ranged from 2 to 16 years, 36 males and 24 females. Results: Predisposing factors of OME were rhinosinusitis in 58.3% of cases, adenoid in 20% of cases, adenotonsillitis in 16.7% of cases and tonsillitis in 5% of cases. Microorganisms in middle ear fluids were negative in 70% of cases, isolation of streptococcus pneumonia in 16.7% of cases, Haemophilus influenzae 6.7% and Moraxella catarrhalis 6.7%. Conclusion: Rhinosinusitis was the most frequent predisposing factor of cases of OME. Positive bacterial culture was found in 30% of cases.

Risk Factors of Otitis Media with Effusion in Children

The aim of this study is to detect the risk factors associated with otitis media with effusion (OME) among children with age ranged from 6 months to 2 years. Materials and Methods: it is a cross-sectional study 500 children were selected from Assiut University Hospital clinics through multi-staged randomized sampling. Parents of these children were interviewed with a structured questionnaire. Clinical examination, including otoscopic examination and tympanometry was performed for each child. Results: There was no statistical significant relationship between OME and gender, age, mother job. There is statistical significant relationship between OME and breast feeding, using pacifier, mother education, sibling of children and exposure to passive smoking. Conclusion: There are multiple risk factors associated with OME in children between 6 months to 2 years of age.

Management of Otitis Media with Effusion

Otitis media with effusion is one of the most common diseases in children. Its treatment remains controversial. Clinical practice guidelines of OME allow watchful waiting for 3 months before treatment if the child with OME is not at risk for speech/language/or learning problems. Tympanostomy tube insertion is the preferred initial procedure when a child becomes a surgical candidate. Complementary or alternative medicine is not recommended as a treatment for OME. This paper provides a systematic review of management of OME, which we hope will be helpful for clinicians.

Comparison of tympanostomy tubes for endoscopic placement in adults with otitis media with effusion

Objective:To compare the therapeutic effects of two types of tympanostomy tube,in terms of extrusion time and recurrence rate,after endoscopic ventilation tube placement in adults with otitis media with effusion.Materials and methods:The clinical data for 125 ears from 91 patients who underwent endoscopic ventilation tube placement was retrospectively reviewed.The ears included in the study were divided into groups A and B.The Shepard tube was used in all ears from group A.The T-tube was used in all ears from group B.Extrusion time and recurrence rate were recorded and statistically analyzed.Results:Group A included 103 ears(82.4%).Group B included 22 ears(17.6%).The average extrusion time for group A was significantly shorter than that for group B(160.5±106.6 days vs 274.1±120.5 days,p<0.05).No significant difference in recurrence rate was observed between groups A and B(72.8%vs 63.6%,p=0.44).Conclusion:Compared with the Shepard tube,the T-tube lasts longer in the ear drum in adult patients with otitis media with effusion.However,use of the Shepard tube,compared with use of the T-tube,does not significantly reduce the recurrence rate after extrusion.

Applicability of PCR-DGGE and 16S rDNA Sequencing for Microbiological Analysis of Otitis Media with Effusion

Background: The aim of the study was to analyze the performance of PCR-DGGE based assay and its applicability as a tool for the identification of bacteria in the middle ear of children with otitis media with effusion (OME). Methods: The middle ear effusions from 20 children with OME were analyzed both by bacterial culture and by 16S rDNA-gene-targeted PCR assay, DGGE fingerprinting and sequencing analysis. Results: In bacterial culture assay, only three middle ear effusions (15%) showed bacterial growth. None of the samples were positive for anaerobic culture. The PCR assay with 16S rDNA-gene-targeted universal primers was positive in 10 (50%) cases. The subsequent DGGE fingerprinting and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis revealed that the most commonly encountered bacteria in the middle ear effusions of children with OME are Haemophilus influenzae, Alloiococcus otitidis and Bacteroides spp. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the applicability of PCR-DGGE based assay and 16S rDNA sequencing for analyzing of bacterial diversity in the middle ear effusion of children OME. The results of our study may contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of OME.

