大规模风电接入场景下的失步振荡中心定位方法

振荡中心的准确定位是失步保护正确动作的基础,大规模风电并网导致系统阻抗参数发生变化,使得传统基于阻抗轨迹的失步定位方法的适应性严重下降。针对该问题,提出基于节点频差的失步振荡中心定位方法。首先分析大规模风电并网对系统总阻抗的影响。进一步根据发电机功角,计算其曼哈顿距离相似度并构建启动判据。最后,通过移动平均法对广域测量频率进行平滑处理,提出基于节点频差的失步振荡中心定位方法。仿真验证表明,所提基于节点频差的失步振荡中心定位方法受噪声影响较小,不受风电渗透率的影响,能够准确定位失步振荡中心位置。

基于复合纳米振子系统的光学质量传感

提出了一种基于金刚石氮-空位(NV)色心-悬臂梁复合纳米机械振子系统,该系统将金刚石NV色心镶嵌在悬臂梁底部,再通过悬臂梁振动形变产生的应力与金刚石NV色心中的自旋电子相互作用实现耦合;进而利用光学泵浦-探测技术研究了该系统的相干光学特性。首先,基于该复合系统的探测吸收谱,提出了一种测量纳米机械振子频率的全光学方案,在红边带的条件下,可通过观测吸收谱中两尖峰的分裂宽度从而确定自旋与纳米机械振子的耦合强度。其次,由于金刚石NV中心电子自旋具有较长的相干时间,因此进一步基于该复合系统提出了一种室温下全光学质量传感方案。

基于网络能量的新能源并网电力系统失步振荡中心影响因素及迁移特性

随着新能源的接入,由于新能源出力随机性强,且其通过变流器并网对电力系统惯量贡献很小,新能源接入电网后系统惯量降低,使得系统失稳模式复杂多变,振荡中心发生迁移,传统基于继电保护思维的固定解列方案因此失效,极易引起失步振荡问题,将可能导致大停电事故和系统崩溃。因此,由新能源接入引起的电网振荡中心迁移问题变得尤为突出。首先,考虑新能源特性,研究新能源并网对失步振荡特征影响规律;其次,确定新能源参与失步振荡形式,分析新能源并网失稳模式变化规律和特点;最后,基于新能源电网失步振荡能量解析结果,研究新能源电网能量与振荡中心间的相关性,研究影响新能源电网振荡中心迁移的不同因素,揭示新能源电网振荡中心迁移的内在机理。

New finding on out-of-step separation configuration of large-scale power systems

In this paper,two new concepts—“main out-of-step mode” and “minor out-of-step mode”—are proposed for power system reliability analysis. Large-scale power system studies found that out-of-step generator groups may have characteristics of the main out-of-step mode and the minor out-of-step mode. The generator groups with main out-of-step modes can determine the out-of-step interface of the large-scale power system,while generators with the minor out-of-step modes cannot play such a role. Therefore,the method of capturing the out-of-step interface by seeking the lowest voltage point(the out-of-step center) can only group the generators with the main out-of-step modes,and may fail to combine the generators with the minor out-of-step modes into proper coherent generator groups. Thus,it is necessary in engineering applications to equip the generators that are likely to have the characteristics of the minor out-of-step modes with separation devices based on off-line simulation studies in order to reduce the risk of further accidents caused by these generators after system separation.

Estimation Method of Center of Inertia Frequency Based on Phasor Measurement Data

In the world, recent increased disturbances, congestion management problems, and increases of complexity in operating power systems have brought the need for integrations and improvements of power systems. Advanced applications in WAMPAC （wide area monitoring, protection, and control） systems provide a cost effective solution to improve system planning, operation, maintenance, and energy trading. Synchronized measurement technology and the application are an important element of WAMPAC. In addition, PMUs （phasor measurement units） are the most accurate and advanced time-synchronized technology available for WAMPAC application. Therefore, the original measurement system of PMUs has been constructed in Japan. This paper describes the estimation method of a center of inertia frequency by applying actual measurement data. The application of this method enables us to extract power system oscillations from measurement data appropriately. Moreover, this proposed method will help to the clarification of power system dynamics and this application will make it possible to realize the monitoring of power system oscillations associated with the power system stability.

