Epidemiological Aspects of Obesity, Overweight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Associes in Semi-Urban Areas (Case of Sébikotane)

Introduction: Obesity and overweight are a public health problem. The general objective was to determine the epidemiological aspects of obesity, overweight and associated risk factors in a semi-urban environment. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted on November 28 and 29, 2023 in Sébikotane. It focused on volunteers for screening for chronic non-communicable diseases. Epidemiological and clinical data were evaluated. Results: One hundred and twenty-nine cases of obesity were recorded (28%). Two hundred and eighty-two cases were overweight or obese (61.3%). The mean age was 49.55 years, with a standard deviation of 12.41 years. The age group [40 - 49 years] was the most representative, with 85 cases (30.1%), and the majority were female, with 264 cases (93.6%). Primary education was the most common, with 75 cases (46.3%). Grade 1 obesity concerned ninety-seven cases (75.2%), and diabetes was present in thirty cases (23%). Hypertension was present in ninety-five cases (33.7%). Obesity was more marked in the age group [40 - 49 years] with 45 cases (36%). Conclusion: Obesity and overweight are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The development and implementation of a prevention and management program is essential.

The Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity and Related Comorbidities among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Patients Attending the Same Clinics in Gaborone, Botswana

Context: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps restore the health status of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Likewise, it increases the risk of overweight/obesity and related comorbidities among the recipients. In countries like Botswana where ±84% of PLHIV is on ART, the paucity of data comparing overweight/obesity between HIV-positive on ART and HIV-negative patients may impede clinical and policy decision-making. This study sought to estimate and compare: i) the prevalence of overweight/obesity between HIV-positive on ART and HIV-negative patients;ii) the prevalence of hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM)/coronary heart disease (CHD) between HIV-positive patients on ART and HIV-negative patients attending same outpatient departments of general clinics in Gaborone, Botswana. Patients and Methods: Five hundred eighty-one (581) outpatients were recruited in four major clinics of Gaborone, Botswana, between June and July 2019;294 or 51% of them were HIV-negative and 287 or 49% were HIV-positive on ART. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and of HTN and DM/CHD were calculated and examined using stratified analysis. Subgroups were compared using Chi-square analysis with Yates correction or Fisher exact test and t-student test for continuous data. Results: Major findings after stratification of the study population by HIV status were: i) the prevalence of all categories of (BMI), including overweight/obesity, were comparable between HIV-negative-patients and HIV-positive. In fact, there were 24 (8.0%) cases of underweight among HIV-negative-Patients and 15(5%) cases among HIV-positive patients, p = 0.2;145 (49%) HIV-negative-patients and 128 (45%) HIV-positive, p = 0.07 cases of normal weight;72 (25%) HIV-negative-patients and 87 (30%) HIV-positive, p = 0.08, were overweight;53 (18%) HIV-negative-patients and 57 (20%) HIV-positive, p = 0.12, were obese;125 (43%) HIV-negative patients and 144 (50%) HIV-positive, p=0.06 were overweight/obese;ii) the prevalence of HTN and DM/CHD among HIV-positive-patients were significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to HIV-negative patients: There were 32 (10.9%) cases of HTN among HIV-negative patients compared to 18 (6.3%) cases of HTN among HIV-positive patients, p = 0.001;32 (11%) cases of DM/CHD HIV-negative patients compared to 4 (1.4%) cases of DM/CHD among HIV-positive patients, p = 0.001. Conclusion: the prevalence of overweight/obesity observed between HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients may suggest that the two groups shared the same exposure factors. That HTN and DM/CHD prevalence was lower among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative patients, is possibly due to interplay factors of ART, HIV or the host population. Further studies are, however, recommended for clarifications.

