Impact of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Enterprise Performance

The present study seeks to address two fundamental questions.(1)Does outward foreign direct investment(OFDI)enhance enterprise performance ultimately?(2)How does this effect come about?A new dataset from the years 2011 to 2016 based on the micro-data of 88 Chinese multinational-listed enterprises was used to test research hypotheses with the mediating effect modeling approach.The study results reveal that:(1)the investment intensity has a positive influence,while investment span has a negative influence on enterprise performance;(2)the enhanced innovation capability can considerably increase the enterprise performance,while investment intensity and span both hinder the upgrading of innovation capability;and(3)the innovation capability of an enterprise plays a partial intermediary role among investment span and enterprise performance.However,there is no mediating effect between investment intensity,innovation ability,and enterprise performance.

Impact of China’s outward foreign direct investment on environmental pollution in the home country

In the context of economic globalization and increasingly tight resource and environmental constraints,the environmental effect of open economy has been highly concerned by the academic community.With the implementation of the“Going Global”campaign and the“Belt and Road Initiative”,China’s OFDI has been expanding.What is the impact of the rapid growth of OFDI on the home environment?How can China improve the quality and level of OFDI in order to promote domestic green development under the dual context of constructing a new dual circulation development pattern and advocating green development?These questions deserve further discussion.Most of the existing literature focuses on the empirical interpretation of OFDI’s home country environmental effect by using linear models,while few involve nonlinear models.The literature on the important role of financial development in home country and the threshold effect of OFDI on home country environment is even less common.In view of this,based on the mechanism of argumentation and propositional inference,this paper calculated the environmental pollution index of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2017 by using China’s provincial panel data of these years and selecting industrial waste water,industrial waste gas,industrial SO_(2),and industrial soot emissions and industrial solid waste production amount index.Then,this paper empirically studied China's OFDI home environment of financial development threshold effect by constructing financial development as the threshold variables panel threshold model.The results showed that:①China’s OFDI had a significant impact on the environment of the home country,based on the level of financial development of the home country.When China’s financial development level was lower than the first threshold value,China’s OFDI had a significant restraining effect on environmental pollution in the home country.When China’s financial development level crossed the first threshold value but did not exceed the second threshold value,China’s OFDI significantly enhanced its inhibiting effect on environmental pollution in its home country.When China’s financial development level was higher than the second threshold value,the inhibiting effect of China’s OFDI on environmental pollution in the home country was further enhanced.②In the sample period,the financial development level of most provinces in China was not high.Only a few provinces with high financial development level had a strong inhibiting effect on environmental pollution in their home country,and the provinces with a high degree of coupling and coordination between OFDI and financial development tended to have a low level of environmental pollution.Accordingly,this paper proposes to optimize the financial service environment of OFDI,improve the green technology content of OFDI,and strengthen the original innovation and re-innovation ability of green technology.

Environmental regulation,hidden economy,and China's outward foreign direct investment

The need to balance economic growth and its environmental impact continues to be a serious issue in China.As environmental regulation in China increases in importance,it is critical to understand how it impacts economic growth drivers such as outward foreign direct investment(OFDI)to formulate effective policies.One consideration should be the hidden economy,which can weaken the effects of environmental regulation on OFDI.This study investigates the scale of the hidden economy in 30 provinces and province-level municipalities in China in the period 2004 to 2015.The study uses the multiple indicators and multiple causes(MIMIC)model and the systematic generalized method of moments(GMM)test to analyze the impact of environmental regulation and the hidden economy on China's OFDI.The results show that stronger environmental regulation promotes OFDI.However,the hidden economy inhibits China's OFDI,as the positive effects of environmental regulation that drive OFDI are distorted.From a regional perspective,stronger environmental regulation promotes OFDI as well,while the hidden economy inhibits it.The interaction between environmental regulation and the hidden economy also inhibits it significantly.

