数据故事化解释中分类型预测结果的反转点识别方法研究——基于LIME算法

[目的/意义]实现数据故事化中的反转点识别,有助于非专业人士理解分类型预测结果的产生原因,同时对于推动故事情节发展并使其快速到达故事高潮点具有促进作用。[方法/过程]提出故事点与反转点概念,基于LIME解释技术和反转点识别过程,设计了用于数据故事化中反转点识别的算法方案,并提出了面向分类模型的反转点识别流程。[结果/结论]将反转点识别算法应用到贷款数据集,证明此算法在数据故事化过程中寻找反转点的有效性,在获得用户期望的预测结果和快速识别反转点方面具有应用价值。

Multi-scale analysis of carbon mineralization in lime-treated soils considering soil mineralogy

Mineral carbonation is emerging as a reliable CO_(2) capture technology that can mitigate climate change.In lime-treated clayey soils,mineral carbonation occurs through the carbonation of free lime and cementitious products derived from pozzolanic reactions.The kinetics of the reactions in lime-treated clayey soils are variable and depend primarily on soil mineralogy.The present study demonstrates the role of soil mineralogy in CO_(2) capture and the subsequent changes caused by carbon mineralization in terms of the unconfined compressive strength(UCS)of lime-treated soils during their service life.Three clayey soils(kaolin,bentonite,and silty clay)with different mineralogical characteristics were treated with 4%lime content,and the samples were cured in a controlled environment for 7 d,90 d,180 d,and 365 d.After the specified curing periods,the samples were exposed to CO_(2) in a carbonation cell for 7 d.The non-carbonated samples purged with N2 gas were used as a benchmark to compare the mechanical,chemical-mineralogical,and microstructure changes caused by carbonation reactions.Experimental investigations indicated that exposure to CO_(2) resulted in an average increase of 10%in the UCS of limetreated bentonite,whereas the strength of lime-treated kaolin and silty clay was reduced by an average of 35%.The chemical and microstructural analyses revealed that the precipitated carbonates effectively filled the macropores of the treated bentonite,compared to the inadequate cementation caused by pozzolanic reactions,resulting in strength enhancement.In contrast,strength loss in lime-treated kaolin and silty clay was attributed to the carbonation of cementitious phases and partly to the tensile stress induced by carbonate precipitation.In terms of carbon mineralization prospects,lime-treated kaolin exhibited maximum carbonation due to the higher availability of unreacted lime.The results suggest that,in addition to the increase in compressive strength,adequate calcium-bearing phases and macropores determine the efficiency of carbon mineralization in lime-treated clayey soils.

Performance evaluation of laterite soil embankment stabilized with bottom ash,coir fiber,and lime

In tropical regions,heavy rainfall induces erosion and shallow landslides on road embankments.Cement-based stabilization methods,common in these regions,contribute to climate change due to their high carbon footprint.This study explored the potential application of coir fiber-reinforced laterite soil-bottom ash mixtures as embankment materials in the tropics.The objective is to enhance engineered embankment slopes'erosion resistance and stability while offering reuse options for industrial byproducts.This study examined various mix designs for unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and permeability,utilizing 30%bottom ash(BA)and 1%coir fiber(CF)with varying sizes ranging from 10 to 40 mm,6%lime,and laterite soil(LS),followed by microstructural analyses.The results demonstrate that the compressive strength increases as the CF length increases to 25 mm.In contrast,permeability increases continuously with increasing CF length.Lime-treated mixtures exhibit superior short-and long-term strength and reduce permeability owing to the formation of cementitious materials,as confirmed by microstructural analyses.A lab-scale slope box was constructed to evaluate the surface erosion of the stabilized laterite soil embankment.Based on the rainfall simulation results,the LS-BA-CF mixtures show better resistance to erosion and deformation compared to untreated LS,especially when lime is added to the top layer.This study provides insights into a sustainable and cost-effective approach for slope stabilization using BA and CF,offering a promising solution for tropical regions susceptible to surface erosion and landslides.

