An Improved Method of the Energy Loss Calculation Considering the Volatility of Wind Power Generation

The energy loss of the power grid is one of the key factors affecting the economic operation of power systems. How to calculate the electric energy consumption accurately will have a great influence on the planning, operation and management of the power grid. Currently there is a mountain of theoretical methods to calculate the line loss of the power system. However, these methods have some limitation, such as less considering the volatility of wind power resources. This paper presents an improved method to calculate the energy loss of wind power generation, considering the fluctuations of wind power generation. First, data are collected to obtain the curve of the typical daily expected output of wind farms for one month. Second, the curve of the typical daily expected output are corrected by the average electricity and the shape factor to obtain the curve of the typical daily equivalent output of wind farms for one month. Finally, the power flow is calculated by using typical daily equivalent output curve to describe the energy loss for one month. The results in the 110 kV main network show that the method is feasible.

Power output and efficiency optimization of endoreversible non-isothermal chemical engine via Lewis analogy

Compared with endoreversible heat engine with pure heat transfer and endoreversible isothermal chemical engine with pure mass transfer,endoreversible non-isothermal chemical engine(ENICE)is a more reasonable model of practical mass exchanger,solid device and chemo-electric systems.There exists heat and mass transfer(HMT)simultaneously between working fluid and chemical potential reservoir in ENICE.There is coupled HMT effect that in ENICE should be considered.There are two ways to consider this coupled effect.One is based on Onsager equations,and another is based on Lewis analogy.For the mathematical and physical description of the above HMT process,the model using Onsager equations are more appropriate in the linear HMT region not far from the equilibrium state,while that based on Lewis analogy is more appropriate in nonlinear HMT region far from the equilibrium state.Different from the previous research on the power optimization of ENICEs with Onsager equations,this paper optimizes power and efficiency of ENICE based on Lewis analogy.HMT processes are assumed to obey Newtonian heat transfer law(q∝ΔT,and T is temperature)and Fick's diffusive mass transfer law(g∝Δc,and c is concentration),respectively.Analytical results of power output and corresponding vector efficiency(η_(T)andη_(μ))of ENICE are obtained,which provide important parallel results with those based on Onsager equations.They include special cases for endoreversible Carnot heat engine with q∝ΔT and endoreversible isothermal chemical engine with g∝Δc.Adopting Lewis analogy in the modelling of ENICEs with simultaneous HMT is an important work.It provides important analytical and numerical results different from those with Onsager equations obtained previously and enriches the research contents of FTT.The research results in this paper have a certain guiding significance for the optimal designs of single irreversible NICEs,multistage NICE systems,practical mass exchangers,solid devices,chemo-electric systems,and so on.

无线电能传输系统最大效率追踪及恒压输出复合控制方法

针对无线电能传输(WPT)系统的传输效率受耦合线圈之间的互感以及负载影响的特点,该文提出一种基于阻抗匹配技术的最大效率追踪及基于前馈PI控制的恒压输出复合控制方法。首先,对双边LCC型WPT系统的参数和传输效率进行分析,通过调整系统参数优化系统的传输效率。其次,在二次侧使用DC-DC变换器采用阻抗匹配的方法实现最大效率追踪,同时在一次侧采用DC-DC变换器利用前馈PI控制器闭环控制负载端电压实现恒压输出。该方法中,效率追踪和电压控制之间相互独立,互不干扰。此外,该方法还通过系统工作时的电路参数来估算线圈间的互感值,并通过线性拟合的方法对该估算互感值进行修正,得到更精确的互感估算值。最后,通过搭建实验平台验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。与PI控制相比,前馈PI控制方法在快速性和抗扰动性上均具有明显优势。

基于海南生态环境下光伏电池输出特性的建模与仿真研究

研究不同环境下光伏电池输出特性,对研究最大功率点和提高光伏系统效率具有重要意义。建立了改进的光伏电池数学模型,搭建了光伏电池的仿真模型,对光伏电池在不同光照强度和不同温度下的输出特性进行了仿真,并针对海口地区的具体情况,在不同倾角下对光伏电池输出各项参数进行仿真。最后,总结出光伏电池随光照强度和环境温度的变化规律,确定了海口市光伏电池板的最佳安装倾角。

