The research on the thermal destruction of environment and controlling techniques of the No.4 outcrops fire in Haibaoqing

The coal fire is one of very serious disasters in natural, not only amount of coal resources was burned and some ecological environment problems such as ground subsidence, acid rain, pollution and vegetation died were caused serious. The No.4 coal seam outcrops fire in Haibaoqing was take as research object, based on the existing theory of mechanism and characteristics of coal outcrop fires, a new fire-fighting composite gel is applicated which fits in with extinguishment of outcrop coal fires well. The technology has many advantages in extinguishing coal fires including isolating the coal from oxygen and lowering the temperature of the high-temperature coal and rock. The structure and chemical composition as well as fires-fighting properties of the composite gel is analyzed profoundly, as a result, reduce and stop the environment destruction caused by the coal fire.

Bedrock outcropping in the accumulation zone of the largest glacier in Mexico(Glaciar Norte of Citlaltépetl),as evidence of a possible accelerated extinction

The highest volcano in Mexico,at the same time the third largest mountain in North America(Citlaltépetl,5610 m a.s.l.),is home to the largest glacier in the country.Because of the extinction of the Popocatépetl glacier(5500 m a.s.l.)caused by eruptive activity,and the almost disappearance of the Iztaccíhuatl glaciers(5220 m a.s.l.)due to the lower elevation of the mountain,the Glaciar Norte of Citlatépetl has been the only glacier that has shown a certain degree of stability as a response to the altitude in which it is located.However,as occurs in almost all glaciers on the planet,the retreat of its glacier terminus has been continuous.Furthermore,during the last years the thickness of its upper part began to decrease rapidly until its bedrock was exposed for the first time in 2019.Due to its ecosystem importance and because it is the main glacier in Mexico,as well as the only one in the world located at latitude 19°N,in this work its current dimensions are updated,as well as the local climatology that governs the current state of the glacier is pointed out.The study was based on the analysis of high-resolution Sentinel-2 optical images,as well as through Sentinel-1 SAR images,with the support of climatological information from the study area.Therefore,the outcropping of the bedrock in the accumulation zone and the consequent horizontal retreat of the upper part of the glacier are documented;at the same time,the decrease in the thickness of the ice along it is noted.The rocky outcrop in the accumulation zone suggests that the flow dynamics of the ice towards the ablation zone will be considerably less,accelerating the retreat of the glacier terminus.Finally,the ascent of the glacial front to 5102 m a.s.l.and the modelled altitude of the equilibrium line to 5276 m a.s.l.are reported as a warning signal in terms of snow catchment and mass balance;likewise,the decrease of 23%of its surface is also indicated regarding the surface reduction monitoring that has been done until 2017.These findings may indicate that the future of this glacier is related to its possible extinction sooner than previously thought,with severe environmental consequences,especially in terms of the provision of drinking water for thousands of inhabitants of the slopes of the volcano.This research is expected to help reflect on the impacts of current climate variability and at the same time serve as a reference for the tropical glaciers on the planet.

Discontinuity development patterns and the challenges for 3D discrete fracture network modeling on complicated exposed rock surfaces

Natural slopes usually display complicated exposed rock surfaces that are characterized by complex and substantial terrain undulation and ubiquitous undesirable phenomena such as vegetation cover and rockfalls.This study presents a systematic outcrop research of fracture pattern variations in a complicated rock slope,and the qualitative and quantitative study of the complex phenomena impact on threedimensional(3D)discrete fracture network(DFN)modeling.As the studies of the outcrop fracture pattern have been so far focused on local variations,thus,we put forward a statistical analysis of global variations.The entire outcrop is partitioned into several subzones,and the subzone-scale variability of fracture geometric properties is analyzed(including the orientation,the density,and the trace length).The results reveal significant variations in fracture characteristics(such as the concentrative degree,the average orientation,the density,and the trace length)among different subzones.Moreover,the density of fracture sets,which is approximately parallel to the slope surface,exhibits a notably higher value compared to other fracture sets across all subzones.To improve the accuracy of the DFN modeling,the effects of three common phenomena resulting from vegetation and rockfalls are qualitatively analyzed and the corresponding quantitative data processing solutions are proposed.Subsequently,the 3D fracture geometric parameters are determined for different areas of the high-steep rock slope in terms of the subzone dimensions.The results show significant variations in the same set of 3D fracture parameters across different regions with density differing by up to tenfold and mean trace length exhibiting differences of 3e4 times.The study results present precise geological structural information,improve modeling accuracy,and provide practical solutions for addressing complex outcrop issues.