Prediction of lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in BOF steelmaking based on online sequential extreme learning machine with forgetting mechanism

The machine learning models of multiple linear regression(MLR),support vector regression(SVR),and extreme learning ma-chine(ELM)and the proposed ELM models of online sequential ELM(OS-ELM)and OS-ELM with forgetting mechanism(FOS-ELM)are applied in the prediction of the lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in the basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The ELM model exhibites the best performance compared with the models of MLR and SVR.OS-ELM and FOS-ELM are applied for sequential learning and model updating.The optimal number of samples in validity term of the FOS-ELM model is determined to be 1500,with the smallest population mean absolute relative error(MARE)value of 0.058226 for the population.The variable importance analysis reveals lime weight,initial P content,and hot metal weight as the most important variables for the lime utilization ratio.The lime utilization ratio increases with the decrease in lime weight and the increases in the initial P content and hot metal weight.A prediction system based on FOS-ELM is applied in actual industrial production for one month.The hit ratios of the predicted lime utilization ratio in the error ranges of±1%,±3%,and±5%are 61.16%,90.63%,and 94.11%,respectively.The coefficient of determination,MARE,and root mean square error are 0.8670,0.06823,and 1.4265,respectively.The system exhibits desirable performance for applications in actual industrial pro-duction.

Cement and Lime Stabilization Effect on the Evolutivity of an Expansive Overconsolidated Clay

This paper presents and analyzes the results of a series of compaction,fragmentability and damage tests performed on an expansive overconsolidated clay treated with cement and lime.This clay was obtained from the urban site of Sidi-Hadjrès city(wilaya of M'sila,Algeria),where significant damages frequently appears in the road infrastructures,roadway systems and light structures.Tests results obtained show that the geotechnical parameters values deduced from these tests are concordant and confirm the evolutivity of this natural clay treated with composed Portland cement or extinct lime and compacted under optimum Proctor conditions.

Assessment of Cement-Lime as Stabilizer on Mud Bricks

The aim of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength of clay bricks and their stability to water absorption by inserting stabilizers such as lime and cement of 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% to 14%. Spectrometric analysis was used to characterize the various stabilizers and the clay used, and tests of resistance and water absorption were also carried out. The clay was found to be an aluminosilicate (15.55% to 17.17% Al2O3 and 42.12% to 44.15% SiO2). The lime contains 90.84% CaO and the cement has 17.80% SiO2, 3.46% Al2O3, 2.43% Fe2O3 and 58.47% CaO in the combined form of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and ferro-tetra calcium aluminate. The results showed that the insertion of locally available stabilizers (lime and cement) improved the strength of the material by almost 80% when the lime was increased from 0% to 14% for 14 days. For compressed cement, a 65% increase in strength was observed under the same conditions. Strength increases with drying time, with a 52% increase in strength at 28 days compared to 14 days. Furthermore, compressed cement bricks have a more compact structure, absorbing very little water (32%). In view of all these results, cement appears to be the best stabilizer, and compression improves compressive strength and reduces water absorption.

Sustainability of lime stabilized road subgrade in mountainous regions of Türkiye

In this paper the use of lime stabilized subgrade for low volume roads in two regions with high mountains and different frost penetration conditions in Türkiye was investigated in terms of design,performance,and cost.Pavements on unstabilized and stabilized subgrade were designed for two regions(Izmir and Van),covering all climate variations.The resilient modulus of the lime stabilized subgrade with different soil pulverization levels for non-freezing and freezing conditions were taken from a previous laboratory study.Frost effects were considered in pavement design using two different approaches,including limited subgrade frost penetration method and reduced subgrade strength method.Detailed application and evaluation were performed for all steps.Lime stabilized subgrades significantly reduced the thickness of base courses,and the benefit of lime stabilization was highly dependent on soil pulverization level.A detailed cost analysis on the unstabilized and stabilized cases found that the use of lime stabilization in the subgrade provided significant initial cost savings.Comparative analysis by using the AASHTO(1993)method and KENPAVE software,and quantity effect of soil pulverization level on the performance of low volume roads from a service life perspective,show that subgrade resilient modulus can be estimated.It is also possible to make correct performance estimation in the field.The results of the study show that lime stabilization is a good solution for low volume roads in the mountainous regions of Türkiye.

