Outdoor air pollution is a known risk factor for mortality and morbidity.The type of air pollutant most reliably associated with disease is particulate matter（PM）,especially finer particulate matter that can reach d...Outdoor air pollution is a known risk factor for mortality and morbidity.The type of air pollutant most reliably associated with disease is particulate matter（PM）,especially finer particulate matter that can reach deeper into the lungs like PM_（2.5）（particulate matter diameter 〈 2.5 μm）.Some subpopulations may be particularly vulnerable to PM pollution.This review focuses on one subgroup,long-term stroke survivors,and the emerging evidence suggesting that survivors of a stroke may be at a higher risk from the deleterious effects of PM pollution.While the mechanisms for mortality are still under debate,long-term stroke survivors may be vulnerable to similar mechanisms that underlie the well-established association between PM pollution and cardiovascular disease.The fact that long-term stroke survivors of ischemic,but not hemorrhagic,strokes appear to be more vulnerable to the risk of death from higher PM pollution may also bolster the connection to ischemic heart disease.Survivors of an ischemic stroke may be more vulnerable to dying from higher concentrations of PM pollution than the general population.The clinical implications of this association suggest that reduced exposure to PM pollution may result in fewer deaths amongst stroke survivors.展开更多
Air pollution is one of the top environmental concerns and causes of deaths and variousdiseases worldwide. In this paper, PM2.5 observation data at 1,497 automatic air quality-monitoringstations in 367 cities of China...Air pollution is one of the top environmental concerns and causes of deaths and variousdiseases worldwide. In this paper, PM2.5 observation data at 1,497 automatic air quality-monitoringstations in 367 cities of China in 2015 were utilized, and the study on spatiotemporal distribution of PM2.5concentration found that the average annual concentration of PM2.5 in urban China in 2015 was 49.74 μg/m3and exceeded the annual average limit in 287 cities. PM2.5 concentrations were highest in winter and lowestin summer in most cities, but it reached the highest in spring in the cities around Taklimakan Desert. Therewere 320 fi ne days in 2015 and the maximum PM2.5 was prone to appear at night, the minimum was usuallyin the afternoon, but in the early morning in Lhasa, and the minimum in winter was even in the earlymorning, midday and afternoon in some cities. Higher concentrations of PM2.5 were found in the EastChina Plain and the cities around Taklimakan Desert, preceded by the Yangtze River Delta economic zone,Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone and Harbin-Changchun megalopolis, while the lower values coveredthe northwestern region of Xinjiang, Heilongjiang Xing’an Mountains region, northeast high latitudes ofInner Mongolia, southwest high altitudes in the border area of Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau andthe southeast coastal areas.展开更多
The pollution of particulate matter less than 2.5μm （PM2.5） is a serious environmental problem in Beijing. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 in 2001 from seasonal monitor results was more than 6 times that ...The pollution of particulate matter less than 2.5μm （PM2.5） is a serious environmental problem in Beijing. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 in 2001 from seasonal monitor results was more than 6 times that of the U,S, national ambient air quality standards proposed by U.S. EPA. The major contributors to mass of PM2.5 were organics, crustal elements and sulfate. The chemical composition of PM2.5 varied largely with season, but was similar at different monitor stations in the same season. The fine particles （PM2.5） cause atmospheric visibility deterioration through light extinction, The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were anti-correlated to the visibility, the best fits between atmospheric visibility and the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were somehow different： power in spring, exponential in summer, logarithmic in autumn, power or exponential in winter. As in each season the meteorological parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity change from day to day, probably the reason of above correlations between PM2.5 and visibility obtained at different seasons come from the differences in chemical compositions of PM2.5.展开更多
China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China....China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.展开更多
文摘Outdoor air pollution is a known risk factor for mortality and morbidity.The type of air pollutant most reliably associated with disease is particulate matter（PM）,especially finer particulate matter that can reach deeper into the lungs like PM_（2.5）（particulate matter diameter 〈 2.5 μm）.Some subpopulations may be particularly vulnerable to PM pollution.This review focuses on one subgroup,long-term stroke survivors,and the emerging evidence suggesting that survivors of a stroke may be at a higher risk from the deleterious effects of PM pollution.While the mechanisms for mortality are still under debate,long-term stroke survivors may be vulnerable to similar mechanisms that underlie the well-established association between PM pollution and cardiovascular disease.The fact that long-term stroke survivors of ischemic,but not hemorrhagic,strokes appear to be more vulnerable to the risk of death from higher PM pollution may also bolster the connection to ischemic heart disease.Survivors of an ischemic stroke may be more vulnerable to dying from higher concentrations of PM pollution than the general population.The clinical implications of this association suggest that reduced exposure to PM pollution may result in fewer deaths amongst stroke survivors.
