Impacts of Climate Change on Seawater Temperature and Total Dissolved Solids: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions for Reverse Osmosis Desalination in the Arabian Gulf Region

This article examines the influence of seawater temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on reverse osmosis (RO) desalination in the Arabian Gulf region, with a focus on the impact of climate change. The study highlights the changes in seawater temperature and TDS levels over the years and discusses their effects on the efficiency and productivity of RO desalination plants. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring TDS levels and controlling seawater temperature to optimize water production. The article also suggests various solutions, including intensive pre-treatment, development of high-performance membranes, exploration of alternative water sources, and regulation of discharges into the Gulf, to ensure sustainable water supply in the face of rising TDS levels and seawater temperature. Further research and comprehensive monitoring are recommended to understand the implications of these findings and develop effective strategies for the management of marine resources in the Arabian Gulf.

Study of reverse osmosis membranes fouling by inorganic salts and colloidal particles during seawater desalination

Fouling phenomenon is considered among the major reasons that cause significant increase of operating cost of desalination plants equipped with reverse osmosis(RO)membranes.This phenomenon is studied in the present work in the case of RO polyamide aromatic membranes using model seawater containing inorganic salts and colloidal compounds.Different solubility conditions of CaCO3 and CaSO4 were applied to study RO performances with and without colloid presence.During experiments,the membrane permeate fluxes were continuously monitored.Moreover,studies of chemical composition,structure,and morphology of the materials deposited on the membrane surface were conducted using energy dispersive microanalysis(EDS)X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy(SEM).Results show that in conditions of calcium carbonate oversaturation there is a reduction in the permeate flow of 11.2%due to fouling of the membrane by the precipitation of this compound.While in the same conditions of calcium sulphate oversaturation the reduction of the flow is 5%,so we can conclude that in conditions of oversaturation of both salts,calcium carbonate produces a greater fouling of the membrane that in its view causes greater decrease in the flow of permeate.All this based on the results of the test with both salts in oversaturated conditions.Resulting in the formation of calcite and gypsum crystals onto the membranes as XRD analyses stated.Additional presence of colloidal silica in those conditions intensifies strongly the fouling,leading until to 24.1%of permeate flux decrease.

Performance of Nanofiltration (NF) and Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis (LPRO) Membranes in the Removal of Fluorine and Salinity from Brackish Drinking Water

Certain areas in Senegal have a serious problem of high fluoride and salinity in underground water because of soil properties. This water currently used for drink has a bad taste on consumption and caused diseases like dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. A membrane filtration plant constructed by Pall Corporation was improved through nanofiltration (NF) and Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis (LPRO). Both NF and LPRO membranes were shown applicable for salinity and fluoride ions removal from brackish and high fluorinated drinking water in a remote community. The NF membrane has given a fluorine retention rate varying between 63.3% and 71% while the LPRO membrane allow to reach 97 to 98.9% for fluorine rejection. Highest salinity rejection rates expressed through conductivity measurements are around 46% and 97% for respectively NF and LPRO.

Research Progress of Brackish Water Desalination by Reverse Osmosis

Brackish water (BW) desalination is a primary path to relieve the shortage of water. As one of the BW desalination methods, reverse osmosis (RO) technology has advantage for both technology and process procedure. The expounding of this research studied or reviewed recent years, reverse osmosis membrane, energy recovery, new energy and application technology in BW desalination of RO at home and abroad. Wind power and solar energy can be combined with energy recovery device for RO. The research also explains that BW desalination by RO is practical and feasible in some areas in China.