Araucaria araucana Forests in Argentina: Exploring Floristic and Ecological Variability along a West-East Transect

In Argentina, the Araucaria araucana forest occupies a vast area in the Northwest of Patagonia, following a pronounced gradient of increasing xericity from west to east over a short distance. These forests have been the subject of detailed studies due to their uniqueness and ecological relevance. In this context, an exhaustive investigation was carried out to understand the diversity and structure of these ecosystems. The objective was to study the floristic and ecological differences in humid and xeric areas along a west-east transect where A. araucana is distributed. Floristic surveys, geomorphological analyses, and bioclimatic data were examined. In Argentina, A. araucana integrates two distinct forest types: mesic and xeric. The xeric A. araucana forest constitutes a forest with floristic, genetic, geomorphological, and bioclimatic identity. The results highlight the importance of understanding the local variability of these ecosystems for the design of effective conservation strategies. Furthermore, they highlight the need for further research into the ecology and dynamics of these forests, especially in the context of climate change and human activities.

Digitized Outcrop Geomodeling of Ramp Shoals and its Reservoirs： as an Example of Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of Eastern Sichuan Basin

Numerous hydrocarbon accumulations are found in ramp crest shoals worldwide and therefore this depositional setting has a high potential of being the hydrocarbon reservoir. In this paper, we combined digital outcrop geology and traditional geological mapping to build an outcrop-based geocellular model of the ramp-crest shoal complex of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Eastern Sichuan Basin. The outcrop model serves as an analogue for the subsurface reservoir of the Feixianguan Formation and illustrates the complexity of the lithofacies types, stratigraphic architecture, and reservoir heterogeneities at a scale below conventional subsurface data resolution. The studied ramp -crest shoal complex consists of thirteen types of lithofacies that can be grouped into three facies-groups corresponding to subtidal intraclastic shoal, sub- to inter-tidal oolitic shoal, and tidal flat depositional environments respectively. The stratigraphic architecture of the shoal complex shows mostly a strong progradation of the high energy facies associated with an overall decrease of accommodation space associated with relative sea level still stand. Two reservoir facies associations have been recognized. The first one consists of supratidai dolomudstone and upper intertidal partially dolomitized oolitic packstone with anhydrite or nodules. These facies were deposited above the high energy oolitic grainstones and occurs as thin-bedded and laterally continuous layers, characterized by high porosity and low permeability. The second reservoir facies association is composed of intertidal crystalline dolomite and subtidal intraclastic bindstone that occurs stratigraphically below the oolitic grainstones. These deposits consist of massive laterally discontinuously beds, and are characterized by high porosity and high permeability. Both types of reservoir facies tend to be stacked vertically and migrated laterally with the progradation of the shoal complex. The construction of the outcrop-based 3D geological model provide a description and quantification of the facies distribution within a robust stratigraphic framework and the style and amount of reservoir heterogeneities associated with a ramp-crest shoal complex reservoir such as the one found in Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Sichuan Basin or other ramp-crest reservoir worldwide.

The tectonic fracture modeling of an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir based on an outcrop analogy: A case study in the Wangyao Oilfield of Ordos Basin, China

Due to inherent limits of data acquisition and geophysical data resolution, there are large uncertainties in the characterization of subsurface fractures. However, outcrop analogies can provide qualitative and quantitative information on a large number of fractures, based on which the accuracy of subsurface fracture characterization can be improved. Here we take the tectonic fracture modeling of an ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir based on an outcrop analogy, a case study of the Chang6t~ Formation of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Group of the Wangyao Oilfield in the Ordos Basin of China. An outcrop at the edge of the basin is a suitable analog for the reservoir, but the prerequisite is that they must have equivalent previous stress fields, similar final structural characteristics, relative timing and an identical depositional environment and diagenesis. The relationship among fracture density, rock type and bed thickness based on the outcrop is one of the most important fracture distribution models, and can be used to interpret fracture density in individual wells quantitatively. Fracture orientation, dip, geometry and scale, also should be described and measured in the outcrop, and can be used together with structure restoration and single well fracture density interpretation to guide fracture intensity prediction on bed surfaces and to constrain the construction of the 3D fracture geometry model of the subsurface reservoir. The application of the above principles shows the outcrop-based tectonic fracture models of the target ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir are consistent with fractures inferred from microseismic interpretation and tracer tests. This illustrated that the fracture modeling based on the outcrop analogy is reliable and can reduce the uncertainty in stochastic fracture modeling.

