Plasma potential measurements using an emissive probe made of oxide cathode

A novel emissive probe consisting of an oxide cathode coating is developed to achieve a low operating temperature and long service life.The properties of the novel emissive probe are investigated in detail,in comparison with a traditional tungsten emissive probe,including the operating temperature,the electron emission capability and the plasma potential measurement.Studies of the operating temperature and electron emission capability show that the tungsten emissive probe usually works at a temperature of 1800 K-2200 K while the oxide cathode emissive probe can function at about 1200 K-1400 K.In addition,plasma potential measurements using the oxide cathode emissive probe with different techniques have been accomplished in microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasmas with different discharge powers.It is found that a reliable plasma potential can be obtained using the improved inflection point method and the hot probe with zero emission limit method,while the floating point method is invalid for the oxide cathode emissive probe.

Microbial Mats in the Mesoproterozoic Carbonates of the North China Platform and Their Potential for Hydrocarbon Generation

The well-preserved Mesoproterozoic succession in the North China platform consists mainly of three iithological associations including peritidal quartz sandstone, shallow marine and lagoonal dark to black shales, and shallow epeiric carbonates, with a total thickness of up to 8 000 m. In addition to well-documented microplants, macroalgae, and microbial buildups, abundant microbially induced sedimentary structures （MISS） and mat-related sediments have been recognized in these rocks. Intensive microbial mat layers and MISS are especially well preserved in the carbonates of the upper Gaoyuzhuang （高于庄） （ca. 1.5 Ga） and lower Wumishan （雾迷山） （ca. 1.45 Ga） formations, indicating diversified microbial activities and a high organic production. In these petrified biomats, putative microbial fossils （both coccoidal and filamentous） and framboidal pyrites have been identified. The abundance of authigenic carbonate minerals in the host rocks, such as, acicular aragonites, rosette barites, radial siderites, ankerites, and botryoidal carbonate cements, suggests authigenic carbonate precipitation from anaerobic oxidation of methane （AOM） under anoxic/euxinic conditions. Warm climate and anoxic/euxinic conditions in the Mesoproterozoic oceans may have facilitated high microbial productivity and organic burial in sediments. Although authigenic carbonate cements may record carbonate precipitation from anaerobic methane oxidation, gas blister （or dome） structures may indicate gas release from active methanogenesis during shallow burial. Bituminous fragments in mat-related carbonates also provide evidence for hydrocarbon generation. Under proper conditions, the Mesoproterozoic mat-rich carbonates will have the potential for hydrocarbon generation and serve as source rocks. On the basis of petrified biomats, a rough estimation suggests that the Mesoproterozoic carbonates of the North China platform might have a hydrocarbon production potential in the order of 10 ×10^8 t.

Grey relational analysis on the relation between marine environmental factors and oxidation-reduction potential

The effects of marine environmental factors-temperature(T),dissolved oxygen(DO),salinity(S) and pH-on the oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) of natural seawater were studied in laboratory.The results show an indistinct relationship between these four factors and the ORP,but they did impact the ORP.Common mathematical methods were not applicable for describing the relationship.Therefore,a grey relational analysis(GRA) method was developed.The degrees of correlation were calculated according to GRA and the values of T,pH,DO and S were 0.744,0.710,0.692 and 0.690,respectively.From these values,the relations of these factors to the ORP could be described and evaluated,and those of T and pH were relatively major.In general,ORP is influenced by the synergic effect of T,DO,pH and S,with no single factor having an outstanding role.

Influences on oxidation voltage and holding time on poly(3-methylthiophene) film for electrochromic stability

In this study, we report the influences of oxidation potential and holding time on the electrochromic(EC) stability of poly(3-methylthiophene)(P3MT) film during the electrochemical reaction. The cycle stability and transmittance changes of the film were investigated by optimizing the oxidation potential, and its chemical compositions were measured by x-ray photoelectron spectra after multiple electrochemical cycles. High oxidation potentials can increase the P3MT film color contrast and decrease its cycle stability because of accelerating chemical decomposition. Moreover, the holding time with potential pulsing was analyzed by using the optical memory of P3MT at an optimized oxidation potential, which revealed the reduced voltage duration saved energy consumption by 11.6% and improved the EC cycle stability without changing in color contrast.