Economic and Technical Analysis of a Reverse-Osmosis Water Desalination Plant Using DEEP-3.2 Software

Reverse osmosis （RO） is proved to be the most reliable, cost effective, and energy efficient in producing fresh water compared to other desalination technologies. It is the fastest-growing desalination technology with a greater number of installations around the world. The economic and technical performance of a medium-capacity RO desalination plant （2,000 m^3/day） proposed to be installed in Umm Qasr city south of Basra, Iraq is analyzed using DEEP-3.2 software created by the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA）. This port city is located on the Gulf shore and does not have any fresh water resources. The analysis shows that the cost of fresh water produced by this plant is US$0.986/m^3 with a good quality of fresh water （279 ppm）, which is a reasonable price for this remote area. The analysis also shows an increase in water production cost of about 12% at increased electricity price from 0.06 to 0.1 US$/kWh, 53% when the seawater salinity increased from 35,000 to 45,000 ppm, 2.5% when the seawater temperature decreased from 33 ℃ to 20 ℃, and 0.71% when the interest rate increased from 0% to 5%. Pumping fresh water from the Basra purification plant （located 175 km north of Umm Qasr） is 22.16 times the cost and 236.7% poorer quality than the fresh water produced by the RO plant.

Solar-Driven Water Treatment: New Technologies, Challenges, and Futures

In this review, the new solar water treatment technologies, including solar water desalination in two direct and indirect methods, are comprehensively presented. Recent advances and applications of five major solar desalination technologies include solar-powered humidification–dehumidification, multi-stage flash desalination, multi-effect desalination, RO, and solar stills. Each technology’s productivity, energy consumption, and water production costs are presented. Also, common methods of solar water disinfection have been reviewed as one of the common and low-cost methods of water treatment, especially in areas with no access to drinking water. However, although desalination technologies have many social, economic, and public health benefits, they are energy-intensive and negatively affect the environment. In addition, the disposal of brine from the desalination processes is one of the most challenging and costly issues. In this regard, the environmental effects of desalination technologies are presented and discussed. Among direct solar water desalination technologies, solar still technology is a low-cost, low-tech, and low-investment method suitable for remote areas, especially in developing countries with low financial support and access to skilled workers. Indirect solar-driven water desalination technologies, including thermal and membrane technologies, are more reliable and technically more mature. Recently, RO technology has received particular attention thanks to its lower energy demand, lower cost, and available solutions to increase membrane durability. Disposal of brines can account for much of the water cost and potentially negatively affect the environment. Therefore, in addition to efforts to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of solar technologies and water treatment processes, future research studies should consider developing new solutions to this issue.

基于PLC反渗透海水淡化控制系统的设计与开发

针对反渗透海水淡化系统工艺复杂、运维繁琐、对操作人员专业技能要求高的特点,研发了一套反渗透海水淡化控制系统。详细研究整个工艺系统中预处理、反渗透等关键工艺环节的原理及自动控制过程。从系统的硬件设计和软件开发两个方面进行详细阐述。硬件设计方面,根据装置规模和控制需求完成控制系统设备选型。软件开发方面,完成控制器及人机交互界面多套软件的开发。该系统成功应用于高校反渗透海水淡化教学实践课。应用结果表明:该系统设计合理、操作界面简洁方便,在稳定安全运行的同时可实现教学培训、故障处理等目的。该系统在提高海水淡化操作人员专业技能的同时,也对高校创新其他专业的实操培训课程提供了借鉴和技术支撑。

Surface modification of mesoporous silica nanoparticle with 4-triethoxysilylaniline to enhance seawater desalination properties of thin-film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles(MSN),with higher water permeability than NaA zeolite,were used to fabricate thin-film nanocomposite(TFN)reverse osmosis(RO)membranes.However,only aminoalkyl-modified MSN and low-pressure(less than 2.1 MPa)RO membrane were investigated.In this study,aminophenyl-modified MSN(AMSN)were synthesized and used to fabricate high-pressure(5.52 MPa)RO membranes.With the increasing of AMSN dosage,the crosslinking degree of the aromatic polyamide decreased,while the hydrophilicity of the membranes increased.The membrane morphology was maintained to show a ridge-and-valley structure,with only a slight increase in membrane surface roughness.At the optimum conditions(AMSN dosage of 0.25 g/L),when compared with the pure polyamide RO membrane,the water flux of the TFN RO membrane(55.67 L/m^2/h)was increased by about 21.6%,while NaCl rejection(98.97%)was slightly decreased by only 0.29%.However,the water flux of the membranes was much lower than expected.We considered that the enhancement of RO membrane permeability is attributed to the reduction of the effective thickness of the PA layer.

