Experimental and numerical study on protective effect of RC blast wall against air shock wave

Prototype experiments were carried out on the explosion-proof performance of the RC blast wall.The mass of TNT detonated in the experiments is 5 kg and 20 kg respectively.The shock wave overpressure was tested in different regions.The above experiments were numerically simulated,and the simulated shock wave overpressure waveforms were compared with that tested and given by CONWEP program.The results show that the numerically simulated waveform is slightly different from the test waveform,but similar to CONWEP waveform.Through dimensional analysis and numerical simulation under different working conditions,the equation for the attenuation rate of the diffraction overpressure behind the blast wall was obtained.According to the corresponding standards,the degree of casualties and the damage degree of the brick concrete building at a certain distance behind the wall can be determined when parameters are set.The above results can provide a reference for the design and construction of the reinforced concrete blast wall.

Effects of Overpressured Fluid Flow on Petroleum Accumulation in the Yinggehai Basin

The Yinggehai Basin is a strongly overpressured Cenozoic basin developed in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea. The flow of overpressured fluids in this basin has given rise to strong effects on petroleum accumulation. (1) The overpressured fluid flow has enhanced the maturation of shallow-buried source rocks, which has caused the source rocks that would have remained immature under the conduction background to be mature for hydrocarbon generation. As a result, the overpressured fluid flow has increased the volume and interval of mature source rocks. (2) The overpressured fluid flow has strong extraction effects on the immature or low-mature source rocks in the shallow parts. This has increased, to some extent, the expulsion efficiency of the source rocks. More importantly, the extraction effects have strongly limited the effectiveness of biomarker parameters from oil and condensate in reflecting the source and maturity of the oil and gas. (3) The flow has caused the sandstones in the shallow parts to get into the late diagenesis stage, and significantly reduced the porosity and permeability of the sandstones. This study confirms that even in sedimentary basins in which no topography-driven groundwater flow systems have ever developed, the cross-formation migration of overpressured fluids and the resultant energy conduction and material exchange can significantly affect the thermal regime, source rock maturation and sandstone diagenesis. As a result, the effects of overpressured fluid flow must be taken into account in analyzing the mechanism of petroleum accumulation.

Characteristics of Overpressure Systems and Their Significance in Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins,China

Overpressure systems are widely developed in the central depression and paleo-uplift in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. They can be divided into three types according to the origin of abnormally high formation pressure in the reservoirs, i.e. the autochthonous, vertically-transmitted and laterally-transmitted types. The autochthonous overpressure system results from rapid disequilibrium sediment loading and compaction. In the allochthonous overpressure system, the increase of fluid pressure in sandstone originates from the invasion of overpressured fluid flowing vertically or laterally through the conduit units. The autochthonous overpressure system occurs in the deep-lying strata of Neogene age in the central depression of the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. The vertically transmitted overpressure system is developed in the shallow strata of Late Miocene and Pliocene ages in the diapiric zone of the central Yinggehai basin, and the laterally transmitted overpressure system occurs in the Oligocene strata of paleo-uplifts, such as the structure of Ya-211 in the Qiongdongnan basin. The results indicate that the autochthonous overpressure system is generally a closed one, which is unfavorable for the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons. In the allochthonous overpressure system, hydrocarbon accumulation depends on the relationship between the formation of overpressure systems and the spatial location and duration of hydrocarbon migration. The interval overlying the overpressure system is usually a favorable hydrocarbon accumulation zone if the duration of fluid expulsion coincides with that of hydrocarbon accumulation.