A hierarchically structured tin-cobalt composite with an enhanced electronic effect for high-performance CO_(2) electroreduction in a wide potential range

Earth-abundant and nontoxic Sn-based materials have been regarded as promising catalysts for the electrochemical conversion of CO_(2)to C1 products,e.g.,CO and formate.However,it is still difficult for Snbased materials to obtain satisfactory performance at low-to-moderate overpotentials.Herein,a simple and facile electrospinning technique is utilized to prepare a composite of a bimetallic Sn-Co oxide/carbon matrix with a hollow nanotube structure(Sn Co-HNT).Sn Co-HNT can maintain>90%faradaic efficiencies for C1 products within a wide potential range from-0.6 VRHE to-1.2 VRHE,and a highest 94.1%selectivity towards CO in an H-type cell.Moreover,a 91.2%faradaic efficiency with a 241.3 m A cm^(-2)partial current density for C1 products could be achieved using a flow cell.According to theoretical calculations,the fusing of Sn/Co oxides on the carbon matrix accelerates electron transfer at the atomic level,causing electron deficiency of Sn centers and reversible variation between Co^(2+)and Co^(3+)centers.The synergistic effect of the Sn/Co composition improves the electron affinity of the catalyst surface,which is conducive to the adsorption and stabilization of key intermediates and eventually increases the catalytic activity in CO_(2)electroreduction.This study could provide a new strategy for the construction of oxide-derived catalysts for CO_(2)electroreduction.

Unravel the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticle-carbonized sawdust matrix for removal of lead(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution

Zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnOnp) are molecular nanoparticles synthesized by a chemical precipitation method from zinc nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium hydroxide.Carbonized sawdust(CSD) was prepared from sawdust obtained from a local wood mill.The matrix of both provides a better material as an adsorbent.The present study applied the functionality of ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix as adsorbent materials for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution.The method of batch process was employed to investigate the potential of the adsorbents.The influence of pH,contact time,initial concentration of adsorbate,the dosage of adsorbents,and the temperature of adsorbate-adsorbent mixture on the adsorption capacity were revealed.The adsorption isotherm studies indicate that both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were suitable to express the experimental data obtained with theoretical maximum adsorption capacities(q_(m)) of 70.42,87.72,and 92.59 mg·g^(-1) for the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions onto ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix,respectively.The separation factors(R_(L)) calculated showed that the use of the adsorbents for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions is a feasible process with R_(L) <1.The thermodynamic parameters obtained revealed that the processes are endothermic,feasible,and spontaneous in nature at 25-50℃.Evaluation of the kinetic model elected that the processes agreed better with pseudo-second order where the values of rate constant(k_2) obtained for the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions onto ZnOnp,CSD,and ZnOnp-CSD matrix are 0.00149,0.00188,and 0.00315 g·mg^(-1)·min^(-1),respectively.The reusability potential examined for four cycles indicated that the adsorbents have better potential and economic value of reuse and the ZnOnp-CSD matrix indicates improved adsorbent material to remove Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on monophasic action potential amplitude in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and its correlation with myocardial injury

Objective: To study the effect of dexmedetomidine on monophasic action potential amplitude (MAPA) in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and its correlation with myocardial injury. Methods: SD rats were selected as the experimental animals and randomly divided into control group, ischemia reperfusion group (I/R group) and dexmedetomidine group (Dex group);I/R group and Dex group were made into myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury models, and Dex group were given exmedetomidine intervention;the MAPA of myocardial tunica intima layer, tunica media layer and tunica externa layer were measured in Langendorff perfusion system;myocardial tissue was collected to determine the contents of oxidative stress molecules and the expression of apoptosis genes. Results: The MAPA levels of myocardial tunica intima layer, tunica media layer and tunica externa layer as well as Klotho and SOD contents in myocardial tissue of I/R group were significantly lower than those of control group whereas CaMKII, NOX2, NOX4 and MDA contents as well as CaSR, USP14, JNK, Bax, Fas and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in myocardial tissue were significantly higher than those of control group;the MAPA levels of myocardial tunica intima layer, tunica media layer and tunica externa layer as well as Klotho and SOD contents in myocardial tissue of Dex group were significantly higher than those of I/R group whereas CaMKII, NOX2, NOX4 and MDA contents as well as CaSR, USP14, JNK, Bax, Fas and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in myocardial tissue were significantly lower than those of I/R group;Pearson test showed that the MAPA levels of myocardial tunica intima layer, tunica media layer and tunica externa layer were negatively correlated with CaMKII, NOX2, NOX4 and MDA contents as well as CaSR, USP14, JNK, Bax, Fas and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in myocardial tissue, and positively correlated with Klotho and SOD contents. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine can increase the MAPA in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion process, and is closely related to the inhibition of oxidative stress response and apoptosis.