基于响应面法的微咸水反渗透脱盐工艺优化

为应对淡水资源短缺,提高微咸水反渗透工艺的处理效果,设计了一种单级多通道低压反渗透(RO)中试装置,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法(RSM)建立了微咸水RO淡化过程的模拟和优化模型.在不同的进料浓度,进水流量和浓淡水比例等工艺参数条件下,考察了系统的盐截留率和膜通量,分析和计算了系统的评价系数和单位能耗(SEC).结果表明,进料浓度和浓淡水比例是影响盐截留率的显著因素.低进料浓度、较高进水流量并不能显著提高盐截留率,反而会增加设备的单位能耗.在5000mg/L进料浓度的条件下,控制进水流量258.02L/h,浓淡水比例1.39时,脱盐效果最佳,评价系数达到10.58L/(m^(2)·h),单位能耗相对最低为5.15(kW·h)/m^(3).所建的RSM模型能够较好地模拟微咸水反渗透脱盐的过程,SEC预测精度良好,R^(2)值达到0.9925,盐截留率模型误差RMSE仅为0.36.RSM模型可以用于优化不同进料浓度下的操作条件,指导反渗透脱盐工艺的长期高效运行.

反渗透海水淡化技术在核能综合利用上的应用研究

在全球能源与水资源日益紧张的背景下,探索高效且可持续的能源与水资源利用方式成为当务之急。聚焦于反渗透海水淡化技术与核能综合利用相结合,旨在探索一种新的资源利用模式,以应对能源和水资源的双重挑战。研究结果表明,基于核能供能的反渗透海水淡化可提高能效、减少化石燃料依赖和温室气体排放,同时降低水的黏度,优化能源的综合利用效率。

苦咸水淡化处理研究进展

在我国一些干旱缺水地区,苦咸水是该地区仅有的可利用的水资源,因此苦咸水淡化成为了解决干旱地区域缺水的重要途径。为更系统的了解目前苦咸水淡化处理工艺及其流程,本文综述了近年来国内外苦咸水淡化处理技术和工艺流程,系统地总结了各处理方法的优缺点,并对未来苦咸水淡化技术的研究方向进行展望。

细菌在反渗透膜生物污染中的作用及防控研究进展

海水反渗透膜的生物污染是海水淡化行业面临的一个世界性难题。查阅近年国内外关于海水淡化系统反渗透膜生物污染的文献以及其他相关资料,对海水淡化系统RO膜上优势细菌群落组成及胞外聚合物在膜生物污染中的作用进行了总结,讨论了与膜污染有关的耐氯菌种并简述了以预处理为主的常见防控方法和使用群体抑制酶为主的生物防治新方法。为解决耐氯菌生物膜难以被杀菌剂去除、处理成本较高等问题,提出未来应针对耐氯菌及其他胞外聚合物分泌能力强的微生物等开展研究,并结合预处理、化学清洗和生物控制等方法设计因地制宜的全面防控方案。

脱盐水系统的技术改造

E-pack绿色脱盐技术具有节约水资源、降低生产成本、扩大制水产能的优势。采用E-pack绿色脱盐技术替代反渗透脱盐工艺,保证了公司生产系统脱盐水的供应,使单位水耗由原有的37%降低至目前的8%。

国产IPX能量回收装置在大型反渗透海水淡化中的运行

介绍了国产电机驱动转子式能量回收装置在山东某海水淡化厂中的运行情况。该海水淡化厂采用气浮-超滤预处理,经二级反渗透淡化,二级反渗透产能为5万m^(3)/d。一级反渗透海水淡化设置了3套产能为1.96万m^(3)/d SWRO单元,其中1#单元采用了国产IPX-110能量回收装置,2020年5月完成调试,测试效率为90.5%,运行3年多,当前效率为92.0%,运行性能稳定;2#和3#单元采用了进口PX能量回收装置。运行结果各项指标均达设计目标,满足了周边工业企业用水要求。

