Action mechanisms of abnormal fluid pressure on physical properties of deep reservoirs: A case study on Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in the southern margin of Junggar Basin, NW China

Considering the action mechanisms of overpressure on physical changes in skeleton particles of deep reservoir rocks and the differences in physical changes of skeleton particles under overpressure and hydrostatic pressure, the sandstone of the Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in the southern margin of Junggar Basin was taken as an example for physical modeling experiment to analyze the action mechanisms of overpressure on the physical properties of deep reservoirs. (1) In the simulated ultra-deep layer with a burial depth of 6000-8000 m, the mechanical compaction under overpressure reduces the remaining primary pores by about a half that under hydrostatic pressure. Overpressure can effectively suppress the mechanical compaction to allow the preservation of intergranular primary pores. (2) The linear contact length ratio under overpressure is always smaller than the linear contact length ratio under hydrostatic pressure at the same depth. In deep reservoirs, the difference between the mechanical compaction degree under overpressure and hydrostatic pressure shows a decreasing trend, the effect of abnormally high pressure to resist the increase of effective stress is weakened, and the degree of mechanical compaction is gradually close to that under hydrostatic pressure. (3) The microfractures in skeleton particles of deep reservoirs under overpressure are thin and long, while the microfractures in skeleton particles of deep reservoirs under hydrostatic pressure are short and wide. This difference is attributed to the probable presence of tension fractures in the rocks containing abnormally high pressure fluid. (4) The microfractures in skeleton particles under overpressure were mainly formed later than that under hydrostatic pressure, and the development degree and length of microfractures both extend deeper. (5) The development stages of microfractures under overpressure are mainly controlled by the development stages of abnormally high pressure and the magnitude of effective stress acting on the skeleton particles. Moreover, the development stages of microfractures in skeleton particles are more than those under hydrostatic pressure in deep reservoir. The multi-stage abnormally high pressure plays an important role in improving the physical properties of deep reservoirs.

Heterogeneity and influencing factors of marine gravity flow tight sandstone under abnormally high pressure:A case study from the Miocene Huangliu Formation reservoirs in LD10 area,Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

The characteristics of reservoir heterogeneity of the marine gravity flow tight sandstone from the Miocene Huangliu Formation under abnormally high pressure setting at LD10 area in Yinggehai Basin are studied,and the influencing factors on reservoir heterogeneity are discussed,based on modular formation dynamics test,thin sections,XRD analysis of clay minerals,scanning electron microscopy,measurement of pore throat image,porosity and permeability,and high pressure Hg injection,as well as the stimulation of burial thermal history.The aim is to elucidate characteristics of the heterogeneity and the evolution process of heterogeneity of the reservoir,and predict the favorable reservoirs distribution.(1)The heterogeneity of the reservoir is mainly controlled by the cement heterogeneity,pore throat heterogeneity,quality of the reservoir heterogeneity,and the diagenesis under an abnormally high pressure setting.(2)The differences in pore-throat structure caused by diagenetic evolution affected the intergranular material heterogeneity and the pore throat heterogeneity,and finally controlled the heterogeneity of reservoir quality.(3)Compared with the reservoir under normal pressure,abnormally high pressure restrains strength of the compaction and cementation and enhances the dissolution of the reservoir to some extent,and abnormally high pressure thus weakening the heterogeneity of the reservoir to a certain degree.The favorable reservoirs are mainly distributed in the gravity flow sand body under the strong overpressure zone in the middle and lower part of Huangliu Formation.

High-Temperature Overpressure Basin Reservoir and Pressure Prediction Model

Yinggehai Basin locates in the northern South China Sea. Since the Cainozoic Era, crust has several strong tension: the basin subsides quickly, the deposition is thick, and the crust is thin. In the central basin, formation pressure coefficient is up to 2.1;Yinggehai Basin is a fomous high-temperature overpressure basin.YinggehaiBasin’s in-depth, especially high-temperature overpressure stratum has numerous large-scale exploration goals. As a result of high-temperature overpressure basin’s perplexing geological conditions and geophysical analysis technical limitations, this field of gas exploration can’t be carried out effectively, which affects the process of gas exploration seriously. A pressure prediction model of the high-temperature overpressure basin in different structural positions is summed up by pressure forecast pattern research in recent years, which can be applied to target wells pre-drilling pressure prediction and post drilling pressure analysis of Yinggehai Basin. The model has small erroneous and high rate of accuracy. The Yinggehai Basin A well drilling is successful in 2010, and gas is discovered in high-temperature overpressure stratum, which proved that reservoir can be found in high-temperature overpressure stratum. It is a great theoretical breakthrough of reservoir knowledge.

