Refined mathematical model for the breaching of concrete-face sand-gravel dams due to overtopping failure

Overtopping is one of the main reasons for the breaching of concrete-face sand-gravel dams(CFSGDs).In this study,a refined mathematical model was established based on the characteristics of the overtopping breaching of CFSGDs.The model characteristics were as follows:(1)Based on the Renormailzation Group(RNG)k-εturbulence theory and volume of fluid(VOF)method,the turbulent characteristics of the dam-break flow were simulated,and the erosion surface of the water and soil was tracked;(2)In consideration of the influence of the change in the sediment content on the dam-break flow,the dam material transport equation,which could reflect the characteristics of particle settlement and entrainment motion,was used to simulate the erosion process of the sand gravels;(3)Based on the bending moment balance method,a failure equation of the concrete face slab under dead weight and water load was established.The proposed model was verified through a case study on the failure of the Gouhou CFSGD.The results showed that the proposed model could well simulate the erosion mode of the special vortex flow of the CFSGD scouring the support body of the concrete face slab inward and reflect the mutual coupling relationship between the dam-break flow,sand gravels,and concrete face slabs.Compared with the measured values,the relative errors of the peak discharge,final breach average width,dam breaching duration,and maximum failure length of the face slab calculated using the proposed model were all less than 12%,thus verifying the rationality of the model.The proposed model was demonstrated to perform better and provide more detailed results than three selected parametric models and three simplified mathematical models.The study results can aid in establishing the risk level and devising early warning strategies for CFSGDs.

扭王字块体斜坡堤单波越浪量的数值研究

国内现行规范中未提供有胸墙斜坡堤最大单波越浪量的计算方法。基于FLUENT软件,运用多孔介质区模拟斜坡堤上的扭王字块。借助惯性阻力系数C、等效波陡、相对块体尺寸、相对坡肩宽度、相对胸墙高度、相对水深、相对堤顶超高等影响因素,开展扭王字块体斜坡堤单波越浪量的数值试验。给出不同坡度下单位堤宽的最大单波越浪量的系数C计算关系式。验证结果表明,该公式具有较好的精确性,这使得扭王字块护面斜坡堤单波越浪量的数值模拟可以独立于物理模型试验进行,从而丰富了规范内容,为扭王字块体斜坡防波堤工程设计提供了参考。

堤防漫顶溃决物理模型试验研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,堤防保护区内人口及资产密度不断提高,一旦遭遇极端降雨事件引发堤防溃决,会对人民生命和财产造成重大威胁,因此开展堤防溃决机理和溃堤水流特性的研究对水灾害防治工作具有重要的意义。堤防漫顶溃决物理模型试验是研究堤防溃决机理与溃堤水流特性的重要手段,有必要对该方面众多的成果进行归纳总结,以便更好的开展该领域的研究。本文回顾了近年来有关堤防漫顶溃决物理模型试验所取得的相关研究成果,总结了堤防漫顶溃决试验所用装置及测量设备,并对堤防溃口处水力特征、溃口形态演变以及溃口出流过程三个方面的研究成果进行了梳理。研究发现已有试验成果中对河道内外水动力响应变化规律的认识并不成熟,对堤防溃口水沙运动机理的阐述也不够清晰,继续开展堤防漫顶溃决试验,深入研究堤防溃决机理与溃堤水流特性依然非常必要。

基于OpenFOAM的港内波场数值模拟研究

掌握港内的波高分布特征对港口布局建设意义重大,物理模型制模成本较高、过程较为复杂,相关的数值模拟大多仅考虑了由防波堤口门传播进来的波浪影响,而忽略了越浪作用。针对这些局限性,基于开源软件OpenFOAM,建立环抱形直立式防波堤的三维数值波浪水池,将越浪与不越浪情况下的数值计算结果和物理模型试验结果进行比较,验证数值模型的准确性。结果表明:该模型能够较好地模拟堤顶越浪过程及港内波高分布情况,可用于优化港口布局的进一步研究。

大越浪下堤后建筑单体波浪冲击力计算方法

针对越浪水体对防波堤后方建筑单体冲击力缺乏理论计算公式的问题,结合地中海某油气港改扩建工程的二维物理模型试验结果,提出4种基于压力传感器测量数据的堤后单体平均波压力计算方法,并结合总力传感器结果与各种方法的计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:越浪水体具有较高的动能,导致单个压力传感器的测量结果偏高,明显高于总力传感器结果;当试验设备受限时,可以通过均布压力传感器,取同一时刻下波压(不含负值)平均值的方式近似计算建筑单体迎浪面受到的总水平力;不同的波压平均值计算策略对总水平力的大小有影响,遍历全部测量结果计算得到的波压平均值较为合理,采取此计算策略得到的总水平力与总力传感器结果最为接近。

