Heat transfer and temperature evolution in underground mininginduced overburden fracture and ground fissures: Optimal time window of UAV infrared monitoring

Heat transfer and temperature evolution in overburden fracture and ground fissures are one of the essential topics for the identification of ground fissures via unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) infrared imager. In this study, discrete element software UDEC was employed to investigate the overburden fracture field under different mining conditions. Multiphysics software COMSOL were employed to investigate heat transfer and temperature evolution of overburden fracture and ground fissures under the influence of mining condition, fissure depth, fissure width, and month alternation. The UAV infrared field measurements also provided a calibration for numerical simulation. The results showed that for ground fissures connected to underground goaf(Fissure Ⅰ), the temperature difference increased with larger mining height and shallow buried depth. In addition, Fissure Ⅰ located in the boundary of the goaf have a greater temperature difference and is easier to be identified than fissures located above the mining goaf. For ground fissures having no connection to underground goaf(Fissure Ⅱ), the heat transfer is affected by the internal resistance of the overlying strata fracture when the depth of Fissure Ⅱ is greater than10 m, the temperature of Fissure Ⅱ gradually equals to the ground temperature as the fissures’ depth increases, and the fissures are difficult to be identified. The identification effect is most obvious for fissures larger than 16 cm under the same depth. In spring and summer, UAV infrared identification of mining fissures should be carried out during nighttime. This study provides the basis for the optimal time and season for the UAV infrared identification of different types of mining ground fissures.

Determination of minimum overburden depth for underwater shield tunnel in sands:Comparison between circular and rectangular tunnels

With the development of global urbanization,the utilization of underground space is more critical and attractive for civil purposes.Various shapes of shield tunnels have been gradually proposed to cope with different geological conditions and service purposes of underground structures.Generally,reducing the burial depth of shield tunnel is conducive to construction and cost saving.However,extremely small overburden depth cannot provide sufficient uplift resistance to maintain the stability and serviceability of the tunnel.To this end,this paper firstly reviewed the status of deriving the minimum sand over-burden depth of circular shield tunnel using mechanical equilibrium(ME)method.It revealed that the estimated depth is rather conservative.Then,the uplift resistance mechanism of both circular and rectangular tunnels was deduced theoretically and verified with the model tests.The theoretical uplift resistance is consistent with the experimental values,indicating the feasibility of the proposed equations.Furthermore,the determination of the minimum soil overburden depth of rectangular shield tunnel under various working conditions was presented through integrated ME method,which can provide more reasonable estimations of suggested tunnel burial depth for practical construction.Additionally,optimizations were made for calculating the uplift resistance,and the soil thickness providing uplift resistance is suggested to be adjusted according to the testing results.The results can provide reference for the design and construction of various shapes of shield tunnels in urban underground space exploitation.

Geochemical and mineralogical evaluations of coal,shale,and mine waste overburden from Makum coalfield of the Northeast India

The Cenozoic-age Makum coal from northeastern India offers numerous research opportunities because of its diverse geochemical and geological characteristics.Due to its high sulfur content,the coal has been found to be less useful for industrial purposes.It can,however,serve as a hub for ongoing research on coal-based derivative products.The aim of this research work is to investigate the mineralogical and geochemical compositions of the coal,mine overburden(MOB)and shale samples taken from the Makum coal field and also on establishing a mutual relationship between them.To characterize the geochemical controlling factors of the Makum coal field,the study employs coal petrography,FTIR,mineralogical,and geochemical analysis.According to X-ray diffraction analysis,the major minerals like quartz,kaolinite,haematite,illite,pyrite,and calcite are present in coal and MOB.Pyrite is observed by SEM-EDS analysis as cubic-shaped particles that are smaller than a fewμm in size.The presence of sulfide minerals represents a phase of pyrite mineralization.The petrography study was used to better understand the environment that existed during the formation of the plant material,which aids us in determining the quantity of detrital mineral sediment contained in the coal.According to the ICP-MS analysis,the samples indicate significant levels of rare earth elements including yttrium.The present study reveals higher concentrations of poten-tial hazardous elements in the coal samples,with V,Cr,Ni,Cu,and Zn content in coal being considerably enriched compared to world-average concentrations.The correlation analysis reveals that the potential hazardous elements like Co,Ni,As,and Cu are associated with pyrite as they have strong affinity towards pyrite.Thus,numerous minerals and rare earth elements(REEs)exist,opening up a fresh avenue for more research in the area.This study also assists researchers in understanding the significance of Makum coal and provides numerous ideas for coal characterization.