Productivity Analysis Method of Abnormal High-Pressure Gas Reservoir in Ying-Qiong Basin

Ying-Qiong Basin in the west of South China Sea contains plenty of abnormal high-pressure gas reservoirs, whose stress sensitivity is crucial for well productivity. To explore the influence of stress sensitivity on production, the variable outlet back pressure stress sensitivity experiments were applied to test core sample permeability under different burden pressure and obtain the relational expression of power function of core stress sensitivity. Afterwards, new productivity equation is deduced in consideration of reservoir stress sensitivity, and the affection of stress sensitivity on production is analyzed. The result demonstrates close link between stress sensitivity and productivity, since single well production decreases dramatically when reservoir stress sensitivity has been taken into account. This research is constructive for well-testing data interpretation in stress sensitive gas reservoirs.

Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of Overpressure in the Depressions of Bohai Bay Basin, China

The distribution and genetic mechanisms of abnormal pressures in the Bohai Bay Basin were systematically analyzed. Abnormal pressures are widely developed in the Bohai Bay Basin, primarily in the Paleogene E2s4, E2s3, Es1, and Ed formations. From the onshore area of the Bohai Bay Basin to the center of the Bozhong area, the top depth of the overpressured zone in each depression increases gradually, the overpressured strata in each depression gradually move to younger formations, and the pressure structure successively alters from single-bottom- overpressure to double-bottom-overpressure and finally to double-top-overpressure. The distribution of overpressured area is consistent with the sedimentary migration controlled by the tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin, which is closely related to the hydrocarbon-generation capability of active source rocks. The overpressured strata are consistent with the source-rock intervals in each depression; the top of the overpressured zone is synchronous with the hydrocarbon generation threshold in each depression; the hydrocarbon generation capability is positively correlated with the overpressure magnitude in each formation. Undercompaction was the main mechanism of overpressure for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients less than 1.2, whereas hydrocarbon generation was the main mechanism for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients greater than 1.5.

Characteristics,origin and controlling effects on hydrocarbon accumulation of overpressure in foreland thrust belt of southern margin of Junggar Basin,NW China

Aiming at the differential distribution of overpressure in vertical and lateral directions in the foreland thrust belt in the southern margin of Junggar Basin,the study on overpressure origin identification and overpressure evolution simulation is carried out.Based on the measured formation pressure,drilling fluid density and well logging data,overpressure origin identification and overpressure evolution simulation techniques are used to analyze the vertical and lateral distribution patterns of overpressure,genetic mechanisms of overpressure in different structural belts and causes of the differential distribution of overpressure,and the controlling effects of overpressure development and evolution on the formation and distribution of oil and gas reservoirs.The research shows that overpressure occurs in multiple formations vertically in the southern Junggar foreland thrust belt,the deeper the formation,the bigger the scale of the overpressure is.Laterally,overpressure is least developed in the mountain front belt,most developed in the fold anticline belt,and relatively developed in the slope belt.The differential distribution of overpressure is mainly controlled by the differences in disequilibrium compaction and tectonic compression strengths of different belts.The vertical overpressure transmission caused by faults connecting the deep overpressured system has an important contribution to the further increase of the overpressure strength in this area.The controlling effect of overpressure development and evolution on hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution shows in the following aspects:When the strong overpressure was formed before reservoir becoming tight overpressure maintains the physical properties of deep reservoirs to some extent,expanding the exploration depth of deep reservoirs;reservoirs below the overpressured mudstone cap rocks of the Paleogene Anjihaihe Formation and Lower Cretaceous Tugulu Group are main sites for oil and gas accumulation;under the background of overall overpressure,both overpressure strength too high or too low are not conducive to hydrocarbon enrichment and preservation,and the pressure coefficient between 1.6 and 2.1 is the best.

Pressure Prediction for High-Temperature and High-Pressure Formation and Its Application to Drilling in the Northern South China Sea

There are plentiful potential hydrocarbon resources in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins in the northern South China Sea. However, the special petrol-geological condition with high formation temperature and pressure greatly blocked hydrocarbon exploration. The conventional means of drills, including methods in the prediction and monitoring of underground strata pressure, can no longer meet the requirements in this area. The China National Offshore Oil Corporation has allocated one well with a designed depth of 3200 m and pressure coefficient of 2.3 in the Yinggehai Basin (called test well in the paper) in order to find gas reservoirs in middle-deep section in the Miocene Huangliu and Meishan formations at the depth below 3000 m. Therefore, combined with the '863' national high-tech project, the authors analyzed the distribution of overpressure in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, and set up a series of key technologies and methods to predict and monitor formation pressure, and then apply the results to pressure prediction of the test well. Because of the exact pressure prediction before and during drilling, associated procedure design of casing and their allocation in test well has been ensured to be more rational. This well is successfully drilled to the depth of 3485 m (nearly 300 m deeper than the designed depth) under the formation pressure about 2.3 SG (EMW), which indicate that a new step in the technology of drilling in higher temperature and pressure has been reached in the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.