High resolution facies architecture and digital outcrop modeling of the Sandakan formation sandstone reservoir, Borneo:Implications for reservoir characterization and flow simulation

Advances in photogrammetry have eased the acquisition of high-resolution digital information from outcrops, enabling faster, non-destructive data capturing and improved reservoir modeling. Geocellular models for flow dynamics with in the virtual outcrop in siliciclastic deposits at different sets of sandstone facies architecture remain, however, a challenge. Digital maps of bedding, lithological contrast, spatial-temporal variations of bedding and permeability characteristics make it more easy to understand flow tortuosity in a particular architecture. An ability to precisely model these properties can improve reservoir characterization and flow modeling at different scales. Here we demonstrate the construction of realistic 2 D sandstone facies based models for a pragmatic simulation of flow dynamics using a combination of digital point clouds dataset acquired from LiDAR and field investigation of the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, Borneo.Additionally, we present methods for enhancing the accuracy of outcrop digital datasets for producing high resolution flow simulation. A well-exposed outcrop from the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, northwest Borneo having a lateral extent of 750 m was chosen in order to implement our research approach. Sandstone facies and its connectivity are well constrained by outcrop observations, data from air-permeability measurements, bilinear interpolation of permeability, grid construction and water vector analysis for flow dynamics.These proportions were then enumerated in terms of static digital outcrop model(DOM) and facies model based on sandstone facies bedding characteristics. Flow simulation of water vector analysis through each of the four sandstone facies types show persistent spatial correlation of permeability that align with either cross-bedded orientation or straight with more dispersion high quality sandstone(porosity 21.25%-41.2%and permeability 1265.20-5986.25 mD) and moderate quality sandstone(porosity 10.44%-28.75% and permeability 21.44-1023.33 mD). Whereas, in more heterolithic sandstone(wavy-to flaser-bedded and bioturbated sandstone), lateral variations in permeability show spatially non-correlated patterns over centimeters to tens of meters with mostly of low quality sandstone(porosity 3.4%-12.31% and permeability < 1 mD to 3.21 mD). These variations reflect the lateral juxtaposition in flow dynamics. It has also been resulted that the vertical connectivity and heterogeneities in terms of flow are mostly pragmatic due to the interconnected sandstone rather than the quality of sandstone.

Geological Panorama Database:Digitizing and Visualizingthe Geological Outcrops

1 Introduction Geological outcrops or sections are the basis of geological research.However,the traditional methods for presenting them are mainly photos which fall short of delivering a true visual sense (Deng et al.,2009;Hou et al.,2014).With the continuous development of image acquisition technology using single-lens reflex camera (SLR camera),image synthesis,large file storage and acquisition,panoramic visualization and network technology.

3D geo-cellular static virtual outcrop model and its implications for reservoir petro-physical characteristics and heterogeneities

Geostatistical data plays a vibrant role for surface-based reservoir modeling through outcrop analogues,which is used to understand three-dimensional(3D)variability of petrophysical properties.The main purpose of this study is to improvise the surface-based 3D geo-modeling to demonstrate petrophysical characteristics and heterogeneities of Sandakan reservoirs,NW Borneo.We used point cloud data from Light Detection and Ranging(Li DAR)to build high-resolution virtual outcrop modeling(VOM)onto which we mapped 6 different lithofacies.Porosity and permeability of core plugs were measured to determine the average variance of petrophysical properties for each lithofacies.By utilizing the integration of VOMs analogues and petrophysical properties in Petrel^(TM),we demonstrated the distribution and associations of all lithofacies in pseudo wells that have inherent thin beds heterogeneities in 3D geocellular model.The results concluded that the heterogeneity of thin beds in lithofacies is dependent on porosity and permeability with input dataset.According to the final model,cross-bedding sandstone(CBS),hummocky cross-stratified sandstone(HCSS)and trough cross-bedding sandstone(TCBS)show good reservoir quality due to high porosity ranging from:25.6%to 20.4%and,19.3%-14.5%,and permeability ranging from:74.03 mD to 66.84 mD and,64.86 mD to 21.01 mD.In contrast,massive to weak laminae sandstone(MWLS)and bioturbated sandstone(BS)show fair to poor reservoir quality,caused baffling of surrounding mud sediments in the reservoir lithofacies.Results also revealed that Li DAR based VOM with petrophysical properties can significantly reduce the risk and minimize the cost of reservoir modeling in petroleum industry.