梯级水库群溃坝洪水风险分析——以澜沧江上游为例

梯级水库的建设是开发利用我国丰富水能资源、保障国家能源安全、实现减排目标的重要途径.但是由于部分水库结构老化、地势险峻以及近几年极端天气频发等原因,极有可能造成单坝溃决,继而引起梯级连溃,最终使整条流域系统瘫痪,为下游城镇带来不可估量的经济和生命损失.为准确预测梯级连溃发生后的危险程度及影响范围,基于心墙坝漫顶溃坝数学模型和HEC-RAS软件提出了梯级连溃地貌特征演变及洪水演进计算方法,并应用于澜沧江流域梯级水库RM-XW水电站大尺度连溃分析.结果表明,在遭遇1.4倍超标准洪水的情况下,RM水电站发生漫顶溃决,溃决过程中,心墙发生四次折断,并伴随溃口迅速扩张以及溃决流量激增,最高峰值流量达699986.5 m^(3)/s,溃决洪水演进至下游,使WNL-XW水电站相继发生漫顶.河道距离、坝型特征和坝体物理参数是影响梯级连溃过程中溃决流量大小的重要因素.

基于神经网络的多向波作用下直立堤越浪量预测模型

海岸工程中常采用直立堤的结构形式,波浪作用下的越浪量影响因素众多,特别是考虑实际多向波的作用,目前并没有统一的计算方法。利用神经网络方法在计算回归问题上的优势,构建反向传播神经网络模型,采用物理试验数据构建训练集,建立多向波浪作用下直立堤越浪量的预测模型。通过与测试集、经验公式以及其他物理模型试验结果的对比,显示了本模型具有良好的预测精度,可满足工程设计需要。利用该模型进一步分析波浪入射角度和方向分布宽度对波浪越浪量的影响规律,弥补了试验数据不全造成的变化规律不明显的问题。

某跨海大桥人工岛越浪及防洪排涝能力验证

为保证某跨海大桥在更恶劣极端气象条件下的安全性和可靠度,配合主体工程人工岛防洪排涝设施的设计工作,实施开展了两项波浪物理模型试验来对人工岛排水设施设计方案进行验证及优化。根据试验技术要求,在不同波浪要素、不同挡浪墙顶高程和戗台宽度条件下,测定人工岛南、北两侧护岸顶部的越浪量、最大上水高度和人工岛漫滩情况,并对越浪排水设施的排水能力进行复核。研究中先后验证了南、北侧两护岸原设计方案在初始设计工况和更极端的补充复核工况波浪作用下能否满足越浪排洪的要求,并优化设计方案以满足更极端条件下的排水要求,为本项国家重点工程的设计提供了科学的试验研究依据。研究成果成功应用到了工程实践,在近几年数次超强台风侵袭下,工程未发生任何破坏,避免了人员伤亡和经济损失。

考虑Copula-LM-HMS耦联的台风情境下大坝洪水漫顶风险率计算

气候变化下台风风暴潮出现频次增加,形成的暴雨洪水对水库大坝安全产生极大威胁。由于部分地区实测流量资料缺少,基于雨量资料的随机模型与水文模型耦合模拟洪水过程线的研究亟待发展。针对现有小流域流量资料缺少问题,研究了基于降雨随机模型与水文模型的Copula-LM-HMS耦联模型,来模拟入库洪水并计算水库大坝洪水漫顶风险率。该模型通过Copula函数与拉丁超立方-蒙特卡罗抽样(Latin Hypercube-Monte Carlo Simulation)生成流域多组7日降雨数据,并通过变倍比放大法缩放处理得到相应降雨序列,利用HEC-HMS水文模型模拟洪水过程线并结合调洪演算得到坝前最高水位,同时考虑风浪作用来模拟台风情景下的库水位变化情况,计算大坝洪水漫顶风险率,并分析不同组合条件对洪水漫顶风险率的影响。余姚市四明湖水库实例分析表明,构建的Copula-LM-HMS耦合模型计算得到的拦河坝在未来台风情境下无漫顶风险,自溃坝最小漫顶风险为0.22%,最大漫顶风险达到2.68%;洪水漫顶风险与降雨分布及起调水位有关,同时风浪作用对洪水漫顶风险影响较大。基于耦合模型进行中小流域洪水漫顶风险率计算,不仅能考虑降雨系列之间的相关性、流域地形特征与实际调洪规则,还可延长无流量资料地区水库大坝应对台风情境下洪水风险的预报期,为保证水库大坝应对未来气候变化影响下的运行安全提供参考。