Test and Study of the Rock Pressure Sensitivity for KeLa-2 Gas Reservoir in the Tarim Basin

KeLa-2 gas reservoir is the largest uncompartimentalized gas field so far discovered in China, with a reserve of hundreds of billions of cubic meters of dry gas. It has such features as extremely long interval (550m), high pressure (74.5MPa) and pressure coefficient (2.022). Gas reservoirs with a pressure coefficient of over 2.0 are not commonly found. The abnormal high-pressure reservoirs are quite different in characteristic and performance during the process of depletion exploitation. Therefore, it is necessary to know the property of pressure sensitivity for this abnormal high-pressure reservoir. The aim of this paper is to test the reservoir pressure sensitivity and to analyze its effect on the deliverability of gas. Through some experiments, the permeability change with the confining pressure of rock samples from KeLa-2 abnormal high-pressure gas reservoir is measured. A power function is used to match the measured data, and to derive an empirical equation to describe the change of permeability through the change of the reservoir pressure or effective overburden pressure. Considering the permeability change during the development of reservoirs, a conventional deliverability equation is modified, and the deliverability curve for KeLa-2 gas reservoir is predicted. The research indicates that the extent of the pressure sensitivity of rock samples from KeLa-2 is higher than that from the Daqing oilfield. KeLa-2 reservoir rock has the feature of an undercompaction state. The pressure sensitivity of a reservoir may decrease the well deliverability. It is concluded that for KeLa-2 reservoir the predicted absolute open flow (AOF), when the pressure sensitivity is taken into account, is approximately 70% of the AOF when permeability is constant and does not change with pressure.

Relationship between heterogeneity of source rocks and genetic mechanism of abnormally high pressure

Based on the micro-fluorescence observation of polished sections of source rocks,two types of micro-layers with different wetting properties formed in thermal evolution,i.e.,oil-wetting and water-wetting micro-layers,are distinguished.The wetting property is found closely related to the abundance of organic matter and its occurrences with inorganic minerals.The alternating distribution and intercrossing of two types of micro-layers formed many separated spaces with different wettabilities.The strong capillary forces in these separated spaces with different wettibilities obstruct the cross flows of pore fluids and result in nearly independent and closed fluid systems.As a consequence,these spatially superposed spaces in source rocks bear the overburden pressure and then abnormally high pressures have developed in the whole source rock unit.Therefore,the abundance and occurrences of organic matter are the main inner factors influencing the formation of abnormally high pressures,whereas the formation,distribution and development of micro-layers with different wettabilities during the evolution of source rock determine the intensity and spatial distribution of abnormally high pressures.

Origin of abnormal high pressure and its relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation in the Dina 2 Gas Field, Kuqa Depression

Based on distribution of formation pressure by indirect estimation and formation testing,this study investigates origin of abnormal high pressure in the Dina 2 Gas Field in the Kuqa Depression in combination with the latest research findings.Contribution of major overpressure mechanisms to this gas field is estimated,and generation of the abnormal high pressure as well as its relationship with natural gas accumulation is explored.Disequilibrium compaction,tectonic stress,and overpressure transfer are the major overpressure mechanisms.Overpressure transfer resulted from vertical opening of faults and folding is the most important cause for the overpressure.Gas accumulation and abnormal high pressure generation in the reservoirs of the Dina 2 Gas Field show synchroneity.During the early oil-gas charge in the Kangcun stage,the reservoirs were generally normal pressure systems.In the Kuqa deposition stage,rapid deposition caused disequilibrium compaction and led to generation of excess pressure(approximately 5-10 MPa)in the reservoirs.During the Kuqa Formation denudation stage to the Quaternary,reservoir overpressure was greatly increased to approximately 40-50 MPa as a result of vertical pressure transfer by episodic fault activation,lateral overpressure transfer by folding and horizontal tectonic stress due to intense tectonic compression.The last stage was the major period of ultra-high pressure generation and gas accumulation in the Dina 2 Gas Field.