Architecture of deepwater turbidite lobes: A case study of Carboniferous turbidite outcrop in the Clare Basin, Ireland

Through lithofacies analysis and architecture anatomy of the Carboniferous Ross Sandstone turbidites outcropped at western Ireland,the depositional model of deepwater turbidite lobes is established.Seven types of lithofacies are recognized including goniatites-rich shale,laminated shale,laminated siltstone,massive sandstone,fine-medium sandstone with mud-clast,basal gravel,and chaotic mudstone,which can be subdivided into units of three origins,turbidite lobe,turbidite channel,and slide-slump;and four hierarchical levels,lobe complex,lobe,lobe element and single sandstone layer.The lobes show apparent compensational stacking pattern,lobe elements display typical thickening-upward cycles on vertical profile,and the higher the hierarchical level,the better the preservation of the hierarchical boundary is.In general,turbidite lobe deposits appear as tabular,parallel/sub-parallel sandstone and mudstone interbeds,and change from thick,massive sandstone in the proximal end to thinner sandstone and mudstone interbeds from axis to fringe,with the sand-shale ratio and degree of sandstone amalgamation decreasing.

Characterization of the Temperature Conditions of Inside Narrow Rocky Outcrops that Serve as a Habitat for Semi-Fossorial Mammals

We characterized the temperature conditions inside narrow rocky outcrops that served as habitats for semi-fossorial small mammals in a mountainous locality on the Japanese Islands. Usually, it is considered that the narrow rocky outcrops have poorer resources than the soil ground of forest floors, which have rich vegetation and nutrition. On the basis of this tendency, it is considered that ecologically dominant species occupy the rich soil habitats and subordinate species are chased away to the narrow rocky outcrops by ecological species competitions, resulting in habitat segregation. However, the present temperature data revealed that the temperatures inside rocky terrains were more stable than the shaded ambient temperatures in the forest. The rocky habitats were apparently colder in summer and warmer in winter, in both daily maximum and minimum temperatures, than the ambient temperatures in the forest during the research period. In addition, the daily difference between maximum and minimum temperatures in the rocky habitats was apparently smaller than that of the ambient ones. These temperature conditions in the narrow rocky outcrops are advantageous to the small mammalian metabolic system. Namely, we estimate that the semi-fossorial small mammals are not chased out by the dominant species through ecological competitions and that the semi-fossorial small mammals may occupy the narrow rocky outcrops as a more advantageous habitat than the forest floor.

攀枝花宝鼎煤田露头大面积火区探测成果分析

科学分析煤田露头火区燃烧界限,准确判断其影响范围和危害程度,有利于提出有效的治理措施。攀枝花市运用高分遥感、无人机航测等先进技术手段和设备,对宝鼎煤田大面积火区开展了详实的探测,探测出39个火区点位的燃烧状况,形成44.85 km^(2)的光学影像、10.30 km^(2)的热红外影像图和250 km^(2)的遥感影像图,圈定露头火区面积为17.43万m^(2),划定影响范围面积为1285.19万m^(2)。根据探测结果,分析了火区特点、变迁原因及危害,提出按照“分级防治、逐步推进、综合管控”的原则,采取火情监测、火源探测、注水降温、注浆灭火、高温区煤体剥离、黄土覆盖等综合防治措施,推进火区治理进度,为宝鼎煤田露头大面积火区治理提供了基础资料和决策依据。

Species richness and similarity of the flora on four lajedos in Boa Nova, Bahia, Brazil

The municipality of Boa Nova,in northeastern Brazil,is in an ecotone zone between the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domains.The transition phytophysiognomy is seasonal forest and known locally as mata de cipó.In these phytophysiognomies there are lajedos,which are rock outcrops colonized by vegetation welladapted to extreme microclimatic variation and vegetation diversity is affected by the vegetation types of the surrounding areas.Due to the singularity of these environments and the relevance of floristic studies for conservation,this work aimed to identify the species richness and compare the similarity of the flora on four rock outcrops in Boa Nova.The flora was surveyed during exploratory walks along lajedos between 2016 and 2019.In total,162 species were identified on the Boa Nova outcrops.The flora has a composition and structure similar to semiarid outcrops,as well as endemic species that also occur in surrounding phytophysiomies.Despite the proximity,a similarity index revealed there is floristic dissimilarity between the areas.Nine new occurrences were recorded for the region,five species are threatened with extinction(Aosa gilgiana,Ficus cyclophylla,Hippeastrum stigmovittatum,Pleroma caatingae and Trixis pruskii),and 43 species are common in anthropogenic areas.This reinforces the importance of actions to conserve these areas.