Kinetics of solid-state reduction of chromite overburden

The demand for alternative low-grade iron ores is on the rise due to the rapid depletion of high-grade natural iron ore resources and the increased need for steel usage in daily life.However,the use of low-grade iron ores is a constant clinical task for industry metallurgists.Direct smelting of low-grade ores consumes a substantial amount of energy due to the large volume of slag generated.This condition can be avoided by direct reduction followed by magnetic separation(to separate the high amount of gangue or refractory and metal parts)and smelting.Chromite overburden(COB)is a mine waste generated in chromite ore processing,and it mainly consists of iron,chromium,and nickel(<1wt%).In the present work,the isothermal and non-isothermal kinetics of the solid-state reduction of self-reduced pellets prepared using low-grade iron ore(COB)were thoroughly investigated via thermal analysis.The results showed that the reduction of pellets followed a firstorder autocatalytic reaction control mechanism in the temperature range of 900-1100℃.The autocatalytic nature of the reduction reaction was due to the presence of nickel in the COB.The apparent activation energy obtained from the kinetics results showed that the solid-state reactions between COB and carbon were the rate-determining step in iron oxide reduction.

Experimental study on the interrelation of multiple mechanical parameters in overburden rock caving process during coal mining in longwall panel

In order to comprehend the dynamic disaster mechanism induced by overburden rock caving during the advancement of a coal mining face, a physical simulation model is constructed basing on the geological condition of the 21221 mining face at Qianqiu coal mine in Henan Province, China. This study established, a comprehensive monitoring system to investigate the interrelations and evolutionary characteristics among multiple mechanical parameters, including mining-induced stress, displacement, temperature, and acoustic emission events during overburden rock caving. It is suggested that, despite the uniformity of the overburden rock caving interval, the main characteristic of overburden rock lies in its uneven caving strength. The mining-induced stress exhibits a reasonable interrelation with the displacement, temperature, and acoustic emission events of the rock strata. With the advancement of the coal seam, the mining-induced stress undergoes four successive stages: gentle stability, gradual accumulation, high-level mutation, and a return to stability. The variations in other mechanical parameters does not synchronize with the signifcant changes in mining-induced stress. Before the collapse of overburden rock occurs, rock strata temperature increment decreases and the acoustic emission ringing counts surges with the increase of rock strata displacement and mining-induced stress. Therefore, the collaborative characteristics of mining-induced stress, displacement, temperature, and acoustic emission ringing counts can be identifed as the precursor information or overburden rock caving. These results are in good consistent with on-site situation in the coal mine.

3D forward modeling and response characteristics of low-resistivity overburden of the CFS-PML absorbing boundary for ground-well transient electromagnetic method