准噶尔盆地深层-超深层碎屑岩致密气储层特征及其控制因素

为寻找准噶尔盆地深层-超深层有利碎屑岩致密气储层,利用钻井、录井、薄片及化验资料,研究了碎屑岩致密气储层发育特征、储集空间类型、物性变化特征及有利储层控制因素。研究结果表明:①深层-超深层有利碎屑岩致密气储层储集岩主要为三角洲砾岩和砂岩,以细砾(砂)岩、中砾(砂)岩及中-细砾(砂)岩为主,为岩屑类砂岩。砾石成分和砂岩岩屑以凝灰岩为主,胶结物主要为方解石,局部富集沸石类。②储集空间为孔隙和裂缝,以孔隙为主。储集空间有孔隙型、裂缝型和孔隙-裂缝混合型3种组合类型。孔隙主要为原生剩余孔隙和次生溶蚀孔隙,以次生溶蚀孔隙为主。裂缝以成岩压实微裂缝和构造裂缝为主。③碎屑岩致密气储层垂向上形成了3个次生孔隙发育带。④岩石成分、建设型成岩作用和异常高压是控制有利储层的主要因素,3个主要因素控制了盆地深层-超深层碎屑岩致密气有利储层的发育和分布。

海洋精细控压钻井技术现状及应用

随着勘探技术的进步,不断向深部地层钻进,溢漏同存、窄压力窗口、异常高压等问题突出,往往会发生喷漏卡塌等复杂情况,这些已成为安全高效钻探面临和急需解决的难题。针对上述突出问题,考虑国内海洋钻井相比陆上钻井在地质特征、井身结构、作业模式等方面的差异,以陆上精细控压装备结构及工艺原理为基础,攻关形成了适合海洋作业的小型化、模块化、高效化精细控压装备及配套工艺,尤其在RCD系统结构、精细控压节流管汇结构、自动节流管汇回压补偿工艺等方面作出较大的优化升级,目前海洋化的精细控压钻井技术在加大推广应用,成为解决裂缝性储层、浅部大井眼钻进中的喷漏难题的有效手段之一。现场应用表明,精细控压钻井技术不仅有利于保障钻完井井控安全、减少井下复杂,而且可以大幅度降低钻井作业成本,在高压、裂缝发育、易漏失的储层钻井中具有广泛的应用前景,有助于提高勘探开发效益。

白云凹陷深层压实作用和超压成因讨论及其对深层流体运聚的影响

珠江口盆地白云凹陷含有丰富的油气资源,勘探潜力巨大。深层目的层发育强烈的超压,文中对白云凹陷深层的超压成因及压实作用进行研究;利用三维地震资料和地球物理测井资料对白云凹陷深层的超压详细了解,利用综合压实曲线方法和盆地模拟技术对钻、测井资料进行处理,分析深层的异常压力成因。以分区块、分层位的原则总结压力分布规律和异常高压产生的原因,并利用流体势的评价手段对白云凹陷深层油气的运聚进行预测,为白云凹陷下一步的勘探部署提供依据。研究认为:白云凹陷发育超压的区块主要有主洼中心、主洼东、主洼西南、北坡(以超压发育规模排序);深层超压发育在珠海组及以下地层,不同层位超压成因的贡献亦不相同。其中,恩平组超压成因主要为压实作用增压和生烃增压、而珠海组异常压力主要来源则是压实作用增压与传递型超压。不同区块的欠压实作用不同。此外,受地热等因素影响,各区块发育的化学压实作用不同。由于主洼发育较强的超压,气势较大,东洼和西洼等小洼陷在晚期也形成了气势高值区;主洼-北坡、主洼-西南部和主洼东由于地势较高而形成了明显的气势低值区。恩平组气势梯度较大的区域逐渐向斜坡带和低隆起上扩张,有利于油气晚期向北坡和主洼东部等地区运移。

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷西南洼古近系东营组超压分布特征及成因

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷西南洼古近系东营组超压广泛发育,但压力分布特征、超压形成机理及其对油气成藏的影响尚未完全明确。基于实测地层压力和测井资料,对渤中凹陷西南洼地区东营组现今地层压力进行研究,分析现今地层压力空间分布特征,并通过测井曲线综合分析法及声波速度-密度交会图法分析超压成因类型,根据盆地模拟技术恢复成藏时期古压力演化,研究地层古压力对油气成藏的影响。研究结果表明:(1)东营组纵向上发育一套完整的超压系统,平面上超压围绕生烃洼陷分布,越靠近凹陷中心超压越大。(2)超压由浅层欠压实主导型转化为深层欠压实-生烃膨胀复合型。(3)东营组三段和东营组二段下亚段烃源岩层内发育的超压不仅为油气运移提供充足动力,同时向下形成超压流体封盖,阻止油气向上逸散。最后提出古潜山是渤中凹陷西南洼下一步深层和超深层油气勘探的有利目标。