CI Acid Orange 52 Dye Removal Using Natural and Formulated Clay-Lime Materials: Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies

The main objective of the study is to improve the removal efficiency of Ourlago-kaolin (Kao), sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT), and two formulated clay-lime (F13 and F23) towards CI Acid Orange 52 dye (AO52). F13 and F23 were obtained by chemical stabilization through thermal treatment at 300°C. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra showed different surface functional groups on the clay materials, X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the raw materials contain many crystalline phases, scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed the variation of the layered structures of different clay materials, energy dispersive X-Ray analysis micrographs revealed compositional information and thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry curves indicated the higher weight loss of 11.26% and 11.38% were observed for F13 and F23 respectively. BET surface area analyzed gave 133.0071 m2•g−1 for F13 and 132.34803 m2•g−1 for F23. The optimum pH value was 2.0 for Kao and Na-MMT. The adsorption experiments indicated that F13 and F23 have the maximum uptake abilities of 7.8740 and 3.1645 mg•g−1, respectively, compared to Kao (0.8761 mg•g−1) and Na-MMT (2.6178 mg•g−1). The pseudo-second-order model well described the adsorption kinetic model of AO52 dye onto the overall samples;Langmuir and Freundlich’s isotherms appropriately described the uptake mechanism. The positive values of ∆G° and negative value ∆H° indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic for Na-MMT, and non-spontaneous and exothermic for Kao, F13, and F23 because of their positive values of ∆G° and negative value of ∆H°. The modified clays have higher adsorption capacities and better life cycles compared hence opening new avenues for efficient wastewater treatment.

Preliminary Study on the Treatment Efficiency of Pasteurized Lime Thermal Alkaline Hydrolysis for Excess Activated Sludge and Reduction of Tetracycline Resistance Genes

Thermal alkaline hydrolysis is a common pretreatment method for the utilization of excess activated sludge(EAS).Owing to strict environment laws and need for better energy utilization,new methods were developed in this study to improve the efficiency of pretreatment method.Direct thermal hydrolysis(TH),pasteurized thermal hydrolysis(PTH),and alkaline pasteurized thermal hydrolysis(PTH+CaO and PTH+NaOH)methods were used to treat EAS.Each method was compared and analyzed in terms of dissolution in ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N)and soluble COD(SCOD)in EAS.Furthermore,the removal of tetracycline resistance genes(TRGs)and class 1 transposon gene intI1 from EAS was investigated.The NH_(4)^(+)-N and SCOD concentrations in EAS treated by PTH were 1.24 and 2.58 times higher than those of TH.However,the removal efficiency of total TRGs and intI1 between the groups was comparable.The SCOD concentration of the PTH+NaOH group was 4.37 times higher than that of the PTH group,and the removal efficiency of total TRGs was increased by 9.52%compared with that by PTH.The NH_(4)^(+)-N and SCOD concentrations of the PTH+CaO group could reach 85.04%and 92.14%of the PTH+NaOH group,but the removal efficiency of total TRGs by PTH+CaO was 19.78%lower than that by PTH+NaOH.Thus,to reduce the financial cost in actual operation,lime(CaO)can be used instead of a strong alkali(NaOH),and pasteurized steam at 70℃ instead of conventional high-temperature heating to treat EAS.This study provides a reference for the development of alkaline hydrolysis under moderate temperatures along with the removal of TRGs in EAS.

IsomapVSG-LIME:一种新的模型无关解释方法

为了解决局部可解释模型无关的解释(local interpretable model-agnostic explanations,LIME)随机扰动采样方法导致产生的解释缺乏局部忠实性和稳定性的问题,本文提出了一种新的模型无关解释方法IsomapVSG-LIME。该方法使用基于流形学习的等距映射虚拟样本生成(isometric mapping virtual sample generation,IsomapVSG)方法代替LIME的随机扰动采样方法来生成样本,并使用凝聚层次聚类方法从虚拟样本中选择具有代表性的样本用以训练解释模型;本文还提出了一种新的解释稳定性评价指标—特征序列稳定性指数(features sequence stability index,FSSI),解决了以往评价指标忽略特征的序关系和解释翻转的问题。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法在稳定性和局部忠实性上均优于现有的最新模型。

基于LIME算法的低照度图像增强方法研究

由于低照度图像存在颜色退化、曝光不足等问题,影响图像质量与信息量,因此文章研究了一种基于LIME算法的低照度图像增强方法。通过合成正常曝光图像与低照度图像的数据集,提取了低照度图像的纹理特征与频域特征,并基于Retinex理论与深度学习建立了低照度图像增强模型。通过使用LIME算法提高模型的可解释性,同时减少模型复杂度,提高模型的透明度。在测试集LOL上,PSNR值为21.898、SSIM值为0.902,证明了该方法的可行性和可靠性。