考虑灵活性分析的典型光伏日出力率曲线提取方法

为了在电力系统灵活性分析过程中,提取对系统灵活性影响较大的典型光伏日出力率曲线,提出一种考虑灵活性分析的典型光伏日出力率曲线提取方法,确定对灵活性影响较大的光伏日发电曲线范围,利用斯皮尔曼相关系数和随机贪心算法改进K-means聚类算法,对光伏日出力率曲线进行聚类,利用灰狼算法提取典型光伏日出力率曲线。算例分析以蒙西电网2019—2022年光伏日出力数据为研究对象,结果表明,利用所提方法提取的典型光伏日出力率曲线,能够有效反映光伏发电对系统灵活性的影响。

基于周期性最大功率点检测的风电机组功率备用控制方法

风电机组通常运行于最大功率输出模式,无法为受扰电网提供紧急功率支撑。稳态时预留部分出力可提高风电机组主动电网支撑能力,为此提出一种基于周期性最大功率点(MPP)检测的风电机组功率备用控制(PRC)方法。通过周期性执行最大功率点跟踪程序检测风电机组实时MPP,一旦检测到MPP即可确定PRC模式参考值并切换为直接功率控制。设置伪单调转速-机械功率曲线使风电机组稳定运行在超速功率备用点,并通过储能装置平抑MPP检测产生的峰值功率波动。仿真结果表明提出的控制方法在定风速和变风速情况下均可以准确控制检测风电机组MPP并实现PRC,并且使得风电机组一次调频效果优于传统PRC。

Power-optimization of multistage non-isothermal chemical engine system via Onsager equations,Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory and dynamic programming

The research on the output rate performance limit of the multi-stage energy conversion system based on modern optimal control theory is one of the hot spots of finite time thermodynamics.The existing research mainly focuses on the multi-stage heat engine system with pure heat transfer and the multi-stage isothermal chemical engine(ICE)system with pure mass transfer,while the multi-stage non ICE system with heat and mass transfer coupling is less involved.A multistage endoreversible non-isothermal chemical engine(ENICE)system with a finite high-chemical-potential(HCP)source(driving fluid)and an infinite low-chemical-potential sink(environment)is researched.The multistage continuous system is treated as infinitesimal ENICEs located continuously.Each infinitesimal ENICE is assumed to be a single-stage ENICE with stationary reservoirs.Extending single-stage results,the maximum power output(MPO)of the multistage system is obtained.Heat and mass transfer processes between the reservoir and working fluid are assumed to obey Onsager equations.For the fixed initial time,fixed initial fluid temperature,and fixed initial concentration of key component(CKC)in the HCP source,continuous and discrete models of the multistage system are optimized.With given initial reservoir temperature,initial CKC,and total process time,the MPO of the multistage ENICE system is optimized with fixed and free final temperature and final concentration.If the final concentration and final temperature are free,there are optimal final temperature and optimal final concentration for the multistage ENICE system to achieve MPO;meanwhile,there are low limit values for final fluid temperature and final concentration.Special cases for multistage endoreversible Carnot heat engines and ICE systems are further obtained.For the model in this paper,the minimum entropy generation objective is not equivalent to MPO objective.

基于发电集群协同划分的分布式光伏发电并网功率调节方法

分布式光伏发电并网的平稳运行至关重要。为了降低功率波动对电网频率的影响,本研究基于发电集群协同划分,设计分布式光伏发电并网功率调节方法。首先,在构建分布式光伏发电模型的基础上,分析其发电输出特性,并跟踪最大输出功率点。然后,基于协调算法动态划分光伏发电集群,并计算无功调节和有功调节范围。最后,在光伏功率波动平抑的基础上,规划并网系统调频储能容量,再构建分布式光伏发电并网功率调节模型,抑制各电池储能系统间功率环流问题,实现功率调节。根据仿真实验可知,在3种典型天气条件下,该方法均能够有效控制并网光伏发电功率。并网系统出现故障后,该方法能够在短时间内快速响应,完成功率平衡调节。

Transfer Strategy for Power Output Estimation of Wind Farm at Planning Stage Based on a SVR Model