银额盆地哈日凹陷异常高压储层测试压裂的探究与实践

银根-额济纳旗盆地哈日凹陷多口探井已获得工业油气流,但该凹陷油气地质条件极为复杂,钻遇的储层埋藏深、岩性复杂,主要表现为地层压力高、岩性致密、抗压强度高。同时该区域处于勘探初期,同等埋深储层无可借鉴的邻井压裂资料,严重制约后续压裂工艺及勘探工作的开展。为此,提出了测试压裂的概念,通过对YH6井实施测试压裂压降数据的分析,求取储层的闭合压力、闭合时间、地应力、地层孔隙压力等参数,为主压裂的方案设计和优化,提供技术支撑基础,保证主压裂的成功实施。本研究对银额盆地高压、高应力储层的压裂试油作业和后续深层油气的勘探开发具有重大意义。

岩矿扫描录井在碳酸盐岩储层异常高压预测中的应用

做好碳酸盐岩储层异常高压随钻预测,是降低溢流、井漏风险发生概率的关键。针对塔里木盆地富满地区一间房-鹰山组碳酸盐岩储层异常高压预测难题,通过岩矿扫描录井技术,获取与断控缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层异常高压相关的孔隙度、裂缝数两个参数,引入反映裂缝复杂程度的裂缝复杂指数,并建立孔隙度与裂缝复杂指数图板,对塔里木盆地富满地区一间房-鹰山组碳酸盐岩储层异常高压进行识别和预测。以塔里木盆地富满地区FD 1井为例,应用孔隙度与裂缝复杂指数图板能有效表征碳酸盐岩储层异常高压段,为该地区碳酸盐岩储层异常高压研究和预测提供了一个新方法,也为下一步勘探开发提前采取工程措施,降低溢流、井漏风险发生概率提供技术支撑。

基于动态仿真的火炬气回收系统超压保护措施

油气田火炬气回收是碳减排的重要手段,但目前针对火炬气回收系统(FGRS)尤其是超压保护方面还缺乏系统性研究。以文昌9-7海上钻井生产平台为例,采用K-Spice软件搭建了火炬气回收系统动态仿真模型,研究确定火炬气回收系统在不同放空工况下的超压保护措施。结果表明:火炬气回收系统分液罐的压力高高关断(PAHH)设定值应根据连续放空气量变化确定,参照现行规范设定的PAHH值(210 kPa)明显偏高,应调至38.5 kPa,以确保超压值不高于分液罐设计压力又满足平台低压设备的泄放背压要求;应急放空工况下,为确保一级保护和二级保护相互独立,火炬支路快速开关阀(ESD)的开阀时间应小于27 s;火炬支路ESD故障时,为确保应急放空过程中分液罐内压力不超过设计压力,同时考虑爆破膜泄压对上游设备泄放背压的影响,最终选择Z型爆破膜。目前该平台已结合上述关键参数形成了一套完整的火炬气回收方案,预期回收火炬气可达13万立方米/年以上,碳减排效果显著。本研究为火炬气回收系统超压保护措施关键参数确定提供了定量分析手段,为火炬气回收系统的设计提供了参考。

浅析空压机高压缸振动异常波动原因

分析空压机组高压缸的运行情况,排查机组异常波动的原因,对各个因素逐一论证,确认引起高压缸振动异常波动的原因是段间冷却器的腐蚀物及涂抹的二硫化钼润滑脂被携带至叶轮而导致叶轮结垢。通过计算高压缸各段多变效率评判了出现异常波动之后机组的稳定性和可靠性,并对机组各段间冷却器进行改造,通过更换管板和管束材质后,机组运行工况大大改善,为装置长周期运行提供参考依据。

基于钻井机械比能的地层压力监测方法在探井工程的应用

高风险探井为降低复杂情况处理难度以及减少损失,通常采用常规钻具实现安全完钻后进行测井取资料。根据dc指数PreVue地层压力监测缺少随钻测井数据参考印证,难以满足实钻指导需求。为此提出采用基于钻井机械比能的地层压力监测方法,分析预测地层压力变化趋势,进行异常高压风险预警,指导钻井工程有效采取防范措施。该监测方法在北部湾探井应用成功钻前预测外的异常高压,对安全高效钻井提供更充分保障。

西湖凹陷古近系致密砂岩气“三元耦合控藏”特征

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