The Role of Fibrinolysis in Adhesive Otitis Media(AOM)

Objective To study the effects of Batroxobin on otitis media with effusion(OME), an early stage of Adhesive Otitis Media(AOM), for the purpose of expanding our understanding of the role of fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of AOM. Method Forty cases of OME(45 ears) were randomly selected to receive intratympanic administration of Dexamethasone at 5 mg/ml(Group 1 or G1), Batroxobin at 1 BU/ml(Group 2 or G2) or Batroxobin at 2 BU/ml (Group 3 or G3). Pre-and post-treatment changes in clinical symptoms, the Air conduction Hearing Threshold (AHT) in pure tone audiometry and average AHT over 0.25 to 2 kHz were compared. Results Data from 31 cases(33 ears) were available for analysis. AHTs among three groups were similar prior to treatment(P > 0.05). The rate of normal hearing following treatment in G3 was 70% or 7 / 10, higher than in G1(41.7% or 5 / 12) and G2 (54.5% or 6 / 11)(P < 0.05). The rate of improvement following treatment was 81.8% or 9/11 and 80.0% or 8 / 10 in G2 and G3, respectively, higher than that in G1(50.0% or 6 / 12)(P < 0.05). Conclusions Therapeutic effects of intratympanic injection of Batroxobin on OME is superior to traditionally used Dexamethasone. In addition, higher concentration of Batroxobin appears to be superior to lower concentrations. These findings confirm that fibrinolysis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of middle ear adhesion and that fibrinolytic medicine can prevent or reduce adhesion development in the middle ear.

新型冠状病毒感染后分泌性中耳炎临床特点分析

目的分析新型冠状(新冠)病毒感染后分泌性中耳炎(otitis media with effusion,OME)发病情况及临床特点。方法回顾性选取2018年12月至2019年1月、2021年12月至2022年1月、2022年12月至2023年1月中国人民解放军总医院第九医学中心耳鼻喉科门诊就诊患者21454例,其中OME患者201例。根据北京地区疫情流行及政府管控政策(公共场所佩戴口罩、减少聚集、居家隔离、疫苗接种等)时间,将201例OME患者分为疫情前组68例(2018年12月至2019年1月)、防控期组30例(2021年12月至2022年1月)、爆发期组103例(2022年12月至2023年1月)。收集201例OME患者资料,分析新冠病毒感染相关OME人口学特征及发病特点。结果防控期组OME就诊率(0.40%)较疫情前组(0.82%)显著下降,爆发期组(1.82%)较疫情前组、防控期组升高了51.5%与243.3%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。爆发期组92.2%的OME是新冠病毒感染之后出现的,较疫情前组、防控期组上呼吸道感染导致OME在中耳炎患者中的比例升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。爆发期组上呼吸道感染导致OME患者年龄高于疫情前组和防控期组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P=0.002)。74.6%的患者在新冠病毒感染之后的1~3周发病,7.5%的患者(5/67)在感染1月后才出现耳部症状。50.7%的患者仅有耳部症状且电子鼻咽喉镜检查仅31.3%合并鼻、鼻咽部轻微炎症。结论新冠病毒感染可明显提高OME发病率,老年人患病率更高。新冠相关OME往往在感染后2周甚至更晚出现。新冠病毒有可能通过直接感染中耳引发炎症,具体机制有待进一步研究。