Overweight/Obesity in University Students from Mexico: Comparison Using Different Indices

The goal was to compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and relative fat mas (RFM), to identify the best predictor of overweight and obesity in university students from Mexico. This is a cross-sectional survey with 697 university students from northern and central Mexico (448 women, and 249 men aged 18 - 19 years). Data was collected during 2018. Overweight and obesity were calculated from those indices and for both, female and male students, the order of correlation between a pair of indices were WHtR vs. RFM > WHtR vs. WC > RFM vs. WC > WHtR vs. BMI > BMI vs. WC > RFM vs. BMI. It is concluded to use the WHtR and the RFM to better predict overweight and obesity in young Mexican university students.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity among Public Secondary School Teachers in Parakou, Benin, in 2021

Introduction: Overweight and obesity represent a public health problem in Africa due to the epidemiological transition. The objectives of this work were to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and to identify associated factors among public secondary school teachers in Parakou, Benin in 2021. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. Teachers working in public secondary schools in Parakou during the 2020-2021 academic year, present at work and who gave their written informed consent, were included. A two-stage random sampling was carried out. Data were collected during an individual interview using a questionnaire followed by the measurement of anthropometric parameters and blood pressure. Overweight and obesity were defined by a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify associated factors. Results: A sample of 325 teachers, including 88.6% of men, was recruited with an average age of 36.2 ± 6.8 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 43.7% (95% CI [38.1%-44.8%]). It increased significantly with income (p Conclusion: The results show a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. Actions are necessary to prevent overweight and obesity among secondary school teachers in Parakou, in Benin.

Association of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus with overweight/obesity and fatty liver risk in offspring

BACKGROUND Childhood obesity and fatty liver are associated with adverse outcomes such as diabetes,metabolic syndrome,and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.It is very important to identify relevant risk factors and intervene as early as possible.At present,the relationship between maternal and offspring metabolic factors is conflicting.AIM To estimate the association of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)with overweight/obesity and fatty liver risk in offspring at 8 years of age.METHODS The prospective study included mothers who all had a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 wk of gestation and whose offspring completed follow-up at 8 years of age.Offspring birth weight,sex,height,weight,and body mass index(BMI)were measured and calculated.FibroScan-502 examination with an M probe(Echosens,Paris,France)was prospectively conducted in offspring aged 8 years from the Shanghai Prenatal Cohort Study.RESULTS A total of 430 mother-child pairs were included in the analysis.A total of 62(14.2%)mothers were classified as obese,and 48(11.1%)were classified as having GDM.The mean age of the offspring at follow-up was 8 years old.Thirty-seven(8.6%)offspring were overweight,14(3.3%)had obesity,and 60(14.0%)had fatty liver.The prevalence of overweight,obesity and fatty liver in offspring increased significantly across maternal BMI quartiles(all P<0.05).Among offspring of mothers with GDM,12(25.0%)were overweight,4(8.3%)were obese,and 12(25.0%)had fatty liver vs.25(6.5%),10(2.6%)and 48(12.6%),respectively,for offspring of mothers without GDM(all P<0.05).In multiple logistic regression,after adjustment for variables,the OR for fatty liver in offspring was 8.26(95%CI:2.38-28.75)for maternal obesity and GDM.CONCLUSION This study showed that maternal obesity can increase the odds of overweight/obesity and fatty liver in offspring,and GDM status also increases the odds of overweight/obesity in offspring.Weight management and glycemic control before and during pregnancy need to be highlighted in primary prevention of pediatric obesity and fatty liver.

Report on Childhood Obesity in China (4) Prevalence and Trends of Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Urban School-age Children and Adolescents, 1985-2000

Objective To describe the nationwide prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity, and their group variations and trends over the past 20 years in the Chinese urban population. Methods Data sets of boys and girls at the age of 7-18 years collected from the series of Chinese national surveillance on students＇ constitution and health （CNSSCH） between 1985 and 2000 were divided into five socioeconomic and demographic groups, while BMI classification reference proposed by Working Group on Obesity in China （WGOC） was used as screening reference to calculate the prevalence and trends of overweight/obesity in these groups. Results In 2000, the prevalence of obesity and overweight in boys aged 7-18 years was 11.3% and 6.5% in Beijing, 13.2% and 4.9% in Shanghai, 9.9% and 4.5% in coastal big cities, and 5.8% and 2.0% in coastal medium/small-sized cities, respectively, while the prevalence of of obesity and overweight in girls of the same age group was 8.2% and 3.7% in Beijing, 7.3% and 2.6% in Shanghai, 5.9% and 2.8% in coastal big cities, and 4.8% and 1.7% in coastal medium/small-sized cities, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was low in most of the inland cities at an early stage of epidemic overweight. The epidemic manifested a gradient distribution in groups, which was closely related to status （SES） of the study population. However, a dramatic and steady increasing trend was witnessed among all sex-age subgroups in the five urban groups, and such a trend was stronger in boys than in girls, and much stronger in children than in adolescents. Conclusion Although China is at an early stage of epidemic obesity by and large, the prevalence of obesity in her urban population, particularly in coastal big cities has reached the average level of developed countries. The increasing trend has been rapid since early 1990s, and the increments in obesity and overweight are exceptionally high. The prospect of epidemic obesity in China is in no way optimistic. Therefore, preventive program should be focused on the improvement of the balance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, and interventions aimed at changing children＇s life styles.