New-Wave Emerging Multinational Companies： The Determinants of Their Outward Foreign Direct Investment

Focusing on the fast growth of BRICS＇ outward foreign direct investment （OFDI） and multinational companies during the crisis has left unheeded that some other emerging economies also grow much faster than average in the global economy and has become significant and fast-growing direct investors abroad. A sample of such （thirteen） new-wave emerging countries （NWECs） is gathered on the criterion of being ranked among the most significant foreign direct investors in the global economy. The literature review exhibits only very few articles existing on such a topic so far. Descriptive statistics enable tracing OFDI by NWECs-based multinational companies back to the 1970s, checking its geographical orientation and industrial structure, and assessing the relative importance of cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Econometric estimation exhibits that direct investment moving off the NWECs is explained by so-called push factors such as the home country＇s GDP, GDP per capita, GDP rate of growth, the share of high-technology exported products in overall export, the number of technological patents registered, and how much inward foreign direct investment discussed in the light of Dunning＇s investment development hypothesis. stock has previously been hosted. These results are path model and Matthews＇ linkage-leverage learning

China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Developing Countries

The implementation of China’s open development strategy has unveiled a wave of outward foreign direct investment(OFDI)by Chinese companies,with global implications.Based on panel data from 146 developing countries from 2003 to 2017,we investigate the growth effects of China’s OFDI.We find that China’s OFDI has promoted significant economic growth in developing countries.Not only could China’s OFDI increase GDP per capita of a country in a short time but raise the country’s long-run equilibrium value as well.In addition,the growth effects of China’s OFDI were more significant for countries with weak governance,rich resource,and modest human capital,and were above the average level for Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)countries,African countries,and in the post-crisis era.Our research helps unravel the global significance of Chinese companies investing overseas and contributes to research on the growth effects of direct investment between developing countries.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between the Scale of International Students from ASEAN and China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment

With the further development of economic globalization since the establishment of ties between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) 30 years ago and the continuous increase in the scale of international students in China,the training of international talents has become an important approach to avoiding the risks of transnational investments.We established panel data by selecting variables from the period 2006 to 2017,including the scale of international students coming from ASEAN to China,the gross amount of China’s outward foreign direct investment(OFDI),and the GDP per capita of ASEAN countries to further explore the correlations among these variables.We applied a panel-vector autoregressive(PVAR) model to conducting a Granger causality test,a Gaussian mixture model(GMM) regression analysis,a Monte Carlo-based impulse response analysis,and variance decomposition of the data.The results show that the growth of OFDI exerted an obvious positive impact on the inflow of international students from the countries along the Belt and Road(B&R) within a short period,the growth of the scale of international students coming from these countries to study in China had a strong positive effect on OFDI,the training of international talents was conducive to promoting the scale of transnational investments,but the overall quality was not very high,and its economic contribution rate was low.It is also found that OFDI and the scale of international students from the countries along the B&R promoted the GDP growth to a certain extent and the positive accumulation effect fluctuated due to external factors.Therefore,it is suggested to expanding the scale of OFDI and improving China’s core competitiveness in international student education.Intensive management of investment factors should also be conducted along with sound development of training mechanisms for international talents.

Theoretical Explanation of China's Outward Direct Investment

Traditional foreign direct investment (FDI) theory only examines corporate investment motivation while neglectinggovernment roles.China’s outward direct investment (ODI) is of both commercial and strategic significance to leveragedomestic and international resources and markets.ODI is a corporate behavior but also is a means of achieving nationalstrategies and heightening political and economic statuses.As a source of ODI,China should provide strong guidance andbacking to corporate ODI for both commercial and national interests.

Foreign Direct Investment with Chinese Characteristics:A Middle Path Between Ownership-Location-Internalization Model and Linkage-Leverage-Learning Model

The majority of multinational enterprises （MNEs） traditionally originate from developed countries. In the last ten years, however, there has been dramatic growth in foreign direct investment （FDI） from China. It is a comparatively new phenomenon that challenges the classic FDI theories. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of two important theories, known as the Owner- ship-Location-Internalization （0LI） model and Linkage-Leverage-Learning （LLL） model, and use the statistical data and company case studies from China to test the plausibility of these two models. We believe that neither of them suits totally： the OLI model is quite use- fill for understanding FDI from China to developing economies, while the LLL model is more powerful for explaining the FDI to de- veloped economies. We argue that the companies from China attain a very advantageous position as intermediates in the global economy They may catch up with the first movers if they integrate OLI-led and LLL-led FDI within one firm. This combination can bring to- gether the most advanced knowledge acquired in developed economies with the knowledge about adaptation needs and the needs for cost reduction in production as expressed in developing economies. It may also accelerate the knowledge transfer globally. We thus fill a gap in research into the geographical pattern of Chinese FDI and offer a deeper understanding of the internationalization of Chinese MNEs and revolving knowledge transfer.