分泌性中耳炎为首发症状的颞下窝良性肿瘤12例报告

目的 分析以分泌性中耳炎(otitis media with effusion,OME)为首发症状的颞下窝(infratemporal fossa,ITF)良性肿瘤患者的症状及体征特点,探索内镜下经鼻和经口切除手术的治疗效果。方法 回顾性选取2011年1月至2022年1月在空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科以OME症状就诊,ITF实体肿瘤并接受内镜下经鼻和经口切除手术的患者12例。根据是否存在鼻咽部肿物隆起(nasopharyngeal mass,PM),分为OME伴PM组(OMEwPM)4例,OME不伴PM组(OMEnPM)8例。同时选取确诊为ITF良性实体肿瘤而无OME症状的PM组(nOMEwPM)14例。比较伴OME的ITF良性肿瘤患者与无OME的ITF良性肿瘤患者肿瘤体积、肿瘤在ITF区域定位特点,明确ITF肿瘤引起OME的相关因素,总结内镜下经鼻和经口手术治疗的效果。结果 ITF肿瘤体积与OME的无明确相关关系,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),ITF肿瘤的体积与PM有相关关系,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ITF肿瘤的病理类型与OME的发生无相关关系,但肿瘤在ITF的原发部位与OME的发生有相关关系,ITF的B1区、C区肿瘤更易引起OME。结论 OME可能是ITF肿瘤早期或唯一临床症状,鼻咽部检查可能无异常表现,而影像学检查有助于降低漏诊率。根据肿瘤在ITF的定位特点选择经鼻或经口手术治疗长期疗效稳定,有临床推广运用价值。

经鼓室口咽鼓管球囊扩张术的疗效及咽鼓管功能的影响

目的探讨经鼓室口咽鼓管球囊扩张(balloon dilatation Eustachian tuboplasty,BET)联合腺样体消融术对慢性分泌性中耳炎(chronic secretory otitis media,CSOM)患儿的疗效及咽鼓管功能的影响。方法选取2020年6月~2022年12月间在中山市小榄人民医院就诊的CSOM患儿82例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组41例。对照组接受腺样体消融术+鼓膜切开置管术治疗,观察组接受腺样体消融术+鼓膜切开置管术+BET术。比较两组手术相关指标及住院时间、临床症状、咽鼓管功能、临床疗效及随访6个月并发症及复发情况。结果两组术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与对照组相比,观察组手术时间更长,住院时间更短(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,观察组中耳积液消失时间、耳鸣消失时间、鼓膜愈合时间、听力恢复时间均更短(P<0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗后两组咽鼓管评分(Eustachian tube score,ETS)升高、咽鼓管功能障碍评分量表(Eustachian tube dysfunction questionnaire-7,ETDQ-7)评分降低(P<0.05),观察组ETS评分高于对照组,ETDQ-7评分则低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组临床总有效率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(14.63%vs.9.76%,P>0.05),与对照组相比,观察组复发率更低,差异具有统计学意义(21.95%vs.2.44%,P<0.05)。结论经鼓室口BET联合腺样体消融术有助于提高CSOM患儿的临床疗效,改善咽鼓管功能,促进术后恢复,减少复发率,且并发症发生率低。

龙胆泻肝丸联合鼓室内注射倍他米松治疗分泌性中耳炎疗效研究

目的:探讨龙胆泻肝丸联合鼓室内注射倍他米松治疗分泌性中耳炎(OME)临床疗效及其对患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和中耳积液中高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-33水平的影响。方法:选取252例OME患者,随机分为两组各126例。对照组给予鼓室内注射倍他米松治疗,在此基础上,观察组联合龙胆泻肝丸治疗。比较两组临床疗效、外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和中耳积液中HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-33等水平。结果:观察组总有效率91.37%高于对照组的82.54%(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组病情严重程度评分、气导平均听阈、骨导平均听阈、外周血CD8+和中耳积液中HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-33水平都显著降低,而外周血CD3+、CD4+水平和CD4+/CD8+都显著增加,都以观察组为甚(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应率10.3%与对照组8.7%比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:龙胆泻肝丸联合鼓室内注射倍他米松治疗OME的总体疗效确切,可改善患者听力,改善外周血T淋巴细胞亚群失衡以及抑制中耳积液中HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-33表达,且安全性好。