Arterial faults and their role in mineralizing systems

In quartzo-feldspathic continental crust with moderate-to-high heat flow,seismic activity extends to depths of 10-20 km,bounded by isotherms in the 350-450 C range.Fluid overpressuring above hydrostatic in seismogenic crust,is heterogeneous but tends to develop in the lower seismogenic zone(basal seismogenic zone reservoir=b.s.z.reservoir) where the transition between hydrostatically pressured and overpressured crust is likely an irregular,time-dependent.3-D interface with overpressuring concentrated around active faults and their ductile shear zone roots.The term Arterial Fault is applied to fault structures that root in portions of the crust where pore fluids are overpressured(i.e.at> hydrostatic pressure) and serve as feeders for such fluids and their contained solutes into overlying parts of the crust.While arterial flow may occur on any type of fault,it is most likely to be associated with reverse faults in areas of horizontal compression where fluid overpressuring is most easily sustained.Frictional stability and flow permeability of faults are both affected by the state of stress on the fault(shear stress,τ;normal stress,σn),the level of pore-fluid pressure,Pf,and episodes of fault slip,allowing for a complex interplay between fault movement and fluid flow.For seismically active faults the time dependence of permeability is critical,leading to fault-valve behaviour whereby overpressures accumulate at depth during interseismic intervals with fluid discharged along enhanced fault-fracture permeability following each rupture event.Patterns of mineralization also suggest that flow along faults is non-uniform,concentrating along tortuous pathways within the fault surface.Equivalent hydrostatic head above ground level for near-lithostatic overpressures at depth(<1.65×depth of zone) provides a measure of arterial potential.Settings for arterial faults include fault systems developed in compacting sedimentary basins,faults penetrating zones of active plutonic intrusion that encounter overpressured fluids exsolved from magma,together with those derived from contact metamorphism of fluid-rich wallrocks,and/or from regional devolatilisation accompanying prograde metamorphism.Specially significant are active faults within accretionary prisms rooted into overpressured subduction interfaces,and steep reverse faults activated by high overpressures from b.s.z.reservoirs during compressional inversion.

Episodic Fluid Injections in Overpressured Basins:A Case Study from Yinggehai Basin

The characteristics, origin and injection history of the Dongfang gas field, the largest gas field found in the Yinggehai basin, are studied by integrated geological, geothermal and geochemical data. The gas field shows considerable variation in hydrocarbon gas, nitrogen and carbon dioxide content, aud has been filled by at least four stage fluids. A strong thermal anomaIy caused by hydrothermal fluid flows occurs in the gas field, as evidenced rrom drill-stem test and fluid iuclusion homogenization temperatures, rock-eval tmax,vitrinite reflectance as well as clay-mineral transformation profiles. Such a thermal anomaly suggests focused, rapid flow of deeply-sourced hydrothermal rluids. The inter-reservoir heterogeneities, the strong migotion rractionation related to abrupt changes in pressure and temperature and tbe short-lived, transient nature of the thermal effect of fluid flow are evidences of episodic rluid injections from the overpressured systems into the reservoirs.

Formation of overpressure system and its relationship with the distribution of large gas fields in typical foreland basins in central and western China

Based on the data of measured formation pressure, drilling fluid density of key exploration wells and calculated pressure by well logging, combined with the analysis of natural gas geological conditions, the characteristics and formation mechanisms of formation fluid overpressure systems in different foreland basins and the relationship between overpressure systems and large-scale gas accumulation are discussed.(1) The formation mechanisms of formation overpressure in different foreland basins are different. The formation mechanism of overpressure in the Kuqa foreland basin is mainly the overpressure sealing of plastic salt gypsum layer and hydrocarbon generation pressurization in deep–ultra-deep layers, that in the southern Junggar foreland basin is mainly hydrocarbon generation pressurization and under-compaction sealing, and that in the western Sichuan foreland basin is mainly hydrocarbon generation pressurization and paleo-fluid overpressure residual.(2) There are three common characteristics in foreland basins, i.e. superimposed development of multi-type overpressure and multi-layer overpressure, strong–extremely strong overpressure developed in a closed foreland thrust belt, and strong–extremely strong overpressure developed in a deep foreland uplift area.(3) There are four regional overpressure sealing and storage mechanisms, which play an important role in controlling large gas fields, such as the overpressure of plastic salt gypsum layer, the overpressure formed by hydrocarbon generation pressurization, the residual overpressure after Himalayan uplift and denudation, and the under-compaction overpressure.(4) Regional overpressure is an important guarantee for forming large gas fields, the sufficient gas source, large-scale reservoir and trap development in overpressure system are the basic conditions for forming large gas fields, and the overpressure system is conducive to forming deep to ultra-deep large gas fields.