China＇s Direct Investment in Advanced Economies： the Cases of Europe and the United States

Chinese outward foreign direct has increased substantially in recent years, investment （OFDI） in developed economies driven by structural adjustments in China ＇s economy. This article describes the inflection point of Chinese investment in the European Union and the United States since 2008. A new data set is used to highlight similarities and differences of Chinese investment patterns in the world＇s two biggest economies. The second part examines the policy response on both sides of the Atlantic to promote investment from China and at the same time address political and economic risks related to these new flows.

ODI与中国产业升级:机理分析与尝试性实证

借助ODI促成国内产业升级是中国政府实施"走出去"战略的重要目标之一,也是经济学界面对的一个较新论题。借助现有研究文献和典型案例,可构建一个ODI之母国产业效应机理系统,借以厘清ODI与母国产业变迁之间的逻辑联系,并据以提出一个简单的实证检验模型。鉴于中国企业ODI起步较晚,迄今规模不大,实证研究只能针对典型省域及典型产业进行。尝试性实证检验显示,ODI对典型区域的产业升级确有一定正效应,且与区域ODI规模呈较明显的正相关关系。

ODI对我国技术创新能力的影响——全国及区域层面的面板数据分析

作为国际技术扩散的有益载体,对外直接投资已成为提升母国技术创新能力的重要途径。文章运用2003—2012年我国30个省(直辖市、自治区)的面板数据,检验ODI对我国技术创新能力的影响。研究结果表明:ODI对我国高、中、低创新能力地区的技术创新能力存在明显的提升作用,且影响程度逐渐减小,而FDI对我国区域技术创新能力的影响存在明显差异;研发资本存量对我国创新能力有显的提升作用,且大于FDI和ODI对技术创新能力的影响。

ODI与我国制造业产业结构升级间关系的实证研究——基于ODI分类视角

将直接投资于制造业的ODI分为学习型ODI和竞争型ODI,运用Almon方法并利用2003—2010年我国的数据,实证研究两者对我国制造业产业结构升级的影响。研究结果显示:两种ODI对我国制造业产业结构升级的滞后期影响大于当期影响,且学习型ODI比竞争型ODI更有利于促进我国制造业产业结构中技术结构的升级。

ODI对我国高端装备制造业自主创新能力的影响研究——以航空装备制造业为例

本文基于逆向技术溢出效应,研究了ODI对我国高端装备制造业自主创新能力的影响机制,并以航空装备制造业为例,运用Engle-Granger两步法进行了实证研究。结果表明,ODI对我国航空装备制造业的产品创新短期具有明显的促进作用,长期的促进作用受限于我国与航空装备制造强国之间的水平差距;不论短期还是长期,ODI对我国航空装备制造业技术创新均具有正面影响,由于研发的累积效应,长期的促进作用要大于短期;短期来看,过多的人均资本和固定资本的投入会对ODI产生挤出效应。

“一带一路”背景下中国ODI的行为特征及环境风险表征

文章聚焦于“一带一路”沿线四大经济走廊的51个样本国,对我国ODI的行为特征及所面临环境风险的具体表征进行实证分析。研究结果表明,中国在“一带一路”的ODI无论是在区位分布还是产业选择上,都表现出环境敏感特性,折射出企业对东道国环境责任的关注不够。中国ODI的行为特征,再叠加上东道国脆弱的生态环境约束条件,成为中国ODI环境风险的主要表征。本研究有助于全面把握“一带一路”倡议下中国ODI环境风险的来源及成因,并据此提出风险管理治理对策及建议。