Trends of Overweight and Obesity in Yi People between 1996 and 2007:An Yi Migrant Study

Objective To evaluate trends of overweight and obesity prevalence between 1996 and 2007 in Yi farmers and Yi migrants.Methods An Yi migrant study was conducted in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province,China from 1996 to 2007.Data were collected with identical methods,including standardized questionnaire and body measurements.Results Age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index （BMI） significantly increased from 20.02 in 1996 to 22.36 in 2007,among Yi farmers,which was significantly different from those among Yi migrants （23.67 in 2007 and 20.90 in 1996） （P0.05）.Prevalence of obesity rose from 1.21 % in 1996 to 4.55 % in 2007 （OR=1.15,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from none in 1996 to 0.12 % in 2007 （P0.05）.Prevalence of overweight rose significantly to 26.24 %in 2007 from 17.24 % in 1996 （OR=1.06,P0.001） in Yi migrants,while that in Yi farmers from 1.29 % in 1996 to 4.45 % in 2007 （OR=1.14,P0.001）.Yi migrants appeared to have a 5.52‐fold higher risk ondeveloping overweight and obesity than Yi farmers have.Conclusion The Yi migrants had a steeper increase of overweight with year and consequently caused more obesity.Change in lifestyle may contribute most likely to higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in Yi migrants.

ApoB/apoA1 is an effective predictor of coronary heart disease risk in overweight and obesity

We investigated the relationship of apoB/apoA1 ratio and coronary heart disease （CHD） in persons who were overweight or obese. The subjects were divided by the body mass indexes （BMI） into the normal weight group （n=397, BMI〈24 kg/m2） and the overweight group （n=400, BMI〉24 kg/m2）. Our results showed that the overweight group had higher blood pressure [（130.15±19.01） mmHg vs （123.66±18.70） mmHg] and higher levels of blood sugar [（7.09±2.89） mmol/L vs （6.21±2.59） mmol/L], triglyceride [（1.93±1.19） mmol/L vs （1.44 ±0.85） mmol/L], total cholesterol [（4.26±1.06） mmol/L vs （4.09±0.99） mmol/L], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） [（2.56±0.75） mmol/L vs （2.39±0.72） mmol/L], and apoB [（0.83±0.27） mg/L vs （0.78±0.23） mg/L], and a higher apoB/apoA1 ratio （0.83 ±0.27 vs 0.75±0.25） and lower levels high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [（1.10±0.26） mmol/L vs （1.21±0.31） mmol/L] and apoA1 [（1.04±0.20） mg/L vs （1.08±0.22） mg/L] than those of the normal weight group （all P 〈 0.05）. The prevalence of CHD in the over-weight group in the lowest LDL quartile was almost twice greater than that of the highest apoB/apoA1 quartile, compared with the subjects in the lowest apoB/apoA1 quartile. The higher apoB/apoA1 quartile was in agreement with the higher prevalence of CHD. In the overweight and obesity group, the area under ROC curve （AUC） was the highest for apoB/apoA1 （0.655）. The cut-off point of apoB/apoA1 for optimal sensitivity and specificity was at 0.80, with a sensitivity of 57.19% and a specificity of 71.72%. In conclusion, apoB and apoA1 were simple clinical indicators, and the apoB/apoA1 ratio was closely related with CHD in overweight and obese patients. The apoB/apoA1 ratio may provide some useful information in the differential diagnosis.