The conventional wind farm(WF)power generation modelling method highly relies on wind hindcast produced by record time-series data or numerical weather modelling.However,estimating production at future sites is challenging in the absence of local wind monitoring.To address this,a data-driven WF modelling and model transfer strategy is proposed in this work.It considers the challenge of how to transpose metered data from existing operational WFs to sites that might feature as a prospective site for a new WF.By modelling 14 WFs distributed across Scotland using a machine learning(ML)approach,this study proved it was possible to effectively model metered production at a site using modelled wind speed and direction.In addition,this study also found when the latitude difference between two WFs is less than 0.2 degrees and the distance is less than 5o km,two WFs in non-mountainous areas can share an ML model.The results of the shared ML model remain superior to the results of the given power curve from manufacturers,after adjusting the results by the ratio of the power curve in these two WFs.The WF model transfer strategy investigated in this work offered a novel approach to transposing WF production estimates to new sites and appeared to offer better value than simple power curves,which is of importance at the early planning stage for site selection,although it would likely not fully replace detailed micro-siting modelling which are well established in the industry.Index Terms-Machine learning,model transfer strategy,power curve,power output estimation,wind farm.

D类音频功放的双声道转单声道电路设计

本文设计了一种适用于D类音频功放的双声道转单声道电路,可有效将立体声放大器转换为单声放大器。该电路有效降低了功放的输出阻抗,减小了输出功率管的耗散功率,提升了效率;同时,因其并行工作的原理,单声道模式的总承载电流增大,相同总谐波失真下单声道模式的最大输出功率得到提升。

基于垂荡和纵摇运动模型对波浪能最大输出功率的设计

研究波浪能装置最大输出功率的设计,以运动平衡方程和能量输出系统研究为基础理论背景,建立浮子和振子的垂荡、纵摇运动模型和最优阻尼系数模型,确定给定时间下的浮子与振子的垂荡位移及速度和纵摇位移及角速度,并借助模拟退火算法和网格搜索算法分别确定两种情况下给定参数值的最大输出功率及最优阻尼系数.

基于最大准入功率计算的分布式光伏电源故障预警

太阳辐射量、太阳能电池组件的倾斜角度、太阳能电池组件转化效率等都是影响光伏发电功率的重要因素,在对分布式光伏电源进行故障预警时,最大功率的约束是研究的重点和难点。为此,提出基于最大准入功率计算的分布式光伏电源故障预警方法。构建分布式光伏电源出力模型,获取分布式光伏电源的无功功率上下限;基于最大准入功率计算谐波潮流分布,求得短路容量值;预测分布式光伏电源故障,划分故障预警等级。经试验论证分析得出:所提方法预测的光伏功率耗损数据与实际值更为接近,有利于故障的发现;所提方法能够计算出各分布式光伏电源节点的预警指标的关联度,确定各节点预警故障状态,试验中处于绿色预警状态的节点有3个,黄色预警节点有6个,橙色预警有2个,红色预警有1个,可见所提方法表现出了较好的故障预警效果。

基于I-V曲线逆推法的光伏组件故障诊断策略

光伏组件故障诊断一般依赖于对辐照度和温度等环境变量的测量,对分散的组件故障判别不够精确。文章提出了基于逆推I-V曲线法的光伏组件故障诊断策略。该策略事先提取光伏组件模型参数,然后计算不同辐照度及太阳能电池温度下的I-V曲线,形成I-V曲线库;在运行时无须实时监测太阳能电池运行时表面辐照度及平均温度,仅测量光伏组件的开路电压、短路电流和最大功率点电压、电流,即可判断出组件是否发生故障。搭建实验平台对典型故障进行模拟并利用该策略进行判别,结果表明,文章提出的策略能够有效判断组件的故障。利用该策略研发了单板故障监测模块,实现了光伏组件在线故障判断,提高了光伏组件故障判断的精确性及光伏电站运行的可靠性和经济性。