儿童分泌性中耳炎共振频率特征研究及其诊断效能

目的 探索分泌性中耳炎(OME)和健康儿童之间中耳共振频率(RF)的差异,以及RF、气骨导差、峰值处鼓室压、峰补偿静态声导纳对儿童OME的诊断效能。方法 2018年7月—2019年3月收治的OME患儿为OME组,同期健康儿童为对照组,均行声导抗测试和纯音测听,记录并对比分析测试结果。结果 OME组的RF为(720.00±353.60)Hz,与对照组的(932.19±318.69)Hz比较差异均具有统计学意义(P <0.01)。OME组的气骨导差、峰补偿静态声导纳、外耳道容积、中耳RF、峰值处鼓室压与对照组相比差异均具有统计学意义,OME组中气骨导差、峰值处鼓室压、峰补偿静态声导纳、中耳RF的受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)的曲线下面积分别为0.92、0.91、0.69、0.68。结论 OME患儿中耳RF降低,但其诊断效能一般,故RF需与纯音测听、声导抗测试结合,增加OME的检出率。

Role of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1 in otitis media with effusion

Background Otitis media with effusion （OME） is a disease with complicated pathogeneses which are not clearly known Increasing interest has been focused on immunological cells, cytokines and their roles in chronic inflammatory states. This study was designed to disclose the existence and roles of interleukin-10 （IL-10） and transforming growth factor beta1 （TGF-β1） in the cause of OME in adults, and to investigate the probable role of Foxp3^＋CD4^＋CD25^＋ T cells in OME. Methods The concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the middle ear effusions （MEEs） and plasmas of 36 adults （45 ears） with OME were measured by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. As contrast, the concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-131 in the plasma of 30 normal volunteers were measured using the same method. Furthermore, the proportion of Foxp3^＋CD4^＋CD25^＋ T cells in CD4^＋ T cells of blood was tested by flow cytometry. Results （1） The concentrations of IL-10 in all MEEs and plasmas of the chronic OME patients were higher than those in patients with acute OME （both P 〈0.05）, so was TGF-131 （both P 〈0.01）. The concentration of IL-10 in MEEs was significantly higher than that in plasmas, not only in acute OME （P〈0.01）, but also in chronic OME （P〈0.01）. In chronic OME, the concentration of TGF-β1 in MEEs had no statistical difference with those in plasmas of the same patients. However, the concentration of TGF-β1 in plasmas of patients with chronic OME was significantly higher than that in plasmas of normal volunteers （P 〈0.01）. （2） The concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in MEEs of the patients who had been treated more than once were higher than those MEEs of the patients who were treated for the first time, respectively （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. The level of TGF-β1 in plasmas of the patients who had been treated more than once was higher than in those of the patients who were treated firstly （P 〈0.05）, while the level of IL-10 in plasmas had no difference. The concentration of IL-10 in mucoid MEEs was higher than those in serous ones （P〈0.05）, while TGF-β1 had no statistical difference between mucoid and serous MEEs （P〉0.05）. The concentration of IL-10 in MEEs had a strong correlation with the duration of the illness （r=0.547, P〈0.01）. The same correlation was also found between the concentration of TGF-β1 in MEEs and the times patients being treated （r=0.579, P 〈0.01）. （3） The proportion of Foxp3^＋CD4^＋CD25^＋T/CD4^＋ T cells in the blood of chronic OME was not only significantly higher than that in the acute OME （P〈0.01）, but also higher than that in normal volunteers （P 〈0.01）. In chronic OME, there was a correlation between the proportion of Foxp3^＋CD4^＋CD25^＋ T/CD4^＋ T cells in the blood and the concentration of IL-10 in the plasmas （r=0.602, P 〈0.05）. Conclusions IL-10 and TGF-β1, as two important immunoregulatory mediators, participate in middle ear inflammatory response, especially in chronic course of OME in adults. Foxp3^＋CD4^＋CD25^＋ T cells may play some immunoregulatory roles in the course of this disease.