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Students Aged 7-22 Years in Jiangsu Province,China

Objective To report the prevalence and trend of overweight and obesity among students aged 7-22 years in Jiangsu, 2010 to 2013. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out as part of students physical fitness and health survey in Jiangsu province. A total of 255,581 subjects （50.03% males and 49.97% females） enrolled in 82 school and 10 universities in Jiangsu. Weights and heights were obtained for each subject and its body mass index （BMI） was calculated using the Chinese Working Group on Obesity in China （CWGO）. Results Anthropometric measurement including bodyweight, height, BMI and bust were significantly different between males in urban compared to females living rural areas （P〈0.001）. The total prevalence of overweight and obesity was 12.4% and 5.7%. Males had a significantly higher rate than in female＇s student. The prevalence of overweight and obesity by age groups was （14.5%, 10.3%） at age 7-11 years, （11.2%, 6.8%） at age 12-14 years, （11.7%, 3.1%） at age 15-17 years, and （11.4%, 2.3%） at age 18-22 years. By regions; the highest prevalence of overweight obesity reported in Taizhou （10.0%, 14.2%）, Xuzhou （9.4%, 12.5%）, and Nanjing （9.2%, 15.6%）, respectively. Conclusion The finding declares that overweight and obesity are important health problems among students in Jiangsu Province. Early intervention programme are needed to address this problems.

Overweight and Obesity-Induced Oxidative Stress in Children

Objective To investigate whether overweight and obesity might cause oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in overweight and obese children, and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods Eighty-five overweight and obese children （OOC）, and eighty-five age-matched healthy children （HC） were recruited in this case-control study. The present study analyzed spectrophotometrically vitamin C （VC）, vitamin E （VE）, and β-carotene （β-CAR） in plasma, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and the level of malondialdehyde （MDA） in erythrocytes. Results Compared with those of VC, VE, β-CAR, SOD, CAT and MDA in the HC group, the average values of VC, VE, β-CAR, SOD, and CAT in the OOC group were significantly decreased （P〈0.001）, while the average value of MDA in the OOC group was significantly increased （P〈0.001）. The regression analysis demonstrated that VC, VE, β-CAR, SOD, and CAT were negatively correlated （P〈0.05-0.01）, and MDA was positively correlated with BMI （P〈0.05）. Fitting to the model of multiple stepwise regression of BMI on VC, VE, β-CAR, SOD, CAT, and MDA in 85 OOC was Y = 27.0041 ＋ 0,2541MDA - 2.1448β-CAR -- 0.0090CAr, where F = 43.8088, P〈0.001, r = 0.7866, r^2= 0.6187, adjusted r^2= 0.6046. The findings from the reliability analysis for VC, VE, β-CAR, SOD, CAT, and MDA used to reflect increased oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in the OOC showed that the reliability coefficients （alpha, 6 items） = 0.7231, P〈0.0001, and that the standardized item alpha = 0.9207, P〈0.0001, Conclusion The present study suggests that there exists an increased oxidative stress in overweight and obese children.

Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity,Associated Behaviors,and Weight-related Perceptions in a National Survey of Primary School Children in China

Objective To in vestigate potential gender differences in the odds of overweight/obese, weight-related perceptions, and behaviors among Chinese school children. Methods Height, weight, and a survey of weight-related perceptions and behaviors were measured in a nationally representative survey of 12,811 children in primary schools in China. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess gender differences, adjusting for confounders. Results Boys had higher odds of being overweight/obese compared to girls within both urban [adjusted odds ratio （OR） 2.30, 95% CI 2.00 to 2.65] and rural areas （OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.20）. Girls reported healthier diets （e.g., daily vegetables OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.85） whereas boys consumed fried food （OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.38） and sugar-sweetened drinks more often （OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.34 to 1.65）. Gender differences included higher odds of boys perceiving themselves as overweight if they had more highly educated mothers （OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.68）, less educated fathers （OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99）, and if they frequently consumed carbonated drinks （OR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.05）. Conclusion Childhood obesity prevention in China should be gender-focused, particularly for boys who reported an unhealthier diet but were less likely to see they were fat, even though more boys were overweight or obese than girls.