About retardation of a physicochemical processes in overpressured sediments, South-Caspian basin, Azerbaijan

In paper the role of excess pressures in cata- genic processes of the South-Caspian basin (SCB) is considered. The results of the carried out researches taking into account world ex- perience on the given problem allow to con- clude, that SCB (mainly its deep-water part), as well as a number of other basins of the world with overpressures, is characterized by retarda- tion of processes cracking of kerogen and oil, and also reaction of transformation of clay minerals. Periodic intensification of these pro- cesses can provoke development of diapirs and mud volcanoes, which are the centers of pulse unloading of a hydrocarbon products from sys- tem. The conclusion about high prospects of revealing of hydrocarbon accumulations in deep buried deposits in overpressured basins is made.

Research on the distribution characteristics of explosive shock waves at different altitudes

There are great differences in the distribution characteristics of shock waves produced by ammunition explosions at different altitudes.At present,there are many studies on plain explosion shock waves,but there are few studies on the distribution characteristics of plateau explosion shock waves,and there is still a lack of complete analysis and evaluation methods.This paper compares and analyzes shock wave overpressure data at different altitudes,obtains the attenuation effect of different altitudes on the shock wave propagation process and proposes a calculation formula for shock wave overpressure considering the effect of altitude.The data analysis results show that at the same TNT equivalent and the same distance from the measuring point,the shock wave overpressure at high altitude is lower than that at low altitude.With the increase in the explosion center distance of the measuring point,the peak attenuation rate of the shock wave overpressure at high altitudes is smaller than that at low altitudes,and the peak attenuation rate of the shock wave overpressure at high altitudes gradually intensifies with increasing proportional distance.The average error between the shock wave overpressure and measured shock wave overpressure in a high-altitude environment obtained by using the above calculation formula is 11.1389%.Therefore,this method can effectively predict explosion shock wave overpressure in plateau environments and provides an effective calculation method for practical engineering tests.

Overpressure origins and evolution in deep-buried strata:A case study of the Jurassic Formation,central Junggar Basin,western China

Overpressure is significant to the exploration and exploitation of petroleum due to its influence on hydrocarbon accumulation and drilling strategies.The deep-burial hydrocarbon reservoirs of Jurassic strata in the central Junggar Basin are characterized by intensive overpressure,whose origins are complex and still unclear.In this study,Bowers'method and sonic velocity-density crossplot method based on well logging data were used as a combination for overpressure judgements in geophysics.Furthermore,the corresponding geological processes were analysed in quality and quantity to provide a rational comprehension of the overpressure origins and the model of overpressure evolution and hy-drocarbon accumulation processes.The results showed that hydrocarbon generation in the Jurassic source rocks led to overpressure in the mudstones,while hydrocarbon generation in Permian source rocks led to overpressure in the sandstone reservoirs in Jurassic strata by vertical pressure transfer.The burial and thermal history indicated that the aquathermal effect of pore fluids by temperature increase in deep strata is also an important origin of overpressure,while disequilibrium compaction may not be the dominant cause for the overpressure in deep-buried strata.Furthermore,the continuous tectonic compression in both the north-south and west-east trends from the Jurassic period to the present may also have enhanced the overpressure in deep strata.Meanwhile,the developed faults formed by intensive tectonic compression led to pressure transfer from source rocks to the Jurassic reservoirs.Overpressured geofluids with hydrocarbons migrated to sandstone reservoirs and aggravated the over-pressure in the Jurassic strata.To conclude,the intensive overpressure in the central Junggar Basin is attributed to the combination of multiple mechanisms,including hydrocarbon generation,the aqua-thermal effect,tectonic compression and pressure transfer.Furthermore,the developed overpressure indicated hydrocarbon migration and accumulation processes and the potential of oil and gas reservoirs in deeply buried strata.We hope this study will provide a systematic research concept for overpressure origin analysis and provide guidance for petroleum exploration and exploitation in deep-buried strata.

Reservoir Potential Assessment of the Tortonian-Calabrian Sediments from Offshore Makran(Southwest Pakistan)through a Multidisciplinary Approach