考虑功率最大输出与储能协调的光储VSG控制策略

在传统虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator, VSG)控制的光储系统中,电池通过频繁充放电处理波动的光伏功率,易出现早衰问题。为优化电池运行,提出一种考虑功率最大输出与储能协调的光储VSG控制策略。首先,建立输出频率与直流侧电容电压偏差的比例关系,实现光伏功率的最大输出与VSG的惯性支撑。其次,利用下垂特性控制电池功率输出,在实现系统一次调频功能的基础上提升电池能量管理的灵活度。然后,设计一种稳定直流侧电压的分段控制方案,确保系统正常工作时直流侧电压在合理范围之内。最后,通过仿真实验验证所提方法不仅保留了VSG的惯性支撑和一次调频功能,还实现了光伏功率的最大输出,减少了对电池的依赖。

两种河床式水电站调度曲线的分析与研究

为了分析低水头、日调节或径流式水电站的出力情况,研究适用于水电站的发电调度运行方式曲线,笔者研究分析折线形和山峰形两种出力限制曲线,对两种曲线合理性进行分析和验证,并提出应用建议。结果表明,两种曲线均可以大幅提高水电站及电网调度对短期(日内)预想出力的预测精度。两种曲线均可适用于低水头、径流式水电站在不同水头条件的调度需求,有一定借鉴意义。

关联装置输出参数的确定

通过对关联装置的最高输出电压、最高输出电流、最高输出功率、最大外部电容、最大外部电感进行分析,采用分立元件搭建电路,利用数学公式进行计算剖析,为本安关联装置输出参数的确定提供理论指导。

基于T-S模糊神经网络的光伏发电机组自动控制

光照情况变化会使光伏发电机组功率呈现不稳定性,加大光伏发电机组控制难度,为此,设计了基于T-S模糊神经网络的光伏发电机组自动控制方法。构建光伏阵列数学模型,分析在均匀和不均匀2种光照情况下光伏发电机组特性曲线。以分析结果为依据,采用T-S模糊神经网络构建光伏发电机组自动控制模型。为保证良好的控制效果,引入定比因子优化隶属度函数,输出最佳跟踪结果,结合最佳跟踪结果和自动控制模型实现光伏发电机组自动控制。测试结果显示,该方法能够完成光伏阵列特性分析,控制效果好。

光伏发电与风力发电的并网技术分析

由于现行技术在新能源发电并网中应用效果不佳,并网干扰谐波电流幅值较高,而且光电与风电转换效率比较低,无法达到预期的并网效果。因此,提出光伏发电与风力发电的并网技术分析。根据电子电路原理,建立光伏电池模型与风力发电模型,采用恒定电压法对光伏发电与风力发电最大输出功率跟踪控制,将光伏发电与风力发电输出经过逆变器调整电压后,并联于直流母线,实现光电与风电的并入电压。实验结果表明:设计技术应用下并网干扰谐波电流幅值在0.1 V以下,光电与风电转换效率在65%以上,在电力工程领域具有良好的应用前景。

光伏并网系统的建模与仿真

根据光伏电池数学模型,在Matlab软件中建立光伏电池的仿真模型并进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,光伏电池的输出呈明显的非线性特性,并随环境温度和光照的变化而变化。在光伏电池最大功率点跟踪方面,提出了一种变步长扰动观察法,可根据外界环境变化,使光伏阵列快速、准确地跟踪最大功率点,同时也能保证系统的稳定。此外,对于逆变器模块,由建模仿真验证了三电平逆变器并网控制策略,得到了稳定的三相正弦电压和电流,为光伏系统稳定并网提供了支撑。

Droop Control Method to Achieve Maximum Power Output of Photovoltaic for Parallel Inverter System

In general,the power distribution of a parallel inverter is achieved by the use of droop control in a microgrid system,which consists of PV inverters and non-regeneration energy source inverters without energy storage devices in an islanded mode.If the shared load power is no more than the available maximum PV inverter output power,then there is a power waste for the PV inverter.In addition,due to the intermittency of PV sources,the system may become unstable if the shared load power is more than the available maximum power output of the PV(MPO-PV)inverter.Therefore,in order to avoid power waste and potential instability caused by insufficient PV power by traditional droop control,this paper recommends an improved droop control scheme to maximize the power output of PV units.As required by the load,the remaining power is composed of the other inverters,which can effectively improve the utilization rating of renewable energy sources and system stability.At the same time,according to the system stability analysis based on small signal modeling,it has been designed around the droop coefficients of the improved droop control loop.In the end,the simulation and experimental results show that the suggested scheme has a varied validity and robustness.