Overweight and obesity in hip and knee arthroplasty:Evaluation of 6078 cases

AIM: To evaluate a possible association between thevarious levels of obesity and peri-operative characteristics of the procedure in patients who underwent endoprosthetic joint replacement in hip and knee joints. METHODS: We hypothesized that obese patients were treated for later stage of osteoarthritis, that more conservative implants were used, and the intraand perioperative complications increased for such patients. We evaluated all patients with body mass index(BMI) ≥ 25 who were treated in our institution from January 2011 to September 2013 for a primary total hip arthroplasty(THA) or total knee arthroplasty(TKA). Patients were split up by the levels of obesity according to the classification of the World Health Organization. Average age at the time of primary arthroplasty, preoperative Harris Hip Score(HHS), Hospital for Special Surgery score(HSS), gender, type of implanted prosthesis, and intra-and postoperative complications were evaluated.RESULTS: Six thousand and seventy-eight patients with a BMI ≥ 25 were treated with a primary THA or TKA. Age decreased significantly(P < 0.001) by increasing obesity in both the THA and TKA. HHS and HSS were at significantly lower levels at the time of treatment in the super-obese population(P < 0.001). Distribution patterns of the type of endoprostheses used changed with an increasing BMI. Peri- and postoperative complications were similar in form and quantity to those of the normal population. CONCLUSION: Higher BMI leads to endoprosthetic treatment in younger age, which is carried out at significantly lower levels of preoperative joint function.

A plant-based diet for overweight and obesity prevention and treatment

The goal of this paper is to review the evidence related to the effect of plant-based dietary pattems on obesity and weight loss, includingboth observational and intervention trials. Literature from plant-based diets （PBDs） epidemiological and clinical trial research was used toinform this review. In addition, data on dietary quality, adherence, and acceptability were evaluated and are presented. Both clinical trials andobservational research indicate an advantage to adoption of PBDs for preventing overweight and obesity and promoting weight loss. PBDsmay also confer higher levels of diet quality than are observed with other therapeutic diet approaches, with similar levels of adherence andacceptability. Future studies should utilize health behavior theory to inform intervention development and delivery of PBDs studies and newtechnologies to bring interventions to scale for greater public health impact. Research examining PBDs and weight loss is also needed withmore diverse populations, including older adults. Based on the available evidence, PBDs should be considered a viable option for the treat-ment and prevention of overweight and obesity.

Relationship between circulating irisin levels and overweight/obesity: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Currently, the findings about irisin as a novel myokine related to obesity are inconsistent in overweight/obese people. To our knowledge, no systematic analysis has been conducted to evaluate the relationship between irisin levels and overweight/obesity. AIM To evaluate the association between circulating irisin levels and overweight/obesity. METHODS The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and the ISI Web of Science were searched to retrieve all of the studies associated with circulating irisin levels and overweight/obesity. Standard mean difference values and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated and pooled using meta-analysis methodology. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were included in our meta-analysis containing 1005 cases and 1242 controls. Our analysis showed that the circulating irisin level in overweight/obese people was higher than that in overall healthy controls (random effects MD = 0.63;95%CI: 0.22-1.05;P = 0.003). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, the irisin level was higher in overweight/obesity people than that in controls in Africa (random effects MD = 3.41;95%CI: 1.23-5.59;P < 0.05) but not in European, Asian, or American populations. In addition, in a subgroup analysis by age, the results showed that obese children exhibited a higher irisin level than controls (random effects MD = 0.86;95%CI: 0.28-1.43;P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides evidence that circulating irisin is higher in obese individuals compared to healthy controls and it is important to identify the relationship between circulating irisin levels and overweight/obesity in predicting overweight/obesity.

Influence of overweight and obesity on the mortality of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia

BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with a better prognosis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia(the so-called obesity survival paradox),but conflicting results have been found.AIM To investigate the relationship between all-cause mortality and body mass index in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.METHODS This retrospective study included patients with community-acquired pneumonia hospitalized in the First Hospital of Qinhuangdao from June 2013 to November 2018.The patients were grouped as underweight(<18.5 kg/m^(2)),normal weight(18.5-23.9 kg/m^(2)),and overweight/obesity(≥24 kg/m^(2)).The primary outcome was all-cause hospital mortality.RESULTS Among 2327 patients,297(12.8%)were underweight,1013(43.5%)normal weight,and 1017(43.7%)overweight/obesity.The all-cause hospital mortality was 4.6%(106/2327).Mortality was lowest in the overweight/obesity group and highest in the underweight group(2.8%,vs 5.0%,vs 9.1%,P<0.001).All-cause mortality of overweight/obesity patients was lower than normal-weight patients[odds ratio(OR)=0.535,95%confidence interval(CI)=0.334-0.855,P=0.009],while the allcause mortality of underweight patients was higher than that of normal-weight patients(OR=1.886,95%CI:1.161-3.066,P=0.010).Multivariable analysis showed that abnormal neutrophil counts(OR=2.38,95%CI:1.55-3.65,P<0.001),abnormal albumin levels(OR=0.20,95%CI:0.06-0.72,P=0.014),high-risk Confusion-Urea-Respiration-Blood pressure-65 score(OR=2.89,95%CI:1.48-5.64,P=0.002),and intensive care unit admission(OR=3.11,95%CI:1.77-5.49,P<0.001)were independently associated with mortality.CONCLUSION All-cause mortality of normal-weight patients was higher than overweight/obesity patients,lower than that of underweight patients.Neutrophil counts,albumin levels,Confusion-Urea-Respiration-Blood pressure-65 score,and intensive care unit admission were independently associated with mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