一种线性化轨对轨调节压控振荡器设计

为了解决控制电压范围小、调谐增益过大导致压控振荡器(voltage controlled oscillator,VCO)对控制线噪声抗干扰能力弱的问题,设计了一种高度线性化轨对轨频率调节的压控振荡器。采用SMIC 0.18μm CMOS工艺,设计了电压转电流电路实现控制电压与电流饥渴型振荡器尾电流的轨到轨线性转化,进而实现振荡频率的轨到轨线性调节;并且利用缓冲器优化振荡波形以适应锁相环系统应用。Cadence Spectre仿真结果表明,振荡器在1.8 V的轨对轨控制电压范围内都具有很好的线性,调谐增益为183 MHz/V,频率范围为0.89~1.22 GHz,中心频率1.06 GHz,功耗仅有227.8μW。本文设计适用于锁相环的集成应用,可为压控振荡器的设计提供支持。

基于电压相量轨迹的失步振荡中心特性解析及解列断面预判

利用电压相量轨迹信息解析电网失步振荡中心分布特性并实时预判解列断面,能够为主动解列控制提供决策依据。首先针对两机失步模型,证明了沿线各节点的电压相量轨迹是圆,其圆心坐标、半径大小与两侧电势及节点位置有关,依据失步振荡中心的电压过零这一特征,推导出失步振荡中心分布特性是圆或直线的解析方程;其次,针对理想两群摇摆,提出了无需等值参数辨识的失步振荡中心精准定位方法,针对实际电网环境下的失步振荡,利用失步振荡中心所在线路端点的电压相量轨迹与坐标原点的位置关系,构建失步振荡中心所在线路的预判指标,指标存在固定临界值零;最后,提出了失步解列断面预判方法,仅依据线路端点量测即可实现实时预判。500kV两机系统、IEEE-118节点系统和实际交直流混联电网算例验证了方法的有效性,方法计算简单、适用性强、时效性好,具有较高的工程应用价值。

Out-of-step oscillation splitting criterion based on bus voltage frequency

Under the background of complicated interconnected network,the splitting criterion for accurately capturing the electrical center in real time is the prerequisite of power grid splitting.This paper studies the features of electric quantity in the electrical center in aspect of the instantaneous frequency,and proposes the out-of-step splitting criterion for power systems based on bus voltage frequency.Firstly,through the establishment and solution to the out-of-step model of the power grid,the analytical expression of the voltage frequency at any position is obtained in the out-of-step oscillation,and the voltage frequency features of electrical center and non-electrical center are analyzed in details.Then,this paper constructs the typical scene of migration of electrical center to study the change rules of voltage frequency.Finally,the splitting criterion based on bus voltage frequency is proposed as well as the instruction for use.This criterion is easy to be realized and can adapt to the migration of electrical center.Also it is free from the limits of power network structure and operational mode.Simulation results of CEPRI-36 system and interconnected network example of one actual region verify the accuracy and the effectiveness of the proposed criterion.

新能源接入电网振荡中心快速识别方法

为分析新能源接入电网发生严重故障后系统振荡特性及暂态稳定性,分析推导了线路存在振荡中心的充要条件,深入研究了振荡中心电压及位置的变化特征,提出了一种基于广域量测大数据的电力系统振荡中心识别方法。该方法无需考虑线路和系统阻抗等信息,仅需线路两侧母线电压相量的关系即可快速确定振荡中心位置,并计算得到振荡中心位置电压幅值。通过IEEE39节点算例和实际电网算例分析,验证了所提方法的有效性,该方法能够有效识别和跟踪系统振荡中心,可为基于广域信息的暂态失稳判别与失步解列确定振荡中心联络线和系统薄弱断面,具有良好的工程可实施性。

An improved strategy for out-of-step oscillation separation devices based on apparent impedance angle applied to a series compensated line

Out-of-step oscillation separation devices based on apparent impedance angle trajectory are widely used in the power grid in China,and their reliability is of great importance.In this paper,the influence mechanism of series compensation on apparent impedance angle trajectory is analyzed.It reveals that series compensation capacitors reduce the equivalent impedance angle and consequently the apparent impedance angle cannot pass through all four zones,resulting in the risk of failure for the separation devices.A revised method of apparent impedance angle based on compensation principle is discussed,and then an improved out-of-step oscillation detection criterion is proposed.In view of the fact that the apparent impedance angle at the moment of maximum current is equal to the equivalent impedance angle during an oscillation process,a practical algorithm based on the compensated apparent impedance angle is proposed.RTDS tests are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the new criterion,considering transmission lines with a high series compensation level.