The Tortonian–Calabrian strata of Offshore Makran(Pakistan)is investigated for the purpose of reservoir assessment.The stratigraphy and petrophysics indicate that the Neogene sediments have tight reservoir potential with porosities in the range of 3%–9%and 40%–50%water saturation.The mineralogical cross plots indicate a mixed lithology with an abundance of dolomite and calcite,together with minor quartz content and shale.The seismic interpretation demonstrates medium–high amplitude reflection patterns,mud diapirs coupled with onlapping strata and the occurrence of bottom simulating reflectors(BSRs).The BSRs are characterized by diminished amplitude,low continuity and exhibiting acoustic blanking zones.The high formation pressure results indicate overpressure zones,suggesting the occurrence of overpressured shales in the Jal Pari-1A.The presence of mud diapirs and gas chimneys are the result of tectonic forces acting at the junction of the Arabian,Indian and Eurasian plates,whereas,BSRs prove the existence of gas charged sediments supporting the formation of mud diapirism in the region.It is concluded that the high rates of sedimentation during the Neogene are likely to have contributed to the development of the high formation pressure.Revised mud weights,casing policies,pore pressure transients and geophysical inversion studies will help alleviate drilling risks in future exploration strategies.

Fluid Charging and Paleo-pressure Evolution in the Ledong Slope Zone of the Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

Large numbers of gas reservoirs have been discovered in overpressure basins.Fluid charging has a close relationship with paleo-pressure evolution,affecting the migration of gas reservoirs.To study fluid charging and the related pressure system,we analyzed burial histories and fluid inclusion(PVTx)simulations and conducted basin modeling of the Ledong Slope Zone in the Yinggehai Basin as an example.On the basis of fluid-inclusion assemblages(FIAs),homogenization temperature(Th),final melting temperature(Tm,ice)and Raman spectroscopy in fluid inclusions,there are three stages of fluid charging:during the first and second stage,methane-dominated fluid was charged at 2.2–1.7 Ma and 1.7–0.9 Ma,respectively.In the third stage,CO_(2)-rich hydrothermal fluid was charged since 0.9 Ma.It could be concluded from the well-logging data that the disequilibrium compaction in the Yinggehai Fm.,along with the fluid expansion and clay diagenesis in the Huangliu and Meishan formations,resulted in the overpressure in the Ledong slope zone.The evolution of paleo-pressure was affected by the sedimentation rate of the Yinggehai Fm.,as well as the hydrocarbon generation rate.Additionally,the Ledong Slope Zone is less affected by diapir activity than the nearby diapir area.Based on fluid inclusions,paleo-pressure,basin modeling and geological background,the gas migration history of the Ledong Slope Zone can be divided into four stages:in the first stage,excess pressure was formed around 5 Ma;from 2.2 to 1.7 Ma,there was a reduction in the charging of hydrocarbon fluid and steadily increasing excess pressure;during the 1.7–0.9 Ma period a large amount of hydrocarbon was generated,excess pressure increasing significantly and hydraulic fractures forming in mudstones,With gas reservoirs developing in structural highs;since 0.9 Ma,CO_(2)-rich hydrothermal fluid accumulated in reservoirs adjacent to faults and the pressure coefficient remained stable.The research results are helpful in the study of fluid migration and accumulation mechanisms in overpressure basins.

Differences of polygonal faults related to upper Miocene channels:a case study from the Beijiao sag of Qiongdongnan basin,South China Sea

Deep-water coarse-grained channels are embedded within a polygonal fault tier,and the polygonal faults(PFs)present non-polygonal geometries rather than classic polygonal geometry in plan view.However,PFs present differences when they encounter deep-water(coarse-grained vs.fine-grained)channels with different lithology,which has not been further studied to date.Three-dimensional(3D)seismic data and a drilling well from Beijiao sag of Qiongdongnanbasin,South China Sea were utilized to document the plan view and cross-sectional properties of the PFs and their differences and genetic mechanism were investigated.Results show that,first,PFs can be divided morphologically into channel-segmenting PFs and channel-bounding PFs in plan view.The former virtually cuts or segments the axes of channels in highand low-amplitudes,and the latter nearly parallels the boundaries of the channels.Both are approximately perpendicular to each other.Secondly,channel-bounding PFs that related to low-amplitude channels are much longer than those of high-amplitude ones;channel-segmenting PFs related to low-amplitude channels are slightly longer than the counterparts related to high-amplitude channels.Lastly,the magnitudes(e.g.,heights)of the PFs are proportional to the scales(e.g.,widths and heights)of low-amplitude channels,whereas the magnitudes of the PFs are inversely proportional to the scales of high amplitude channels.Coarse-grained(high amplitude)channels act as a mechanical barrier to the propagation of PFs,whereas fine-grained(low-amplitude)channels are beneficial to the propagation and nucleation of PFs.Additionally,the genetic mechanism of PFs is discussed and reckoned as combined geneses of gravitational spreading and overpressure hydrofracture.The differences of the PFs can be used to reasonably differentiate coarse-grained channels from fine-grained channels.This study provides new insights into understanding the different geometries of the PFs related to coarse-grained and fine-grained channels and their genetic mechanism.