Exercise attenuates bone mineral density loss during diet-induced weight loss in adults with overweight and obesity:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Weight-loss-induced fat loss improves cardiometabolic health in individuals with overweight and obesity;however,weight loss can also result in bone loss and increased fracture risk.Weight-loss-induced bone loss may be attenuated with exercise.Our aim was to compare changes in bone mineral density(BMD)in adults with overweight and obesity who undertook diet-induced weight loss alone or in combination with exercise.Methods:We included randomized controlled trials(RCTs)in adults with overweight or obesity(aged-18 years;body mass index-25 kg/m^(2))that prescribed diet-induced weight loss alone or in combination with supervised exercise,and measured any bone structural parameters.Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.Random-effects meta-analyses determined mean changes and net mean differences(95%confidence intervals(95%CIs))in the percentage of areal BMD(aBMD)change between groups.Results:We included 9 RCTs.Diet-induced weight loss led to significant losses in femoral neck aBMD(mean change:-1.73%(95%CI:-2.39%to-1.07%),p<0.001)and total hip aBMD(-2.19%(95%CI:-3.84%to-0.54%),p=0.009).Femoral neck aBMD losses were significantly greater in the diet-induced weight loss group compared to the exercise plus diet-induced weight loss group(net difference:-0.88%(95%CI:-1.73%to-0.03%));however,there were no differences in aBMD changes at any other skeletal site:total hip(-1.96%(95%CI:-4.59%to 0.68%))and lumbar spine(-0.48%(95%CI:-1.81%to 0.86%)).aBMD changes did not differ significantly according to exercise modality(resistance exercise,aerobic exercise,or a combination of the two)during diet-induced weight loss.Conclusion:Diet-induced weight loss led to greater femoral neck bone loss compared to diet-induced weight loss plus exercise.Bone loss at the total hip and lumbar spine was not attenuated by exercise during diet-induced weight loss.The lack of consistent skeletal benefits may be due to the insufficient duration and/or training intensities of most exercise interventions.Additional RCTs with appropriate,targeted exercise interventions should be conducted.

Risk of overweight and obesity among migrants in Switzerland

We assessed the risk of overweight and obesity for six large migrant groups in Switzerland. We used population-based survey data form the Swiss Migrant Health Survey 2010 and the Swiss Health Survey 2007. The sample comprised permanent residents aged 17 - 64 years (n = 14,637). Multivariate logistic regressions have been used to estimate odds ratios (OR). Compared with Swiss nationals, the odds of being obese were 1.97 times higher for Turkish nationals (CI-95 1.26, 3.07), 1.73 times higher for Kosovan nationals (CI-95 1.09, 2.74) and 3.42 times higher for Serbs (CI-95 2.28, 5.12). The chance of being obese was not statistically different between Swiss nationals and those from Portugal, Italy, and Germany. The chance of being overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25) was higher for migrants than for Swiss nationals. The respective odds were 1.54 times higher for nationals from Portugal (CI-95 1.13, 2.11), 2.05 times higher for those from Turkey (CI-95 1.50, 2.78), 2.67 times higher for those from Serbia (CI-95 1.93, 3.68), 2.68 times higher for those from Kosovo (CI-95 2.01, 3.56), and 2.16 times higher for nationals from Italy (CI-95 1.54, 3.02). We suggest that preventive initiatives should take into account the specific needs of migrants as well as the needs of persons with low education from all nationalities.