POTENTIAL OPERATORS AND LAPLACE TYPE MULTIPLIERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TWISTED LAPLACIAN

We study potential operators and,more generally,Laplace-Stieltjes and Laplace type multipliers associated with the twisted Laplacian.We characterize those 1 ≤ p,q ≤ ∞,for which the potential operators are Lp—Lq bounded.This result is a sharp analogue of the classical Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev fractional integration theorem in the context of special Hermite expansions.We also investigate Lp mapping properties of the Laplace-Stieltjes and Laplace type multipliers.

Correlations between silt density index,turbidity and oxidation-reduction potential parameters in seawater reverse osmosis desalination

The reverse osmosis method is one of the most widely used methods of seawater desalination at present.Hydrophilic and desalting membranes in reverse osmosis systems are highly susceptible to the input pollutants.Various contaminants,including suspended organic and inorganic matter,result in membrane fouling and membrane degradation.Fundamental parameters such as the turbidity,the amount of chlorine injection,and silt density index (SDI) are the most predominant parameters of fouling control in the membranes.In this study,the operation system included a water intake unit,a pretreatment system,and an RO system.The pretreatment system encompassed a clarifier,a gravity sand filter,pressurized sand filters,and a cartridge filter.The correlation between the amount of chlorine injection in terms of the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and the SDI value of the input water was investigated at a specified site next to the Persian Gulf.The results showed that,at certain intervals of inlet turbidity,injection of a certain amount of chlorine into the raw water has a distinct effect on the decrease of SDI.

Correlation between myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced monophasic action potential amplitude change and myocardial damage

Objective:To study the correlation between myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced monophasic action potential amplitude (MAPA) change and myocardial damage.Methods:New Zealand rabbits were selected as experimental animals and randomly divided into control group and ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R group), myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury models were established, then the heart was separated and the MAPA of myocardial intima layer, media layer and outer layer were determined in Langendorff perfusion system;serum samples and myocardial tissue were collected to determine the contents of myocardial injury molecules.Results: MAPA levels of myocardial intima layer, media layer and outer layer of I/R group were significantly lower than those of control group;CK-MB, cTnI, cTnT and MDA contents in serum as well as Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 mRNA expression in myocardial tissue of I/R group were significantly higher than those of control group and negatively correlated with MAPA levels of myocardial intima layer, media layer and outer layer while SOD, GSH-Px and HO-1 contents in serum as well as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA expression in myocardial tissue were significantly lower than those of control group and positively correlated with MAPA levels of myocardial intima layer, media layer and outer layer.Conclusion:Myocardial ischemia - reperfusion can induce the decrease of MAPA and is closely related to myocardial oxidative stress injury and apoptosis.

Control for Modified University of Cape Town Process Using Oxidation-Reduction Potential in the Second Anoxic Zone

The aim of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of applying the technology of oxidation-reduction potential(ORP)control on the municipal wastewater treatment system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal.Meanwhile the relation between the optimal ORP(ORP opt)and influent C/N ratio was evaluated,in which the influent chemical oxygen demand(COD)concentration was stabilized at(290±10)mg/L,the influent total phosphorus(TP)concentration was stabilized at(7.0±0.5)mg/L.The results indicated that:(1)the ORP in the second anoxic zone had effect on nitrogen and phosphorus removal capability,and the average percentages of phosphorus uptake in ANO2zone(ηa)increased with increasing ORP,i.e.,increasing from 12.0%at-143 mV to22.0%,30.0%,37.0%,and 45.0%at-123,-111,-105 and-95 mV,respectively;(2)the ORP opt as function of influent C/N ratio could be calculated by the equation:y=252.73e(-x/3.39)-131.01;the maximum percentage of phosphorus uptake in ANO2as function of the ORP opt could be calculated by the equation:y=-0.49 e(x/15.58)+1.51.The ORP opt was the important process control parameter that must be optimized for operation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal(EBPR)system.Moreover,ORP sensor is very simple,and the industrial applications of this strategy is practical.