基于复合模型沙的大比尺尾矿库漫顶溃决模型试验

尾矿库是重大危险源且存在溃坝危险,为了更真实地预测尾矿库溃坝造成的影响,定量掌握尾矿库的溃坝过程及其对下游的影响程度,利用细粒尾砂与膨胀珍珠岩按照体积比尺1.5∶1进行混合制作复合模型沙,通过室内试验和水下休止角试验确定复合模型沙的基本可行性;并在满足相似条件的基础上,开展极端状态下的复合模型沙大比尺尾矿库漫顶溃坝试验,分析其溃坝过程、流量过程、断面形态演变过程、浸润线、淹没高程和范围等变化规律。试验结果表明:物理模型试验历时140 min,复合模型沙下泄量占总库容的10.76%,下游区域淤积量占下泄量的95.21%,基本符合漫顶溃坝的实际情况,设计选配的复合模型沙合理,说明该复合模型沙能够更真实有效地还原尾矿库溃坝过程。研究结果为尾矿库漫顶溃坝试验中模型沙的选择提供了新思路。

开孔沉箱结构消浪效果和水动力特征试验探究——以日照港岚山港区码头为例

由于开孔前墙和消浪室具有强扰动作用,所以开孔沉箱结构具有很好的消浪效果。本文通过日照港岚山港区码头开孔沉箱结构的物理模型试验,研究了沉箱不同开孔位置的消浪效果和水动力特征,分析了不同方案的反射系数和越浪量。结果表明:水位对反射系数的影响较大,开孔位置较高的方案,其消浪性能较好,且越浪量较小。选择反射系数和越浪量均较小的设计方案进行了水动力试验,结果表明:水平力最大时对应的浮托力约为最大浮托力的60%;浮托力最大时对应的水平力约为最大水平力的75%;波浪对开孔沉箱的作用主要集中于外壁迎浪侧,内部结构受到的波浪力很小;第二消浪室波浪力小于第一消浪室。

Centrifugal model tests and numerical simulations for barrier dam break due to overtopping

The present study focuses on the breaching process and failure of barrier dams due to overtopping. In this work, a series of centrifugal model tests is presented to examine the failure mechanisms of landslide dams. Based on the experimental results, failure process and mechanism of barrier dam due to overtopping are analyzed and further verified by simulating the experimental overtopping failure process. The results indicate that the barrier dam will develop during the entire process of overtopping in the width direction, whereas the breach will cease to develop at an early stage in the depth direction because of the large particles that accumulate on the downstream slope. Moreover, headcut erosion can be clearly observed in the first two stages of overtopping, and coarsening on the downstream slope occurs in the last stage of overtopping. Thus, the bottom part of the barrier dam can survive after dam breaching and full dam failure becomes relatively rare for a barrier dam. Furthermore, the remaining breach would be smaller than that of a homogeneous cohesive dam under the same conditions.

Numerical Simulation of Irregular Wave Overtopping Against A Smooth Sea Dike

Based on the filtered Navier-Stokes equations and Smagorinsky turbulence model, a numerical wave flume is developed to investigate the overtopping process of irregular waves over smooth sea dikes. Simulations of fully nonlinear standing wave and regular wave＇s run-up on a sea dike are carried out to validate the implementation of the numerical wave flume with wave generation and absorbing modules. To model stationary ergodic stochastic processes, several cases with different random seeds are computed for each specified irregular wave spectrum. It turns out that the statistical mean overtopping discharge shows good agreement with empirical formulas, other numerical results and experimental data.

Estimation and Prediction of Typhoons and Wave Overtopping in Qingdao, China

This study aims to estimate and predict the impact of climate change on typhoons and wave overtopping during typhoon progresses in Qingdao, China. The SWAN wave model is used to simulate wave elements. The scale coefficients of wave overtopping are estimated using an empirical prediction formula. A total of 75 tropical cyclones affected Qingdao from 1949 to 2019. These tropical cyclones can be grouped into eight categories according to typhoon tracks. Typhoon wind speed during Track G is projected to decrease, and those of the other seven typhoon progresses will increase by 0.35% – 0.75% in 2025, 0.69% – 1.5% in 2035, and 1.38% – 3.0% in 2055. The significant wave height and wave overtopping outside the bay are greater than those inside the bay. Among the 506 typical points selected, the maximum values of the significant wave height and wave overtopping inside the bay are mainly distributed in the range of 0 – 2 m and 0 – 60 m^3 km^(-1) s^(-1), respectively. The increments of the significant wave height and wave overtopping of Track F are most obvious. The significant wave height of Track F will increase by 50.5% in 2025, 51.8% in 2035, and 53.4% in 2055. In the 2℃ scenario, the maximum value of wave overtopping of Track F will increase by 21.9% in 2025, 24.3% in 2035, and 29.5% in 2055. In the 4℃ scenario, the maximum value of wave overtopping of Track F will increase by 21.9% in 2025, 24.3% in 2035, and 29.5% in 2055.