基金Supported by Guizhou Province Science and Technology Fund(LKT[2012]07,25).
文摘Air pollution is one of the top environmental concerns and causes of deaths and variousdiseases worldwide. In this paper, PM2.5 observation data at 1,497 automatic air quality-monitoringstations in 367 cities of China in 2015 were utilized, and the study on spatiotemporal distribution of PM2.5concentration found that the average annual concentration of PM2.5 in urban China in 2015 was 49.74 μg/m3and exceeded the annual average limit in 287 cities. PM2.5 concentrations were highest in winter and lowestin summer in most cities, but it reached the highest in spring in the cities around Taklimakan Desert. Therewere 320 fi ne days in 2015 and the maximum PM2.5 was prone to appear at night, the minimum was usuallyin the afternoon, but in the early morning in Lhasa, and the minimum in winter was even in the earlymorning, midday and afternoon in some cities. Higher concentrations of PM2.5 were found in the EastChina Plain and the cities around Taklimakan Desert, preceded by the Yangtze River Delta economic zone,Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone and Harbin-Changchun megalopolis, while the lower values coveredthe northwestern region of Xinjiang, Heilongjiang Xing’an Mountains region, northeast high latitudes ofInner Mongolia, southwest high altitudes in the border area of Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau andthe southeast coastal areas.
基金国家重点研发计划重点专项(No.2018YFC0214005)国家自然科学基金项目(No.41603102)+2 种基金南开大学环境污染过程与基准教育部重点实验室开放基金(No.201803)Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0214005)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41603012)Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria,Ministry of Education,China(No.201803)
基金The General Project of the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. 8012009) and the Key Project of the BeijingMunicipal Sciences & Technology Commission (No. H020620190091-H020620250230)
文摘The pollution of particulate matter less than 2.5μm （PM2.5） is a serious environmental problem in Beijing. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 in 2001 from seasonal monitor results was more than 6 times that of the U,S, national ambient air quality standards proposed by U.S. EPA. The major contributors to mass of PM2.5 were organics, crustal elements and sulfate. The chemical composition of PM2.5 varied largely with season, but was similar at different monitor stations in the same season. The fine particles （PM2.5） cause atmospheric visibility deterioration through light extinction, The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were anti-correlated to the visibility, the best fits between atmospheric visibility and the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were somehow different： power in spring, exponential in summer, logarithmic in autumn, power or exponential in winter. As in each season the meteorological parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity change from day to day, probably the reason of above correlations between PM2.5 and visibility obtained at different seasons come from the differences in chemical compositions of PM2.5.
基金the National Key Research Development Program of China(2016YFC0208901 and 2017YFC0212100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71722003 and 71690244)。
文摘China’s past economic growth has substantially relied on fossil fuels,causing serious air pollution issues.Decoupling economic growth and pollution has become the focus in developing ecological civilization in China.We have analyzed the three-decade progress of air pollution controls in China,highlighting a strategic transformation from emission control toward air quality management.Emission control of sulfur dioxide(SO2)resolved the deteriorating acid rain issue in China in 2007.Since 2013,control actions on multiple precursors and sectors have targeted the reduction of the concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5),marking a transition to an air-quality-oriented strategy.Increasing ozone(O3)pollution further requires O3 and PM2.5 integrated control strategies with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions.Fundamental improvement of air quality in China,as a key indicator for the success of ecological civilization construction,demands the deep de-carbonization of China’s energy system as well as more synergistic pathways to address air pollution and global climate change simultaneously.