Oxidation Potentials of Flavonoids Determined by Flow-through Column Electrolysis

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富铼渣中铼浸出试验

针对富铼渣中成分多、金属赋存状态复杂的特点,采用控电位氧化浸出方法对富铼渣中的铼进行浸出试验,通过单因素试验确定了最优条件为氧化浸出电位700~750 mV、硫酸质量浓度15%、浸出温度70℃、浸出时间60 min,在此条件下铼浸出率为98.612%,其他组分浸出率均高于90%。

稻虾共作模式下土壤甲烷产生与氧化潜力及其对温度的响应特征

稻田是大气甲烷的重要人为排放源。为探讨不同稻田利用方式下甲烷产生和氧化潜力及其对温度的响应特征,以我国东南部地区常规稻田种植体系、由稻田转变来的稻虾种养结合体系和常规虾塘养殖体系为研究对象,分别采集位于江苏省句容市常规稻田(CR)、共作稻区(R-CR)和共作虾区(R-CC)以及常规虾塘(CC)土壤样品,在5℃、15℃、25℃和35℃条件下进行为期30 d的室内培养实验。结果表明:农业土地利用方式转变对甲烷产生和氧化潜力均有显著影响,甲烷产生潜力由大到小依次为:共作虾区、常规虾塘、共作稻区、常规稻田,分别为1.14、0.33、0.25和0.17μg·g^(-1)·d^(-1),甲烷氧化潜力从大到小依次为:常规稻田、常规虾塘、共作稻区、共作虾区,分别为1.38、1.01、1.00和0.71μg·g^(-1)·d^(-1)。由于水分管理差异以及饲料、氮肥投入导致底物和环境因子差异造成了产甲烷菌、甲烷氧化菌的活性差异,使得不同土地利用类型土壤呈现不同的甲烷产生和氧化潜力特征;甲烷产生潜力随培养温度的升高呈指数增长,在5℃、15℃、25℃和35℃时的平均值分别为0.13、0.26、0.55和0.95μg·g^(-1)·d^(-1)。而甲烷氧化潜力仅在低温时比较敏感,在15℃、25℃、35℃时与5℃下的甲烷氧化潜力存在显著差异,而三种培养温度之间无显著差异(甲烷氧化潜力在5℃、15℃、25℃和35℃时分别为0.71、1.14、1.14和1.11μg·g^(-1)·d^(-1))。总体上,甲烷产生潜力对温度的响应强于甲烷氧化潜力。此外,土壤甲烷产生和氧化潜力均受温度或土地利用类型单因素的显著影响(P<0.01),但两者的交互效应仅对土壤甲烷产生潜力存在显著影响,对甲烷氧化潜力并无显著影响。

乳化剂OP存在下微分电位溶出法同时测定铅铜的研究

在乳化剂ＯＰ存在下及０．３ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ介质中，铅、铜在峰电位－０．５５Ｖ及－０．３４Ｖ（ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ）处分别有一灵敏的溶出峰。详细探讨了溶出分析的最佳条件。本方法已用于发酵酒、配制酒、蒸馏酒及饮料中铅、铜的直接测定，回收率为９０．６％～１１０％，ＲＳＤ为０．２％～８．２％，检出限为０．０２５～０．００５４μｇ／２０ｍＬ范围。

氧化物Zeta电位影响因素研究进展

文章主要探究了氧化物和过氧化物在固-液界面Zeta电位的影响因素,以及Zeta电位在颗粒悬浮液和液-液乳状液中的重要性。介绍了测定Zeta电位的方法和相关实验研究成果,包括表面活性剂、pH值、离子强度等因素对Zeta电位的影响。实验结果表明,pH值是影响Zeta电位的显著因素之一,与颗粒表面电荷分布紧密相关。不同的研究指出,通过控制pH值,可以显著改变如ZnO、TiO_(2)、CeO_(2)等材料表面的Zeta电位,进而影响在液体介质中的稳定性。表面活性剂的种类和浓度同样对Zeta电位有显著影响,通过选择适当的表面活性剂,可以有效调节悬浮液的稳定性。粒径和浓度的不同也会影响Zeta电位,粒径对电荷密度和电势分布有显著影响,对颗粒悬浮液的稳定性也至关重要。同样温度对表面或界面反应也对Zeta电位有影响,如官能团的解离和质子化及吸附过程。