This study used the stable and convergent Dufort-Frankel method to differentially discretize the diffusion equation of the ground-well transient electromagnetic secondary field.The absorption boundary condition of complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer(CFS-PML)was used for truncation so that the low-frequency electromagnetic wave can be better absorbed at the model boundary.A typical three-dimensional(3D)homogeneous half-space model was established and a low-resistivity cube model was analyzed under the half-space condition.The response patterns and drivers of the low-resistivity cube model were discussed under the influence of a low-resistivity overburden.The absorption boundary conditions of CFS-PML significantly affected the low-frequency electromagnetic waves.For a low-resistivity cube around the borehole,its response curve exhibited a single-peak,and the extreme point of the curve corresponded to the center of the low-resistivity body.When the low-resistivity cube was directly below the borehole,the response curve showed three extreme values(two high and one low),with the low corresponding to the center of the low-resistivity body.The total field response of the low-resistivity overburden was stronger than that of the uniform half-space model due to the low-resistivity shielding effect of electromagnetic waves.When the receiving-transmitting distance gradually increased,the effect of the low-resistivity overburden was gradually weakened,and the response of the low-resistivity cube was strengthened.It was affected by the ratio of the overburden resistivity to the resistivity of the low-resistivity body.

深厚覆盖层上土石坝防渗墙损伤开裂精细化分析及防渗功能评价

混凝土防渗墙是覆盖层上土石坝坝基的关键防渗结构,由于防渗墙与覆盖层的刚度和尺度差异巨大,通常的数值分析方法难以保证精度,且现有基于强度的安全评价方法,无法适应防渗墙作为防渗结构而非承载结构的功能评价要求。本文提出了比例边界元-有限元耦合跨尺度离散、塑性损伤模型和内聚力模型分离描述压损伤和受拉开裂、破损后防渗功能目标评价的精细化分析方法,实现了深厚覆盖层上土石坝防渗墙的性态演化评价。研究结果表明:超深覆盖层上悬挂式防渗墙在两岸底部因近似垂直于岸坡的高压应力发生压损伤,类“外伸梁”的面内弯曲变形使靠近防渗墙两岸的顶部和底部区域产生坝轴向高拉应力导致槽段间出现竖向裂缝;在防渗墙两岸的上游侧局部设置辅助防渗措施,可有效降低防渗墙破损后的渗流量。本文方法揭示了混凝土防渗墙的损伤开裂模式,定位了防渗墙薄弱区域,评价了防渗墙损伤开裂对防渗功能的影响,量化防渗措施效果,实现了防渗墙从传统承载能力评价到功能性态评价的跨越,可为深厚覆盖层上土石坝防渗墙的安全评价和设计优化提供理论和技术支持。

老年糖尿病合并肺部感染患者病原菌分布及血清HSP70、HMGB1水平与病情严重程度和预后的关系

目的探讨老年糖尿病合并肺部感染患者病原菌分布情况,分析血清热休克蛋白70(HSP70)、高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)水平与病情严重程度和预后的关系。方法选择2021年1月—2023年11月西安交通大学第一附属医院呼吸内科与危重症医学科收治的2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并肺部感染患者253例为研究对象,根据出院时预后情况分为预后良好组(n=191)和预后不良组(n=62)。鉴定患者痰液中病原菌并检测血清HSP70和HMGB1水平;采用多因素Logistic回归分析老年T2DM合并肺部感染预后的影响因素;受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析血清HSP70和HMGB1水平对老年T2DM合并肺部感染预后的预测价值。结果预后不良组患者年龄、空腹血糖(FPG)、高血压、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)及病情重度占比显著高于预后良好组(t/χ^(2)/P=6.251/<0.001、14.949/<0.001、4.666/0.031、5.827/0.016、16.530/<0.001)。253例患者痰标本中共检出病原菌株298株,其中革兰阴性菌占比65.10%(194/298)、革兰阳性菌占比28.86%(86/298)、真菌占比6.04%(18/298)。预后不良组血清HSP70和HMGB1水平明显高于预后良好组(t=11.672、13.069,P均<0.001)。血清HSP70和HMGB1水平比较,重度>中度>轻度患者(F=54.146、231.257,P均<0.001);多因素Logistic回归显示,年龄大、HSP70高、HMGB1高、FPG高、COPD及严重程度重均为老年T2DM合并肺部感染预后的危险因素[OR(95%CI)=1.322(1.015~1.722)、1.993(1.336~2.973)、1.754(1.302~2.363)、1.876(1.401~2.512)、3.016(1.798~5.060)、3.956(2.208~7.718)];血清HSP70、HMGB1及二者联合预测老年T2DM合并肺部感染预后的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.785、0.772、0.897,二者联合优于各自单独预测效能(Z=3.452、3.297,P均<0.001)。结论血清HSP70、HMGB1水平与老年T2DM合并肺部感染严重程度和预后密切相关,二者联合对其预后具有较高预测价值。