反渗透海水淡化系统混合膜设计

节能型反渗透海水淡化系统的设计对于进一步降低制水成本,促进海水淡化的普及应用意义深远。混合膜设计(HID)是一种新颖的反渗透系统设计方式,其特色是在同一个压力容器内排列不同类型的膜元件,通过不同膜元件性能互补实现效益最大化。文中采用软件模拟方式,以水质、能耗、配流为考察指标,首先对杜邦(DuPont)、LG、东丽(Toray)、海德能(Hydranautics)四大主流膜产品在HID中的性能差异进行对比,结果表明,Toray膜在平衡流量和节能效率方面具有明显优势。进一步以Toray膜为研究对象,深入探讨温度和配置比例对性能指标的影响,结果表明,温度是影响HID的一个重要因素,在水温低、水质变化较小的北方海域,HID节能效应更突出,效率可达9%,流量平衡效应明显增强。

高矿化度矿井水超滤-反渗透脱盐试验研究

为了实现高矿化度矿井水的综合利用,对梧桐庄矿经过深化处理的矿井水应用超滤(UF)-反渗透(RO)工艺进行了脱盐试验研究。超滤预处理系统的研究内容包括膜压差、超滤膜反冲洗周期最佳参数的确定;反渗透系统的研究内容包括压力、温度对系统的影响以及相关离子的去除率。试验结果表明:超滤系统的膜压差宜控制在0.122 MPa,反冲洗周期宜控制在30 min~45 min;反渗透系统的操作压力宜控制在1.4 MPa~2.0 MPa,操作温度宜控制在14℃~24℃,最佳温度在22℃左右;反渗透系统对Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-等二价离子去除率在98%以上,对一价Cl^(-)去除率在96%以上,对总硬度的去除率在97%以上。为避免膜结垢堵塞,保证反渗透系统的稳定、连续运行,工程设计中反渗透系统脱盐率一般按97%设计。

电渗析在原水脱盐中的应用及COMSOL传质模型研究

电渗析脱盐技术(ED)在原水淡化、微咸水淡化、海水淡化、工业废水回收利用等方面具有一定的优势。文章通过结合电渗析和反渗透技术,设计制造了电渗析脱盐综合装置,为黄河水水源脱盐取得了较好的效果,并建立了传质过程的数学模型。

海水淡化水厂工程设计探析

为了缓解福建平潭岛上居民生活用水短缺的问题,文中以福建平潭某新建海水淡化水厂为例,对该项目整体设计方案及工艺展开论述。实践表明,采用以超滤和反渗透为主体的海水淡化处理技术,建成后,海水淡化水厂的出水浊度小于0.50NTU,pH值为6.64,各项指标均达到较高水平且自动化程度较高。

荧光示踪剂在监测二级水浓缩倍数中的应用

文章针对反渗透海水淡化二级产品水作为循环冷却系统补充水时,水中离子含量低、药剂干扰大,导致浓缩倍数计算结果偏差大的问题,采用添加荧光化合物的方法监测系统浓缩倍数,并探讨了荧光示踪剂1,3,6,8-芘四磺酸钠在去离子水中的荧光特性,考察了杀菌剂、阻垢缓蚀剂对荧光特性的影响;采用静态阻垢性能试验方法,模拟冷却系统条件,综合评价了浓缩条件变化对其荧光特性的影响。结果表明,1,3,6,8-芘四磺酸钠荧光信号稳定,能够有效监测循环冷却系统浓缩倍数变化。

反渗透膜市场及技术研究

反渗透是一种膜分离的过程,以膜与膜之间的压力差为推动力,是渗透的逆过程,也是目前最为先进的分离技术之一。通过多方走访与市场调研,分析了国内反渗透膜产能不足及技术垄断的现状,针对市场问题提出了相应的技术解决方案,并进一步探讨了反渗透膜技术未来发展的趋势。