Experimental Study on Mean Overtopping of Sloping Seawall Under Oblique Irregular Waves

In this paper, domestic and abroad research progresses and related calculation formulae of the mean overtopping discharge are summarized. Through integral physical model experiments, the relation between the wave direction and the overtopping discharge on the top of the sloping dike is focused on and put into analysis and discussion; and a modified formula for mean overtopping discharges under oblique irregular waves is proposed. The study shows that the mean overtopping discharge generally goes down as the relative wave obliquity fl increases for a fixed measurement point and the mean overtopping discharge generally increases as the wave steepness H/L decreases （the cycle increases） for a fixed relative wave obliquity.

Comparison of the Effect of Tetrapod Block and Armor X block on Reducing Wave Overtopping in Breakwaters

As the Armor shape has a significant effect on the reduction of wave overtopping, this study compares the performance of various shapes of concrete armored blocks of X block and Tetrapod as the most suitable armors. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was used for simulation of the effects of waves on the armors of Tetrapod and X Block breakwaters. In this regard, in order to calibrate the numerical model, a sample of conventional stone armor has been selected and using available experimental data on the design of armor such as wave overtopping, wave height, period of waves and energy density of the required spectral range of wave verification was conducted on a numerical model. In this regard, it is necessary to calibrate all the conditions of the model including boundary conditions, numerical modeling, initial conditions, numerical solvers and other parameters in the numerical model and simulation error rate is determined. The maximum error of the numerical model for the relative height values of the impact waves on the structure of breakwater is 7.87% for different conditions. Accordingly, the maximum error of the numerical model in determining overtopping values is 7.81%. The average fluctuation value of overtopping in the X block armor has dropped by about 31% compared to the tetrapod armor.

Probabilistic Assessment of Wave Overtopping of Nampo Dikein the West Coast of Korea

The Nampo dike, which is located at the west coast of Korea, was destroyed by wave overtopping during the storms on 30 August and 17 September in 1959. In this paper, is performed the probabilistic assessment of wave overtopping of Nampo dike by use of Owen model, Van der Meer ＆ Janssen model and Hedges ＆ Reis model for wave overtopping of seawall. Based on the available tidal and wave data for storm surges in 1989, the risk assessment of wave overtopping of the Nampo dike has been carried out by both Level Ⅱ and Level Ⅲ reliability methods. The calculated resuhs show the general agreement of failure probability between the two methods. By utilizing the rehabilitated cross section of Nampo dike, the failure probability of wave overtopping for the Nampo dike after rehabilitation will be rapidly reduced to that of initial design at crest level of 9.0 m with the improved slope from 1 ： 2 to 1 ： 4 at seaside. Since the sea level may only rise 1.0 m in the next few decades, the failure probability of Nampo dike will be still in the safe range.

Overtopping Discharge of Wind-Waves on Simple Slope Dikes

An empirical formula for estimating the overtopping discharge of wind-waves on a smooth-impermeable-simple slope dyke is derived through model tests in this paper, it can be adopted by related design departments in the determination of the crest elevation of the dyke.

Prediction on Irregular Wave Run-up and Overtopping

A series of hydraulic model tests are carried out to investigate random wave run-up and overtopping on smooth, impermeable single slope and composite slope. Based on the analysis of the influences of wave steepness, structure slope, incident wave angle, width of the berm and water depth on the berm and the wave run-up, empirical formulas for wave run-up on dike are proposed. Moreover, empirical formula on estimating the wave run-up on composite slope with multiple berms is presented for practical application of complex dike cross-section. The present study shows that the influence factors for wave overtopping are almost the same as those for wave run-up and the trend of the wave overtopping variation with main influence parameters is also similar to that for wave run-up. The trend of the wave overtopping variations can be well described by two main factors, i.e. the wave run-up and the crest freeboard of the structure. A new prediction method for wave overtopping is proposed for random waves. The proposed prediction formulas are applied to case study of over forty cases and the results show that the prediction methods are good enough for practical design purposes.