信息化对ODI逆向技术溢出的门槛效应——基于20个国家或地区的面板实证

基于2006—2011年中国与20个样本国家或地区的面板数据,及信息化发展水平在对外直接投资(ODI)逆向溢出过程中的影响机制的研究,分别引入技术获取型外商直接投资、对外直接投资溢出与对外开放度的交叉项,以信息化发展指数(IDI)、信息化追赶难度系数(ICDC)作为门槛变量,构建门槛回归模型,实证检验技术获取型ODI逆向溢出与各国信息化发展水平的门槛效应,以及对中国技术进步的影响。结果表明:研发投入是促进中国技术进步的关键因素;技术获取型ODI逆向溢出对中国技术进步存在基于信息化发展水平的门槛效应;随着各国信息化水平的不断提升,技术获取型ODI逆向溢出对技术进步呈现逐渐减弱的抑制趋势,当国家的信息化追赶难度系数大于0.307 0且信息化水平大于4.130 0时,对中国技术进步的抑制作用达到最弱。

中国ODI技术进步效应的影响因素研究——基于东道国的分析视角

笔者从东道国的视角,研究影响对外直接投资技术进步效应的相关因子并构建理论模型,根据中国对外直接投资的区域分布以及东道国的研发资本存量,选取相关数据分析比较东道国的相关因素对我国对外直接投资技术进步效应的影响程度。研究表明,东道国的技术创新能力是影响我国对外直接投资技术进步效应的首要因素,但东道国通过专利溢出的研发资本存量并不是主要的影响因子。

我国ODI影响东道国经济增长的路径探析

利用国际面板数据对我国ODI影响东道国经济增长的不同路径进行了实证检验。结论显示:(1)我国ODI通过资本形成与技术进步路径促进了东道国的经济增长;(2)我国ODI通过资本形成路径对东道国经济增长的作用大于就业增长;(3)我国ODI通过技术进步路径对东道国就业增长的路径大于经济增长;(4)我国ODI不仅能够通过技术溢出直接促进东道国的技术进步,也能通过提升东道国的贸易质量间接促进东道国技术进步,从而促进东道国经济增长。

Effects of investment on energy intensity:evidence from China

This article explores the effects of investment upon energy intensity by applying a unique panel data of China's 27 provinces between 2004 and 2013.In addition,it also particularly stuthes other factors,such as energy price,economic structure,and urbanization.The results,based on four econometric regression model results,suggest that in general,the indigenous investment on research and development is a more powerful tool to decrease China's energy intensity regardless of region disparity.The foreign direct investment(FDI) has a prominent but not persistent effect on energy intensity.However,the outward direct investment has not shown its significant impact on energy intensity.At the level of an aggregate economy and China's eastern region,the results demonstrate that FDI improves energy efficiency significantly.For the central and western provinces,FDI does not support the similar conclusion.Based on these analyses,we present the corresponding regional policies for policymakers.

中国ODI对国内产业结构升级是否具有积极作用

近几年,中国对外直接投资(Outward Direct Investment,ODI)迅猛发展,其对国内产业结构升级是否具有积极作用值得商榷。通过对产业结构影响因素的分析,根据中国ODI发展的现状,并利用单位根检验、协整分析等方法研究了中国ODI发展与国内产业结构的相关关系,分析认为目前中国ODI对国内产业结构升级不具有积极影响。

中国上市家族企业ODI模式选择——基于社会情感财富的视角

以2016年前上市的中国A股家族上市公司及其投资的海外关联公司作为样本,实证分析了家族持股比例、家族管理涉入对家族企业ODI模式选择的影响。研究发现:家族成员担任董事长或CEO的家族企业更倾向于通过设立的方式进行ODI以保护社会情感财富;在全资与合资的ODI持股方式选择中,不同类型的社会情感财富存在不同影响;家族持股比例越高的企业倾向于以全资持股的方式进行ODI以保护限制型社会情感财富,而家族成员担任董事长或CEO的企业倾向于以合资方式进行ODI以保护延伸型社会情感财富。研究还发现,地区投资风险对上述关系存在调节作用。