深覆土梯形拱明洞静力特性及卸荷效果

为研究深覆土条件下梯形拱结构–填土相互作用对周围土压力的影响机制和卸荷机理,明确梯形拱明洞相较于传统矩形明洞的优势,采用室内模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对深覆土梯形拱明洞静力特性及卸荷效果进行分析。结果表明:无减载时,梯形拱明洞两侧回填土沉降大于上方回填土沉降,两侧回填土土压力向明洞上方转移,土压力随着填土高度的增大而增大,基本呈线性变化趋势;减载时,明洞上方回填土沉降大于两侧回填土沉降,回填土内部产生土拱效应,明洞上方回填土土压力向两侧转移,铺设减载层不会改变深覆土明洞结构受力分布,但会极大地减小其内力及变形,并提高结构安全系数;减载后,梯形拱明洞的最大轴力、最大正弯矩和最大负弯矩分别减少17.5%、34.1%、29.9%,最大变形减小32.9%。矩形和梯形两种截面形式下明洞的最大轴力均出现在中隔墙底部,最大正弯矩、最小安全系数和最大变形均出现在顶板中央位置;铺设减载层后两种截面形式拱明洞最小安全系数分别增大42.6%和100.0%,梯形拱明洞安全系数提高的比例更大,效果更显著。该研究可为深覆土梯形拱明洞结构的设计和施工提供理论指导和技术支持。

厚煤层大采高综放工作面覆岩断裂演化规律研究

大采高综放开采易形成强烈的矿压显现,上覆岩层的断裂演化规律对工作面安全生产至关重要。以羊场湾煤矿160206工作面为工程背景,运用相似模拟试验、数值模拟和理论分析的综合研究方法,对大采高综放工作面覆岩的断裂过程与覆岩运移规律进行系统研究。研究表明:导水裂隙带内岩层随工作面推进表现为“台阶下沉”,同层岩层下沉趋势沿走向表现为“急剧下降—稳定(最大值)—快速上升—稳定(最小值)”。工作面覆岩运动场由两区分布(加速下沉区、缓慢下沉区)演化为三区分布(加速下沉区、缓慢下沉区、稳定区)。对离层演化与地表下沉规律进行了定量描述,运用理论计算表达式深入地剖析了地表的动态下沉机理及其相关因素。结合相似模拟与数值模拟的试验结果,提出了覆岩断裂演化的形态变化特征:覆岩断裂形态由“单等腰梯形”演化为“双等腰梯形”,表土层影响区由“矩形”演化为“倒梯形”。分析了覆岩中垮落区、离层区、压实区、裂隙富集区的动态演化过程:垮落区逐渐增大至一定程度,高度小幅度降低并趋于稳定,离层区由下至上逐渐发育并随工作面向前移动,离层区逐渐闭合形成压实区,且压实区逐渐增大并最终保持稳定,裂隙富集区位于采空区前后端部并随工作面向前移动。