Modeling the blast load induced by a close-in explosion considering cylindrical charge parameters

Structural damage is significantly influenced by the various parameters of a close-in explosion.To establish a close-in blast loading model for cylindrical charges according to these parameters,a series of field experiments and a systematic numerical analysis were conducted.A high-fidelity finite element model developed using AUTODYN was first validated using blast data collected from field tests conducted in this and previous studies.A quantitative analysis was then performed to determine the influence of the charge shape,aspect ratio(length to diameter),orientation,and detonation configuration on the characteristics and distributions of the blast loading(incident peak overpressure and impulse)according to scaled distance.The results revealed that the secondary peak overpressure generated by a cylindrical charge was mainly distributed along the axial direction and was smaller than the overpressure generated by an equivalent spherical charge.The effects of charge shape on the blast loading at 45°and 67.5°in the axial plane could be neglected at scaled distances greater than 2 m/kg^(1/3);the effect of aspect ratios greater than 2 on the peak overpressure in the 90°(radial)direction could be neglected at all scaled distances;and double-end detonation increased the radial blast loading by up to 60%compared to singleend detonation.Finally,an empirical cylindrical charge blast loading model was developed considering the influences of charge aspect ratio,orientation,and detonation configuration.The results obtained in this study can serve as a reference for the design of blast tests using cylindrical charges and aid engineers in the design of blast-resistant structures.

Study on Gas Explosion Characteristics in Urban Utility Tunnels

In order to study the effects of three factors,namely,premixed gas concentration,number of pressure relief ports and number of obstacles,on the overpressure characteristics of gas explosion and flame structure of gas chambers in utility tunnels,in this paper,a small and narrow experimental platform for gas explosion was constructed to study the evolution mechanism and law of the kinetic characteristics and flame behavior of gas explosion in utility tunnels,with a view to revealing the special influencing mechanism of the overpressure characteristics and flame behavior of gas explosion in utility tunnels.The results show that in the methane concentration of 9.5%when the explosion overpressure reaches its peak,and at the same time by the utility tunnel long and narrow restricted space,the explosion generated by the precursor shock wave along with the flame compression wave were superimposed on both ends of the pipeline back and forth for many times so that the overpressure waveforms are cyclic oscillatory trend,increasing the explosion hazards;compared with the closed conditions,the relief port on the overpressure characteristics of the significant impact of the maximum decrease of 57.7%,when the frequency of overpressure oscillation is reduced,the gas explosion generated by the overpressure damage is reduced;the presence of obstacles significantly affects the flow field,accelerates the flame propagation and leads to greater overpressure peaks and overpressure oscillations.The conclusions of the study can provide a basis for the safety of natural gas in utility tunnels.

Effects of hydrocarbon generation on fluid flow in the Ordos Basin and its relationship to uranium mineralization

The Ordos Basin of North China is not only an important uranium mineralization province, but also a major producer of oil, gas and coal in China. The genetic relationship between uranium mineralization and hydrocarbons has been recognized by a number of previous studies, but it has not been well understood in terms of the hydrodynamics of basin fluid flow. We have demonstrated in a previous study that the preferential localization of Cretaceous uranium mineralization in the upper part of the Ordos Jurassic section may have been related to the interface between an upward flowing, reducing fluid and a downward flowing, oxidizing fluid. This interface may have been controlled by the interplay between fluid overpressure related to disequilibrium sediment compaction and which drove the upward flow, and topographic relief, which drove the downward flow. In this study, we carried out numerical modeling for the contribution of oil and gas generation to the development of fluid overpressure, in addition to sedi- ment compaction and heating. Our results indicate that when hydrocarbon generation is taken into account, fluid overpressure during the Cretaceous was more than doubled in comparison with the simu- lation when hydrocarbon generation was not considered. Furthermore, fluid overpressure dissipation at the end of sedimentation slowed down relative to the no-hydrocarbon generation case. These results suggest that hydrocarbon generation may have played an important role in uranium mineralization, not only in providing reducing agents required for the mineralization, but also in contributing to the driving force to maintain the upward flow.