Transcription factors T-bet/GATA-3/Foxp3 in peripheral blood of patients with chronic otitis media with effusion

To the Editor:Otitis media with effusion(OME),also known as secretory otitis,is a disease in which secreted fluid accumulates in the middle ear cavity and is a major cause of hearing loss,both in children and adults.[1]Causes of OME include recurrent infections,inflammatory conditions,malformations,and eustachian tube dysfunctions.[2]Although most patients could recover spontaneously,by medication,or by surgery,some patients show frequent recurrence of otitis media for more than 3 months,called chronic otitis media with effusion(COME).[1]The pathogenesis of COME is not completely understood.Increasing evidence suggests a central role of immunologic cells and th&r associated cytokines in the chronic inflammation that characterizes COME.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of recurrent otitis media with effusion in children in Upper Egypt

Objective:We conducted this study to determine the associations of possible risk factors and prevalence of recurrent otitis media with effusion(OME)in a cohort of children in Upper Egypt.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study undertaken in two tertiary referral centers in Upper Egypt.Associations of possible risk factors with prevalence of recurrent OME were studied.Multi-factor logistic regression analysis was done to recognize the statistically significant risk factors associated with recurrent OME.Results:We collected the data of 2003 pediatric patients,of which 1016 were males(50.7%).A total number of 310 children have OME,including 159 males(51.3%).The prevalence rate of OME in our cohort was 15.5%.Multi-factor logistic regression analysis of the risk factors related to recurrent OME showed it was strongly associated with adenoid hypertrophy(P<0.0001),tonsil hypertrophy(P<0.0001),sinusitis(P<0.0001),posterior nostril polyps(P =0.009),allergic rhinitis(P<0.0001),recurrent URTIs(P=0.029)and gastroesophageal reflux(P=0.031).Conclusions: Our study showed that recurrent OME in children in Upper Egypt is a common multifactorial problem, especially in young age. In our locality, allergic rhinitis, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, gastroesophageal reflux, adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy were the most important associated factors related to the etiopathogenesis of OME.

Frequency of otitis media with effusion among children aged 1-5 years presenting to immunization center of tertiary care hospitals,Rawalpindi

Objective:We conducted this study to assess the etiopathogenic relation of otitis media with effusion(OME)in a group of children aged 1-5 years among the local population of Rawalpindi.Methods:This was a cross-sectional retrospective study.Study was conducted among the children presenting to the immunization center of three tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpindi.Otitis media was assessed by clinical examination and tympanometry from August 2019 to January 2020.Multi-factor regression analysis was then applied to recognize the statistical significance and association of various risk factors to OME.Results:Out of 400 children enrolled in this study,108(27.0%)had OME,out of which 65(60.2%)were males and 30(27.8%)were of age group 2-3 years.Multivariable regression analysis of risk factors associated with OME showed it was strongly associated with snoring(P<0.001),last year symptoms(attack of ear aches with hearing loss[P=0.002]),drugs(URTI antibiotics[P=0.026],All 3 drugs[P=0.013]).Conclusions:We found out that OME is a common disease which if not identified or treated timely can lead to other hard to cure health problems.Control of its etiopathogenic factors can play a major role in its prevention.

分泌性中耳炎中耳积液成分研究进展

分泌性中耳炎(SOM)是指以传导性聋及鼓室积液为主要特征的不伴有急性炎性表现的中耳积液的非化脓性中耳炎。其病因与生理机制复杂,以耳闷、耳鸣、耳痛等耳部症状为主,各年龄段均可发生,而学龄前儿童是高发人群。目前,SOM病因及发病机制尚未完全阐明,对SOM中耳积液的成分分析是研究SOM病因及发病机制的常见方法,也是指导临床治疗的重要途径,本文通过查阅国内外发表的相关文献,对SOM中耳积液的成分研究进展进行比较总结,以提高临床医师对该病的认识。