结构瞬变影响下采场煤岩静态力学响应的阶变规律

为了明确采场煤岩力学响应的演变规律,以宽沟煤矿W1143长壁综采工作面为工程背景,采用物理相似模拟实验和数值计算相结合的方法,在明确来压前、后覆岩空间结构瞬变特征的基础之上,建立了一种实现坚硬岩层瞬时破断的数值模拟前处理方法,研究了结构瞬变影响下采场煤岩静态力学响应的阶变规律。结果表明:覆岩空间结构是由破裂面以外、采动影响范围以内不同岩性的岩层所组成的空间岩体结构,是其影响范围内的采场煤岩产生不同力学响应的内因。来压期间,由于坚硬岩层的破断具有瞬时性,导致覆岩空间结构发生瞬变,受此影响,采场煤岩的静态力学响应发生阶变,其本质上为一动力学过程。覆岩空间结构瞬变造成采场煤岩的应力场与位移场产生阶变,阶变集中于瞬变区域附近,距离瞬变区域越远,其阶变量越小。

水电工程深厚覆盖层地基防渗设计与潜蚀问题

我国西部一些水电站的坝址存在超深厚覆盖层,给工程的渗流控制和设计带来巨大的困难。垂直防渗墙是深厚覆盖层地基渗流控制最常用的措施。通过回顾泸定水电站深厚覆盖层悬挂式防渗墙地基异常渗漏治理的案例,指出对于西部河流中广泛存在的不稳定砂砾石地层,在关注渗流出口保护的同时,还应重视地基内部高流速和高水力梯度区域的潜蚀风险。为定量评价砂砾石地基内部潜蚀及其导致的后果,应开展深厚覆盖层内部稳定性评价准则、高上覆压力下砂砾石潜蚀试验技术、潜蚀数值模拟方法及潜蚀本构模型等关键技术问题的研究。

小断层影响下的采空区瓦斯运移规律研究

在煤矿开采过程中,小断层会导致采空区瓦斯聚集形成瓦斯富集区,对生产安全具有很大威胁,因此有必要研究小断层影响下的采空区瓦斯运移规律。通过UDEC数值模拟采空区上覆岩层破坏过程,从而计算小断层影响下采空区上覆岩层的空隙率,并利用FLUENT软件数值模拟开采过程中考虑小断层影响的采空区瓦斯运移规律。研究表明:①工作面距离小断层20 m远处,小断层从顶部首先出现滑移现象,采空区上覆岩层的位移开始受到断层的影响;工作面到达断层时,由于断层滑移,上盘岩体在断层面滑移产生回转现象,支撑着采空区岩层,覆岩垮落位移量出现大幅度减小,并且岩层垮落出现滞后现象;小断层的影响范围有限,工作面过小断层60 m之后,采空区上覆岩层位移规律逐渐恢复正常。②通过分析含小断层采空区上覆岩层位移特征,得到了采空区上覆岩层位移及其拟合公式,计算得到了三维空隙率分布规律:垮落带范围内,覆岩空隙率在4个隅角位置最大,并且断层靠近进回风巷的位置也出现了空隙率增高;裂隙带范围内,除断层靠近进回风巷的位置空隙率较大,其他位置空隙率相对较低且变化不明显。③获得了小断层影响下的采空区瓦斯运移规律:在工作面距离断层50 m远处,采空区瓦斯运移几乎不受断层的影响;在工作面推进至断层时,瓦斯沿着断层及其附近的高空隙率覆岩产生的优势逃逸通道向采空区深部运移,同时上盘的瓦斯也向深部转移导致大量瓦斯积聚在断层下盘,可能导致瓦斯随漏风流入工作面及回风巷;在工作面过断层50 m时,采空区瓦斯继续向上隅角附近转移;工作面过断层100 m时,采空区上覆岩层瓦斯运移出现回转现象,上隅角和下盘垮落带瓦斯体积分数高。