Development of Overpressure in the Tertiary Damintun Depression, Liaohe Basin, Northern China

The Damintun depression is one of the four depressions in the Liaohe basin in northern China, and is a rift basin developed in the Paleogene. This paper discusses in detail the characteristics of pressure and fluid potential of the Damintun depression based on a synthesis of the data from boreholes, well tests and seismic surveys. Data from sonic logs, well tests and seismic velocity measurements are used to study the pressure characteristics of the areas. From the sonic log data, shales can be characterized as normally pressured, slightly overpressured or highly overpressured; from the well test data, the pressure-depth gradient in oil-producing intervals implies hydrostatic pressure in general. Most seismic profiles in the Damintun depression are of sufficiently high quality for seismic velocities to be measured. The fluid pressures, excess pressures and pressure coefficients in 47 representative seismic profiles are predicted using formula calculation methods, and further transformed to fluid potenti

Modeling of the whole process of shock wave overpressure of freefield air explosion

The waveform of the explosion shock wave under free-field air explosion is an extremely complex problem.It is generally considered that the waveform consists of overpressure peak,positive pressure zone and negative pressure zone.Most of current practice usually considers only the positive pressure.Many empirical relations are available to predict overpressure peak,the positive pressure action time and pressure decay law.However,there are few models that can predict the whole waveform.The whole process of explosion shock wave overpressure,which was expressed as the product of the three factor functions of peak,attenuation and oscillation,was proposed in the present work.According to the principle of explosion similarity,the scaled parameters were introduced and the empirical formula was absorbed to form a mathematical model of shock wave overpressure.Parametric numerical simulations of free-field air explosions were conducted.By experimental verification of the AUTODYN numerical method and comparing the analytical and simulated curves,the model is proved to be accurate to calculate the shock wave overpressure under free-field air explosion.In addition,through the model the shock wave overpressure at different time and distance can be displayed in three dimensions.The model makes the time needed for theoretical calculation much less than that for numerical simulation.

A novel artificial intelligent model for predicting air overpressure using brain inspired emotional neural network

Blasting is the live wire of mining and its operations,with air overpressure(AOp)recognised as an end product of blasting.AOp is known to be one of the most important environmental hazards of mining.Further research in this area of mining is required to help improve on safety of the working environment.Review of previous studies has shown that many empirical and artificial intelligence(AI)methods have been proposed as a forecasting model.As an alternative to the previous methods,this study proposes a new class of advanced artificial neural network known as brain inspired emotional neural network(BIENN)to predict AOp.The proposed BI-ENN approach is compared with two classical AOp predictors(generalised predictor and McKenzie formula)and three established AI methods of backpropagation neural network(BPNN),group method of data handling(GMDH),and support vector machine(SVM).From the analysis of the results,BI-ENN is the best by achieving the least RMSE,MAPE,NRMSE and highest R,VAF and PI values of 1.0941,0.8339%,0.1243%,0.8249,68.0512%and 1.2367 respectively and thus can be used for monitoring and controlling AOp.

Effects of Obstacles on Flame Propagation Behavior and Explosion Overpressure Development During Gas Explosions in a Large Closed Tube

AutoReaGas was used for the simulations of premixed gas/air mixtures explosion characteristics in obstacle-filled tubes with a cross-section of 0.2 m×0.2 m and the length of 28 m. Numerical analyses provide a quantitative description of dependence of flame propagation speed and explosion overpressure on obstacles number, blockage ratio and interval distance. Computational results indicate that the obstacles play a significant role in determining the flame transmission speed and explosion overpressure in gas explosions. With the increase of blockage ratio, the explosion overpressure gradually rises. Nevertheless, the flame speed does not always increase along with increasing blockage ratio, but subsequently begins to decrease as the blockage ratio increases to some extend. Also, the interval distance between obstacles strongly influences flame behavior and explosion overpressure. When the obstacle interval distance is equal to inner diameter of the tube, the average flame speed in the obstacle zone and the peak overpressure in tube all reach maximum values.

Numerical simulation of detonation of an explosive atmosphere of liquefied petroleum gas in a confined space

The detonation of an explosive atmosphere from liquefied petroleum gas disseminated in air in a confined space is studied using numerical modeling with software product ANSYS AUTODYN.