基于贝叶斯优化XGBoost的石灰窑气预测

石灰窑是碳酸钙产业的关键生产设备,窑气中的CO_(2)是生产碳酸钙的原料,CO_(2)浓度直接影响碳酸钙产量,然而石灰窑气浓度依靠产品产出后采样化验得到,存在严重的滞后性,无法作为石灰窑在线工艺参数调整的依据。因此提出一种基于贝叶斯优化的eXtreme Gradient Boosting石灰窑气浓度预测模型BO-XGBoost,根据历史数据预测1 h后的窑气浓度,为生产工艺参数的调整提供依据。该方法首先对石灰窑传感器数据集中的缺失值、异常值进行剔除、插补,然后统一窑气浓度检测历史数据的时间尺度,构成石灰窑气监测数据集,在此基础上提出针对石灰窑气的BO-XGBoost模型。模型经训练后,采用实际生产数据进行测试,并与Light Gradient Boosting Machine(Light-GBM)模型、Category Boosting(Catboost)模型预测结果进行比较,结果表明,所提模型可以实现高维数据集的超参数快速优化,且预测模型有较好的精度,均方根误差(RMSE)达到0.70,平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)达到2.03%。

基于前背景特性的逆光交通场景图像增强

由于逆光交通场景下采集到的图像存在前景亮度过低、背景亮度失真等特点,导致采集图像清晰度低、信息丢失严重和可识别性差,针对逆光图像前背景的不同特性,研究提出了一种分区域增强方法。对逆光图像使用最大类间方差法(OTSU法)分割图像的前景和背景;对逆光图像全局使用LIME方法,提升前景亮度的同时保持色彩的失真度;单独将背景部分RGB三个通道上的全局直方图均衡化结果一一映射到对应的限定区间内,提高了背景的对比度;使用Canny算子检测出前背景拼接处的黑边,根据黑边生成3个自适应的滤波模板对黑边进行分步均值滤波处理,消除了黑色边缘,提升了图像的视觉质量。在实验室自建的CHD_B数据集上,所提方法在4种常用客观评价指标上综合占优。实验结果表明,所提出的图像增强算法能有效地消除图像中的逆光现象。

冻融循环作用下不同含水率灰土的细微观结构与宏观力学性能

为了探明素土和灰土在不同含水率时细微观结构与宏观力学性能受冻融循环的影响规律,开展了素土和灰土在不同含水率时的冻融循环试验、抗压强度试验和核磁共振试验。结果表明,素土和灰土抗压强度均随含水率的提高而降低;素土和灰土抗压强度在同一含水率时均随着冻融循环次数的增加而降低,冻融循环六次时降低率可达到12次时的80%左右;灰土T_(2)谱信号峰值大于素土,T_(2)谱信号峰值随着灰土比例的提高而增大;不同含水率时素土和灰土T_(2)谱面积在冻融循环次数由3次增大至6次的增长率均明显大于6次至12次。

喷施石硫合剂对促进沃柑果实着色的影响

为验证喷施石硫合剂对沃柑果实着色的效果,在广西南宁市武鸣区城厢镇开展石硫合剂不同处理的试验。结果表明,在沃柑成熟转色关键期(12月30日)喷施石硫合剂对促进沃柑转红和着色有显著促进作用,对促进转红和着色效果最显著的均是单次喷施石硫合剂1.2波美度,红度值a*比对照(CK)提升了15.24%,柑橘综合着色指数CCI比CK提升了40.07%,均达极显著差异水平。单次喷施石硫合剂0.8波美度,a*和CCI分别比CK提升了11.67%和32.31%。所有喷施石硫合剂的处理均表现出对转红和着色有提升效果。经过田间观察,石硫合剂还对溃疡病、灰霉病、蚜虫、蓟马、蚧壳虫、红蜘蛛等病虫害有良好防效。

掺氢氧化钙对超高强混凝土力学性能影响的机理

鉴于含矿物掺合料较多的超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)中火山灰反应所需氢氧化钙含量不足的状况,在配制超高强混凝土(UHPC基体)时掺加氢氧化钙,研究其对超高强混凝土力学性能的影响机理。结果表明,超高强混凝土力学性能的改善源于掺入的氢氧化钙与矿物掺合料中的SiO_(2)发生火山灰反应生成C-S-H及C-A-S-H凝胶,且在组合养护(90℃热水养护2 d+250℃干热养护3 d)下,部分C-(A)-S-H凝胶向托勃莫来石与硬硅钙石晶体转变,改善了超高强混凝土的微观结构。

Influence of Salt-Lime Stabilization on Soil Strength for Construction on Soft Clay