厚硬岩层结构调控低损开采方法及机理研究

为探究厚硬岩层采动结构对上覆岩层下沉破坏影响及新的低损开采方法,采用相似模拟、离散元数值模拟方法分析了厚硬基本顶采动破坏结构演化和堆积特征对覆岩下沉破坏的影响。相似模拟及数值模拟结果均表明,随采随垮的直接顶岩层和周期性破断的厚硬基本顶分别呈现小块度破坏杂乱堆积和大块度破断整齐堆积;受采动结构特征影响,直接顶岩层采动破坏产生的体积膨胀显著大于厚硬基本顶。根据模拟得到的采动岩层破坏堆积特征构建了厚硬基本顶条件下采动覆岩下沉计算模型。根据采动作用下随采随垮直接顶岩层采动破坏膨胀量显著大于周期性破断厚硬基本顶的规律,提出对厚硬基本顶进行采前大规模水力压裂并借助采动超前支承压力进一步破坏厚硬基本顶,降低厚硬基本顶采动破坏块度,使其随采随垮、杂乱堆积并充分充填采空区以控制上覆岩层下沉破坏,实现低损开采。采用数值模拟验证了压裂弱化厚硬岩层调控其采动结构,增大采动破坏岩层体积膨胀量,降低上覆岩层下沉的有效性。提出的厚硬岩层结构调控低损开采方法可为煤矿绿色高效开采提供一定的参考。

富水环境下盾构隧道最小覆盖层厚度设计与计算方法综述

覆盖层厚度设计是建设水下盾构隧道的关键环节之一。覆盖层厚度过小,围岩在施工扰动下易发生失稳,引起塌方、突水等灾害;覆盖层厚度过大,则会对工程预算与工期提出更高的要求。通过文献调研,结合已有实际水下盾构隧道工程案例,对现有合理覆盖层厚度设计和计算方法进行研究与总结。得出:1)水下盾构隧道设计方法主要分为理论分析法和数值模拟法;2)根据隧道结构稳定分析侧重点不同,理论分析法可分为考虑抗浮稳定性设计方法和考虑掌子面稳定性设计方法;3)现阶段水下盾构隧道合理覆盖层厚度的设计方法多基于数值模拟和理论分析,对实际工程工况进行一定程度的简化,且未能全面考虑复杂建(构)筑物环境、施工工艺以及隧道自身结构特性的影响,覆盖层厚度的研究深度和设计方法的适用性仍需进一步提高;4)目前,富水环境下盾构隧道最小覆盖层厚度的研究内容已较为丰富,但与实际工程的结合较为困难。未来的研究应进一步考虑施工的经济性、施工流程、复杂环境条件、结构寿命及智慧建造平台等方面。

不同时间添加蚯蚓对矸石覆土生理生态的影响

为探究不同时间添加蚯蚓对矸石覆土中香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)生理生态的影响,采用土柱试验,设置两种覆土厚度[30 cm(M)、50 cm(N)],每组覆土分别设4个处理组:单独种植香根草(CK)、接种蚯蚓20 d后添加香根草(A)、同时接种蚯蚓和添加香根草(B)、添加香根草20 d后接种蚯蚓(C)处理,分析覆土理化性质及香根草生理生态指标变化特征。结果显示:与CK相比,A、B和C处理均能使覆土pH显著降低趋向中性(P<0.05),提升覆土电导率(EC)、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量。与CK相比,不同时间接种蚯蚓均能增加香根草发芽率、总重和叶绿素a含量,其中B处理光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)含量、A处理叶绿素b含量和C处理根系总长较CK均显著提高(P<0.05)。与CK相比,B处理降低香根草可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量效果较强,30和50 cm厚度覆土下B处理香根草可溶性蛋白较CK分别降低9.34%和4.69%(P<0.05),50 cm厚度覆土下脯氨酸含量较CK降低了5.55%(P<0.05),而A处理能显著提高香根草丙二醛含量。同一覆土厚度下,A处理仅在30 cm条件下显著降低香根草过氧化氢酶活性;B、C处理香根草超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性较CK相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。冗余分析和相关性分析表明:A、C处理中覆土OM、TN是影响香根草生理生态特性主要环境因子,而B处理中覆土OM、TP是影响香根草生理生态特性的主要环境因子。研究结果可为蚯蚓-香根草联合应用于复垦土壤修复提供理论依据。