煤田露头火区温度场模拟分析和火风压计算

为了研究煤田露头火区温度场的分布变化规律,利用Fluent软件对火区进行数值模拟,得到了火区温度场的分布情况。对火区火风压的计算进行了分析,计算得到了火风压值。通过改变边界条件得到了火区温度对露头火区漏风流场的影响:火区高温给气体渗流提供了动力,火区温度越高气体渗流速度越快。

煤田露头火区标志性气体确定的试验研究及应用

为了研究煤田露头火区标志性气体及其与火区温度的关系,制作了煤田露头火区试验装置。在该试验条件上,提出焦煤在自燃升温期的30-130、130-190及190℃以上3个区间时,分别以CO、C2H4、C2H2作为标志性气体;在阴燃稳定期,以CO作为标志性气体;在窒息降温期的300-160℃及160℃以下时,分别以C2H6和CO作为标志性气体;分析了格氏火灾系数R2判别火区发展状况的可行性,拟合出了标志性气体浓度与火区温度以及R2与火区温度的关系方程。结果表明,煤田露头火区标志性气体的种类与采空区自燃火区的基本相同,但其产生的最低温度不同,即煤体吸附气体出现的最低温度较高,而煤体氧化气体出现的最低温度较低;依据关系方程和R2,可以方便地预测煤田露头火区的温度和发展状况。

煤田露头自燃火风压数值的理论分析

通过对煤田露头自燃的调查,利用渗流运动方程、气体状态方程和传热学等有关理论,对火风压影响因素进行了分析,得出自燃点深度、煤层赋存倾角、渗透率、地形和风速等对火风压的贡献.重点是通过调查建立了煤田自燃物理模型,并利用流管、气体能量方程等求出在地形、风速等影响下的火风压计算式.

攀枝花宝鼎矿区海宝箐片区4^#煤层露头火灾综合治理

根据攀枝花宝鼎矿区海宝箐片区4#煤层露头火灾的特点和治理难点,采用以胶体防灭火技术为主,同时采用爆破、剥离、平整的有效手段对火区进行了综合治理后,火区钻孔温度和CO气体体积分数明显下降,火区燃烧特征消失,保证了周边矿井的安全生产,消除了火区带来的安全隐患,取得了显著的治理效果。

煤层露头自燃火灾演化规律数值模拟研究

为解决煤层露头自燃所引起的资源浪费和环境污染,以新疆台勒维丘克煤层露头为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法研究煤层露头在火风压、火风压及外部风压作用下的自燃演化规律,为治理火区和保护环境提供依据。研究表明:火风压作用下,风流最大流动速度0.729 m/s,火风压最大达到170.2 Pa;火风压与外部风压联合作用下,煤层露头动力系统是负压通风系统,在漏风速度为0.2 m/s时,研究5个典型位置的温度、氧浓度、速度及压力的变化规律;并分析孔隙率、漏风速度对煤层露头自燃火灾的影响,说明大孔隙和漏风供氧为火灾大规模发展提供有利条件。研究成果对治理火区及保护生态环境奠定坚实基础。

露头煤层火区自然通风机理研究

为了得到露头煤层火区自然通风的机理,通过对露头煤层火区自然通风系统的剖析推理,得知火区自然通风包含通过火区和不通过火区两类通风线路。数值模拟结果表明:火风压与自然风压共同作用为火区提供通风动力;气体的运动符合能量守恒定律、达西定律(进风通道)和布西涅斯基窄缝流体运动规律(回风通道),并推导得到了气体运动参数方程。

露头煤层自燃相似实验研究及热释放速率计算

为了研究露头煤层自燃发火过程以及判定火灾发展状态与趋势,自主设计了露头煤层自燃过程相似模拟系统实验装置。通过分析相似模拟实验数据,得到火区气体CO_2,CO,O_2体积分数与温度之间的变化关系具有良好的相关性,可作为判定火灾状态的标志性气体,并拟合出O_2体积分数与温度之间的关系方程。根据氧消耗原理及相关理论,得到了煤在干燥环境中阴燃状态下的热释放速率简化关系方程,为煤田火灾的研究和防治提供了参考依据。