Review of the development of power system out-of-step splitting control and some thoughts on the impact of large-scale access of renewable energy

Out-of-step oscillation is a very destructive physical phenomenon in power system, which could directly cause big blackout accompanied by serious sociology-economic impacts. Out-of-step splitting control is an indispensable means, which could protect the system from major shocks of out-of-step oscillation. After years of development, it has achieved certain amount of research results. Have the existing methods been able to meet the requirements of out-of-step splitting? What improvements are needed? Under this background, this review is written. It combs the development of out-of-step splitting control technologies and analyzes the technical routes and characteristics of different methods. It points out the contradiction between rapidity and optimality is the biggest technical problem, existing in both the traditional local measurement based out-of-step splitting protection and the wide-area information based out-of-step splitting protection. It further points out that the advantages of the two types of protections can be combined with the unique physical characteristics of the out-of-step center to form a more advantageous splitting strategy. Besides, facing the fact of large-scale renewable energy access to power grid in recent years, this review also analyzes the challenges brought by it and provides some corresponding suggestions. It is hoped to provide some guidance for the subsequent research work.

Simulations of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation by the Atmospheric General Circulation Model of the Beijing Climate Center

The performance of BCC （Beijing Climate Center） AGCM 2.0.1 （Atmospheric General Circulation Model version 2.0.1） in simulating the tropical intraseasonal oscillation （TIO） is examined in this paper.The simulations are validated against observation and compared with the NCAR CAM3 （Community Atmosphere Model version 3） results.The BCC AGCM2.0.1 is developed based on the original BCC AGCM （version 1） and NCAR CAM3.New reference atmosphere and reference pressure are introduced into the model.Therefore,the original prognostic variables of temperature and surface pressure become their departures from the reference atmosphere.A new Zhang-McFarlane convective parameterization scheme is incorporated into the model with a few modifications.Other modifications include those in the boundary layer process and snow cover calculation.All simulations are run for 52 yr from 1949 to 2001 under the lower boundary conditions of observed monthly SST.The TIOs from the model are analyzed.The comparison shows that the NCAR CAM3 has a poor ability in simulating the TIO.The simulated strength of the TIO is very weak.The energy of the eastward moving waves is similar to that of the westward moving waves in CAM3.While in observation the former is much larger than the latter.The seasonal variation and spatial distribution of the TIO produced by CAM3 are also much different from the observation.The ability of the BCC AGCM2.0.1 in simulating the TIO is significantly better.The simulated TIO is evident.The strength of the TIO produced by the BCC AGCM2.0.1 is close to the observation.The energy of eastward moving.waves is much stronger than that of the westward moving waves,which is consistent with the observation.There is no significant difference in the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of the TIO between the BCC model simulation and the observation.In general,the BCC model performs better than CAM3 in simulating the TIO.

多频振荡下的失步振荡中心变化规律及其定位

基于三机等值系统,研究了多频振荡下失步振荡中心的特性及其变化规律。在同一失稳模式下,机组不同调导致振荡中心向不同调侧偏移,不同调越明显,偏移量越大。多频失步振荡过程中,同一个时刻仅有一个断面由于机组振荡导致电压为零,为系统失步振荡中心。失步振荡中心出现时,所在线路两侧等值两机系统功角摆开180°。系统阻抗参数决定了系统振荡中心最大迁移范围,在确定阻抗参数情况下,三机系统功角变化趋势决定了振荡中心迁移方向。传统基于就地信息的解列判据难以适应多频振荡下的失步场景,通过线路两侧相位差摆开180°的判据,可准确定位多频振荡下失步振荡中心出现时刻及其位置。

阻抗不均导致振荡中心迁移的规律

基于计及阻抗不均的等值两机系统模型,采用向量图和数值计算相结合方法研究了线路阻抗不均导致振荡中心偏移的规律。定义两机系统总阻抗模值的中点为系统中心。在系统功角由0?360?摆周期中,系统阻抗角不等可导致振荡中心动态迁移:当系统中心落在联络线上时,振荡中心仅在联络线内部动态迁移。当系统中心落在联络线任侧系统等值阻抗上时,存在两种迁移规律,是仅在联络上动态迁移,二是振荡中心在联络线和系统中心所在的联络线侧等值阻抗上动态迁移。系统失步中心位置(振荡周期内电压过零点)不受阻抗不均的影响,不影响失步中心位置的定位,但失步中心并非只在系统功角摆至180?时出现。