Construction on soft soil is one of the most challenging situations faced by geotechnical engineers. The heterogeneous and complex nature of soil, especially those containing organic clay, often makes it impossible for the construction specification to be addressed properly. Generally, clay exhibits low strength, high compressibility, and strength reduction when subjected to mechanical disturbance. This means that construction on clay soil is vulnerable to bearing capacity failure induced by low inherent shear strength. All these properties can be improved by the effective stabilization of soil. This study analyzed the effectiveness of incorporating salt-lime mixtures at various dosages in improving the strength increment of the soil. The results indicate that among different combinations of salt and lime, the best performance in terms of strength increase was achieved by adding 10% NaCl with 3% lime in the soil. The outcome of this study focuses on enhancing the ultimate strength of soil and its implementation in the field of foundation engineering.

以糯米灰浆为代表的中国传统有机-无机复合灰浆研究进展和新发现

在中国数千年的建筑实践中,已发现许多具有中国特色的创造,其中以糯米灰浆为代表的中国传统有机-无机复合灰浆就是其中的一类。本文综述了自2007年以来相关研究的进展,包括:针对传统灰浆中有机残留物的化学检测和免疫分析技术的创新发展;全国252处古建筑遗址的1149个灰浆样品的检测结果及解读;糯米灰浆和桐油灰浆等传统胶凝材料固化作用机理及效果的实验验证;糯米灰浆研究成果对世界的影响及在世界复合材料历史上的地位;最近在新石器时代“白灰面”中新发现的有机添加物及相关溯源;传统糯米灰浆的改良研究及在文物保护工程中的应用情况等。这一系列的探索性研究不仅可为古建筑保护提供材料和技术,也为弘扬中华文明提供了鲜活的案例。

聚脲甲醛缓释肥减量深施对小麦和玉米产量及氮肥吸收率的影响

为了探究聚脲甲醛缓释肥(PF)减量深耕对小麦和玉米作物产量、氮肥利用效率以及矿质养分迁移的影响,设置对照(CK)、尿素+旋耕(OPTX)、尿素+深耕(OPTS)、PF+旋耕(PFX)和PF+深耕(PFS)5个处理,在豫南砂姜黑土小麦、玉米农田开展大区试验。结果表明,对比传统尿素(OPT)处理,PF处理小麦、玉米产量显著高于OPT处理,尤其PFS处理较OPTX处理小麦和玉米季产量分别高12%和6.4%,较OPTS处理分别高3.4%和1.8%;与产量不同,PFS处理仅显示玉米季氮肥利用率(NUE)高于OPTX和OPTS处理,而小麦季NUE甚至低于OPTS处理,这可能与PF在小麦季深耕条件下养分释放速度慢有关。对比两种耕作方式,发现PFS处理小麦季产量与PFX处理产量无显著差别,而玉米季产量显著高于PFX处理;与产量不同,PFS处理小麦季NUE显著低于PFX处理,而玉米季无显著差别,这可能与玉米季更适宜的气象条件和小麦季PF养分的后续释放有关。对比土壤铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)残留量和总氮浓度,发现作物收获后,PFS处理0~30和30~60 cm土层NH_(4)^(+)-N残留量与PFX处理无显著差异,NO_(3)^(-)-N残留量显著低于PFX处理,而总氮含量略高于PFX处理,这可能与PF处理在小麦季深耕条件下氮素未释放完全有关。总而言之,依据作物的产量和氮肥利用效率,聚脲甲醛缓释肥在深耕条件下显示出更高的产量效益和增产潜势,尤其玉米季作物吸氮量、产量和NUE有了显著提升,值得被推荐。

石灰-高炉矿渣改良膨胀土强度特性试验研究

因膨胀土具有吸水膨胀、失水收缩等不稳定性特征,使用高炉矿渣作为新型固化剂,并与无机材料石灰组合对膨胀土进行改良。对改良膨胀土开展自由膨胀率、液塑限、无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度等指标的研究,探讨并分析了石灰-高炉矿渣(L-BLS)改良膨胀土在不同养护龄期以及不同改良剂掺量下的无侧限抗压强度变化规律。结果表明:使用L-BLS改良膨胀土能够显著提高膨胀土的早期强度;改良膨胀土的强度随养护龄期及改良剂掺量的增加而增强;当掺入6%石灰及9%高炉矿渣时,对应龄期的无侧限抗压强度最大,材料的有效利用率最佳。