Overweight and obesity among public and private primary school children in Nairobi, Kenya

Obesity is on the rise in developing countries, especially in urban areas. In this study, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two divisions in Nairobi province to determine the prevalence of and some risk factors associated with overweight and obesity among school children in Nairobi, Kenya. It involved 344 school children aged 9-14 years drawn from four randomly selected public and private primary schools. Weight and height were measured and body mass index was calculated. Nutrition status was determined using the World Health Organization age and gender specific BMI-for-age Z-scores (BAZ). The chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between overweight/obesity and selected socio-demographic characteristics. Complete anthropometric measurements were available for 321 children. Prevalence of combined overweight and obesity (BAZ > +1SD) was 19.0%, with prevalence being higher among girls (21.0%) than boys (16.9%) (p = 0.632). The prevalence among children in private schools was significantly higher (29.0%) than among those in public schools (11.5%) (p = 0.000). In addition, being a single child (p = 0.020), birth order (p = 0.017), mother’s occupation (p = 0.023) and type of residence (p = 0.028) were positively associated with overweight/obesity. The prevalence of overweight/obesity determined in this study is high and is a public health concern, with girls particularly at risk of becoming overweight.

Proteomic analysis of overweight/obesity and related abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism caused by phlegm-dampness retention

Objective:To investigate the proteomic characteristics of overweight/obesity and related abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism caused by phlegm-dampness retention to identify related biomarkers.Methods:Seventy-one subjects were enrolled in the study.We assessed blood glucose,blood lipids,body mass index(BMI),and phlegm-dampness pattern,which was confirmed by a traditional Chinese medicine clinician.Of the participants,we included healthy participants with normal weight(NW,n=23),overweight/obese participants with normal metabolism(ONM,n=19),overweight/obese participants with pre-diabetes(OPD,n=12),and overweight/obese participants with marginally-elevated blood lipids(OML,n=17).Among them,the ONM,OPD,and OML groups were diagnosed with phlegmdampness pattern.The data-independent acquisition(DIA)method was first used to analyze the plasma protein expression of each group,and the relevant differential proteins of each group were screened.The co-expressed proteins were evaluated by Venn analysis.The pathway analyses of the differential proteins were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(IPA)software.Parallel reaction monitoring(PRM)was used to verify the differential and common proteins in each group.Results:After comparing ONM,OPD,and OML groups with NW group,we identified the differentially expressed proteins(DEPs).Next,we determined the DEPs among OPD,OML,and ONM groups.Using Venn analysis of the DEPs in each group,24 co-expressed proteins were screened.Two co-expressed proteins were verified by PRM.IPA analysis showed that pathways including LXR/RXR activation,acute phase response signaling,and FXR/RXR activation were common to all three groups of phlegmdamp overweight/obesity participants.However,the activation or inhibition of these pathways was different among the three groups.Conclusion:Participants with overweight/obesity have similar proteomic characteristics,though each type shows specific proteomic characteristics.Two co-expressed proteins,VTN and ORM1,are potential biomarkers for glucose and lipid metabolism diseases with overweight/obesity caused by phlegmdampness retention.

Determinants of overweight and obesity and preventive strategies in Pacific countries: a systematic review

Objective:This study aimed to explore more on contributing factors and prevention of overweight and obesity among Pacific islanders.Methods:Using Cochrane library guideline,four electronic databases,PubMed,Embase,Scopus and CINAHL,were systematically searched from 2010 to 2020.Search strategy included key concepts,free text terms,and database-controlled vocabulary terms to identify articles on determinants and preventative strategies of overweight and obesity in the Pacific countries.A data extraction sheet was developed to extract relevant information required for analysis and theme development for this study.Results:A total of 22 articles were summarized and categorized.Determinants of overweight and obesity identified two themes:environmental related factors 13.6%(3/22)and sociocultural related factors 27.3%(6/22).The preventative strategies of overweight and obesity was categorized into behavioural change 22.7%(5/22),school-related 18.2%(4/22),and policies 50%(11/22).The quality assessment of articles showed“Good”68.2%(15/22),and“Fair”31.8%(7/22).Conclusion:This study highlighted two contributing,non-medication factors affecting overweight and obesity are both environmental and socio-cultural issues.Overweight and obesity preventative strategies identified in the Pacific context considered behavioural change,knowledge enhancement,and policy development.Further research should aim at exploring the current preventative strategies in-depth,to appreciate the most feasible and recommended preventative approach within the Pacific society.