关于振荡角的振荡中心电压和ucosφ的变化特征

基于等值电势幅值不等的双机系统在失步过程中振荡角的振荡中心位置公式,研究了振荡角的振荡中心电压公式及其变化特征。研究发现,在一个失步周期中,当δ在0°和360°附近时,ucosφ可能并不能代表系统中任一点的电压,没有具体的物理意义。但在其它情况下,ucosφ基本能够反应失步断面联络线上最低电压点的变化特征。故提出了基于ucosφ轨迹特征的失步解列装置启动判据,该判据能够在系统失步前准确启动装置,并对利用ucosφ轨迹实现振荡闭锁功能进行了探讨。最后,通过仿真进行了必要的说明。

中心卷取张力模型的探讨与仿真

详细讨论了中心卷取张力控制的数学模型 ,并在此基础上对由工作辊_卷取机 (开卷机 )组成的张力控制系统进行了系统仿真 ,仿真结果与实际情况相符 ,从而证明了该模型的正确性。建张振荡是该系统的常见问题 ,特别是张力闭环情况下 ,系统为一时变系统 ,使理论分析更加困难。本文建立在详细的数学模型的基础上的仿真研究较好地揭示了建张振荡的原因 。

机电暂态仿真中振荡中心的识别方法及应用

中国电网已经发展成为规模较大的互联电网,在故障冲击后,可能引起区域之间的功率振荡。在电力系统仿真分析中经常需要识别振荡区域、确定振荡中心,进而判断系统的薄弱区域并采取有效的调整控制措施。机电暂态仿真中自动识别振荡中心能够为计算分析提供重要参考,具有重要的应用价值。根据低频振荡过程中振荡中心电压有效值最低的特点,研究了根据线路两侧电压进行振荡中心计算的方法;与网络分析方法相结合,研究了机电暂态仿真过程中振荡中心断面的自动分析方法。该研究成果已在PSD-BPA机电暂态程序中实现。通过对实际电网的计算分析,阐述了振荡过程中振荡中心的变化特点和规律以及如何利用这些识别系统薄弱环节、判断系统稳定状态。所提出的方法能够有效识别实际电网的振荡中心,从而为实际电网的计算分析以及后续分析方法的研究开发奠定基础。

多频振荡下失步解列判据的适用性分析

目前国内使用的失步解列装置应用的失步判据都是在两机失稳的情况下推导得出,在多频失步振荡情况下是否仍然适用值得探讨。以三机等值系统为模型,推导出各电气量的表达式,得出在多频振荡时失步中心在不同线路之间以及同一线路的不同位置之间发生迁移,而且各机组越不同调,失步中心可能在更多的线路之间发生迁移。此外,对基于Ucosφ轨迹、测量阻抗轨迹以及视在阻抗角变化规律的三种失步解列判据在多频振荡情况下的适用性进行分析研究,可知三种失步判据都存在误判的风险,建议将基于视在阻抗角判据与线路两端相角差判据配合使用,提高失步解列装置的正确性。

振荡中心迁移下的电网失步解列策略

振荡中心迁移严重危害电网的安全稳定,选取合适的解列判据,准确定位并实施解列具有重要意义。基于等值两机系统推导分析振荡中心迁移的理论原因,分析失步过程中电压的变化特点,依据两侧系统频率差与失步中心出现频率的对应关系提出基于支路两端母线频率差的失步解列判据;针对振荡中心迁移对失步解列控制的影响,提出了基于广域测量信息的自适应失步解列策略。通过对某区域互联电网进行仿真分析,发现振荡中心迁移现象,认为失稳模式的改变是振荡中心迁移的直接原因,并进行解列策略的仿真验证。仿真结果证明了所提出的解列策略的有效性。

并网光伏电源对电力系统振荡中心分布的影响

为研究并网光伏电源对振荡中心分布的影响,基于PSD-BPA机电暂态仿真软件搭建的简单模型以及软件中已实现的基于视在阻抗轨迹的振荡中心定位工具,对光伏出力的增加、出力增加方式的改变、故障时光伏电源是否脱网三种情况进行仿真分析,结果表明:在电网故障条件下,光伏电源不脱网时,光伏电源出力的增加会使失步中心向着光伏电源出力增加的方向迁移,且可能会引发新的失步振荡;部分光伏电源脱网时,一定程度上可改善系统的稳定性,但大规模光伏电源脱网可能导致频率失稳问题。该研究成果对含有大容量光伏电源接入电网的安全稳定运行等提供了参考。