煤矿采动覆岩离层水害致灾因素勘查与预测评价

采动覆岩离层突水在我国各地矿区均较为常见且危害性较大,现有的规范中鲜有针对离层水害的具体工程地质和水文地质勘查方法。探索煤矿离层水害工程地质水文地质勘查与评价方法,能够推动我国矿井水害防治水平进一步提升。首先从煤矿采动覆岩高位离层水害孕灾机制出发,分析了离层水害从孕灾到致灾的工程地质条件,将我国现有的离层水害归纳为3种典型类型:离层动力突水、离层静水压涌突水和离层携泥砂突水。然后,确定了“水源”“通道”“力源”和“物源”为控制离层水害类型与强度的关键隐蔽致灾因素,将位于传统导水裂隙带以上,可发生离层突水的复合层位称为采动覆岩“突水离层带”,并提出了煤矿采动覆岩“突水离层带”的判别流程,划分勘查阶段,指明勘查要点。煤矿离层水害采前勘查应包括2个阶段:①开展覆岩基本工程地质和水文地质条件勘探,评估勘探区离层水害的可能性并确定潜在“突水离层带”的层位;②将“突水离层带”和“物源”层作为勘查目标层,开展离层水害致灾因素专项勘查,评定离层水害类型和强度。回采期间对水动力条件和覆岩裂隙演化进行探查。最后,基于离层水害致灾因素互馈演化致灾机制,建立了适用于采动覆岩离层水害的矿井区域预测综合评价模型,提出了全矿井/采区尺度的区域危险性分区、采前工作面突水位置判定及涌水量预计的煤矿采动覆岩离层水害预测评价方法。

中小学生课业负担加重的社会——教育传导机制与治理路径

个体社会经济地位的提升越来越依赖学校教育获得,劳动力市场的分割将竞争集中在普通学校教育体系内的优质资源,社会公平诉求又将选拔标准单一化为书本可测知识成绩的排名,不可避免出现考试难度越来越大、学习进度越来越超前、时间越来越长、负担越来越重的后果。过重课业负担对学习韧性和身心健康的影响令人担忧。减轻过重课业负担是一场持久战,需要继续强化“双减”治理、明确长期可持续学习的价值导向、重构多样化教育体系以及推动主要劳动力市场选人机制转型,进而走出“治理—恶化—再治理—再恶化”的莫比乌斯循环。

深埋煤层开采对河流安全性的影响评价

以文家坡煤矿4105工作面深埋覆水煤层开采为例,采用相似材料模拟和数值模拟方法,研究覆岩破坏和裂隙带发育规律,探究深埋煤层开采对红岩河安全的影响。研究表明:当工作面不断推进,采空区面积随之增加,覆岩在重力作用下发生弯曲变形,形成离层;当重力超过岩石变形极限时,覆岩会破坏变形,部分离层垮落消失,在垮落体上部发育新离层,两侧形成裂隙;4105工作面垮落带高度稳定在164 m;随着工作面的不断推进,导水裂隙带高度逐步上升,最终稳定在244 m;地裂缝自地表向下延伸32 m;导水裂隙带上方存在414 m的岩层做保护层,未导通地表,未与地裂缝沟通,因此红岩河不会发生渗漏,煤层的开采不会对红岩河产生影响。

高强度采动覆岩——地表偏态下沉规律研究

科学认识和掌握覆岩破断特征和地表下沉规律是煤炭绿色开采的重要基础,有利于减小煤炭开采扰动对地表构筑物和生态环境的损伤程度。基于离散元模拟软件建立数值模型,探究了不同推进距离下覆岩破断运移特征,得到了地表偏态下沉规律,采用理论分析和物理模拟手段验证了研究结果的可靠性。结果表明:开切眼侧岩层破断角大于工作面侧岩层破断角,覆岩的偏态垮落传导至地表,造成地表的偏态下沉。该研究成果为研发煤炭减损开采技术提供创新性理论支撑。