高电位下PEMFC阴极催化层Pt对碳腐蚀的影响

结合非色散红外光谱(NDIR)和电化学表征的方法研究了质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化层在0.8 V恒电位下,碳腐蚀的变化规律及其对Pt氧化过程的依赖性。研究发现0.8 V恒电位下,Pt会导致碳载体的腐蚀更加剧烈。运行100 h后,Pt/C电极的碳损失质量达到8.7%,是纯碳电极的3.5倍。Pt/C电极的碳腐蚀规律可以分为三个阶段,第一阶段呈对数增长,第三阶段呈线性增长,中间存在混合增长区。而Pt氧化物累积量分析表明Pt的氧化呈现出两段对数关系,且中间存在一个过渡区,这解释了碳腐蚀的三段规律。活跃的Pt-OH催化碳腐蚀,并快速转化成PtO_(x)等惰性氧化物,大幅降低对碳腐蚀的促进作用,当Pt-OH含量稳定后,碳腐蚀速率达到稳态。电位阶跃工况下,Pt氧化物增长速度明显降低,碳载体质量损失达到了15.55%,几乎是恒电位工况的2倍,表明控制Pt氧化物累积速度会加速碳载体的腐蚀。

视网膜静脉阻塞的ERG及OPs检测与分析

目的 对各型视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)患者进行视网膜电图(ERG)和视网膜震荡电位(OPs)的检测及分析,探讨采用ERG与OPs方法在视网膜静脉阻塞诊断上的临床意义.方法 对29例RVO患者以及20例对照组人员,分别进行ERG、OPs检测.结果 RVO组与对照组相比,ERG的a、b波峰值下降、峰时延长(P<0.01);OPs总幅值下降(P<0.01).HR型与VSR型相比,ERG的b波峰时延长、峰值下降(P<0.01),OPs总幅值下降(P<0.01),但a波改变无统计学意义.结论 ERG及OPs的改变在估计患者视网膜静脉阻塞程度上具有较重要的临床意义.

乳化剂OP微分电位溶出法快速测定啤酒中痕量铅的研究

探讨了乳化剂ＯＰ存在下，微分电位溶出法（ＤＰＳＡ）测定啤酒中铅的最佳条件。发现铅在含有０．１８～０．６０ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ介质中于－０．５２Ｖ（ＶＳ．ＳＣＥ）处有一灵敏的溶出峰。检出线为０．０３３μｇ／２０ｍｌ，加标回收率为９５．８％～１０２％，ＲＳＤ为１．５％～４．０％，方法已用于啤酒中铅的直接测定。

溶解性二价铁-铁氧化物非均相体系氧化还原电位的电化学测定方法探究

溶解性二价铁(Fe_(aq)^(2+)-)-铁氧化物非均相体系的氧化还原能力显著影响含水层中有毒重金属和有机污染物的迁移转化行为。然而,非均相体系氧化还原电位(Eh)的测定存在平衡缓慢和结果不稳定等难题,故亟待开发与优化电化学法快速准确测定Eh,实现Fe_(aq)^(2+)-铁氧化物非均相体系氧化还原能力的定量表征。本文选取针铁矿作为常见的铁氧化物,探讨了介导和非介导电位法测定Fe_(aq)^(2+)-针铁矿非均相体系Eh的优化实验条件,研究了介导物质的类型与添加顺序以及工作电极预处理方法等条件对Eh测定的影响,并通过能斯特方程验证电位法的可行性。结果表明:工作电极的表面状态、介导物质的选择以及针铁矿-工作电极之间平衡的建立对Eh测定十分关键。介导法能有效地缩短测定时间,但需要选择合适的介导物质;非介导法需确保工作电极与针铁矿之间平衡的建立。同时,利用非介导法测定了不同pH和Fe_(aq)^(2+)-浓度下不同粒径针铁矿与Fe_(aq)^(2+)-非均相体系的Eh,根据能斯特方程和最小二乘法多元线性拟合得到不同粒径针铁矿的标准氧化还原电位(Eh0),对于粒径为200、700和1000nm的针铁矿Eh0分别为815、802和782mV,验证了优化后电位法的可行性。本文的结论可为矿物非均相体系Eh的测定提供方法学参考,也为预测Fe_(aq)^(2+)-铁氧化物非均相体系参与的污染物衰减速率提供理论支撑。