Investigation of oxy-fuel combustion for methane and acid gas in a diffusion flame

Co-combustion of methane(CH4)and acid gas(AG)is required to sustain the temperature in Claus reaction furnace.In this study,oxy-fuel combustion of methane and acid gas has been experimentally studied in a diffusion flame.Three equivalence ratios(ER=1.0,1.5,2.0)and CH_(4)-addition ratios(CH_(4)/AG=0.3,0.5,0.7)were examined and the flame was interpreted by analyzing the distributions of the temperature and species concentration along central axial.CH_(4)-AG diffusion flame could be classified into three sections namely initial reaction,oxidation and complex reaction sections.Competitive oxidation of CH_(4)and H_(2)S was noted in the first section wherein H_(2)S was preferred and both were mainly proceeding decomposition and partial oxidation.SO_(2)was formed at oxidation section together with obvious presence of H2 and CO.However,H2 and CO were inclined to be sustained under fuel rich condition in the complex reaction section.Reducing ER and increasing CH4/AG contributed to higher temperature,H_(2)S and CH_(4)oxidation and CO_(2)reactivity.Hence a growing trend for CH_(4)and AG to convert into H_(2),CO and SO_(2)could be witnessed.And this factor enhanced the generation of CS2 and COS in the flame inner core by interactions of CH4 and CO_(2)with sulfur species.COS was formed through the interactions of CO and CO_(2)with sulfur species.The CS_(2)production directly relied on reaction of CH_(4)with sulfur species.The concentration of COS was greater than CS_(2)since CS_(2)was probably inhibited due to the presence of H_(2).COS and CS_(2)could be consumed by further oxidation or other complex reactions.

Prediction of Excess Air Factor in Automatic Feed Coal Burners by Processing of Flame Images

In this study, the relationship between the visual information gathered from the flame images and the excess air factor 2 in coal burners is investigated. In conventional coal burners the excess air factor 2. can be obtained using very expensive air measurement instruments. The proposed method to predict ） for a specific time in the coal burners consists of three distinct and consecutive stages; a） online flame images acquisition using a CCD camera, b） extrac- tion meaningful information （flame intensity and bright- ness）from flame images, and c） learning these information （image features） with ANNs and estimate 2. Six different feature extraction methods have been used： CDF of Blue Channel, Co-Occurrence Matrix, L-Frobenius Norms, Radiant Energy Signal （RES）, PCA and Wavelet. When compared prediction results, it has seen that the use of co- occurrence matrix with ANNs has the best performance （RMSE = 0.07） in terms of accuracy. The results show that the proposed predicting system using flame images can be preferred instead of using expensive devices to measure excess air factor in during combustion.

Experimental study and numerical simulation of gas-particle flows with radial bias combustion and centrally fuel rich swirl burners

Numerical simulation is applied to gas-particle flows of the primary and the secondary air ducts and burner region, and of two kinds of swirl burners. The modeling results of Radial Bias Combustion (RBC) burner well agreed with the data from the three-dimensional Phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) experiment by Li, et al. The modeling test conducted in a 1025 t/h boiler was to study the quality of aerodynamics for a Central Fuel Rich (CFR) burner, and the Internal Recirculation Zone (IRZ) was measured. In addition, gas-particle flows with a CFR burner were investigated by numerical simulation, whose results accorded with the test data fundamentally. By analyzing the distribution of gas velocity and trajectories of particles respectively, it is found that the primary air’s rigidity of CFR burner is stronger than that of RBC burner, and the primary air mixes with the secondary air later. Furthermore, high concentration region of pulverized coal exists in the burner’s central zone whose atmosphere is reduced, and trajectories of particles in IRZ of CFR burner are longer than that of RBC burner. They are favorable to coal’s ignition and the reduction of NOx emission.

Comparative investigation of microstructure and high-temperature oxidation resistance of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed CoNiCrAlY/nano-Al_(2)O_(3) composite coatings using satellited powders

Satellited CoNiCrAlY–Al_(2)O_(3)feedstocks with 2wt%, 4wt%, and 6wt% oxide nanoparticles and pure CoNiCrAlY powder were deposited by the high-velocity oxy fuel process on an Inconel738 superalloy substrate. The oxidation test was performed at 1050℃ for 5, 50, 100,150, 200, and 400 h. The microstructure and phase composition of powders and coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The bonding strength of the coatings was also evaluated. The results proved that with the increase in the percentage of nanoparticles(from 2wt% to 6wt%), the amount of porosity(from 1vol% to 4.7vol%), unmelted particles, and roughness of the coatings(from 4.8 to 8.8 μm) increased, and the bonding strength decreased from 71 to 48 MPa. The thicknesses of the thermally grown oxide layer of pure and composite coatings(2wt%, 4wt%, and 6wt%) after 400 h oxidation were measured as 6.5, 5.5, 7.6, and 8.1 μm, respectively.The CoNiCrAlY–2wt% Al_(2)O_(3)coating showed the highest oxidation resistance due to the diffusion barrier effect of well-dispersed nanoparticles. The CoNiCrAlY–6wt% Al_(2)O_(3)coating had the lowest oxidation resistance due to its rough surface morphology and porous microstructure.

On the Role of Electrodes in Introducing Airflow Distortion in Residential Oil Burners

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflow through a retention head residential oil burner were carried out to study the velocity field near and around the fuel spray. The simulations revealed (as expected, based on some previous experimental measurements) the velocity flow field to be far from axisymmetric. Moreover, the center of the swirling airflow was found to be at some radial distance away from the physical centerline of the flame tube. Since it was suspected that the two electrodes just upstream of the retention ring of the burner might be responsible for this flow distortion, additional CFD simulations were then carried out for the cases of no electrodes and 4-electrodes. The results clearly show that all flow distortions (velocity deviations from axisymmetric value) vanish when no electrodes are present and that the flow distortions are reduced by a factor of 2 when two additional dummy electrodes (for a total of 4 electrodes) are included in the burner design. Furthermore, for the 4-electrode case, the eccentricity of the swirling airflow is reduced by almost a factor of 3 as compared to the base design case of 2-electrodes.

Comparative Appraisal of Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network Method for Stabilized Turbulent Confined Jet Diffusion Flames Using Bluff-Body Burners

The present study was conducted to present the comparative modeling, predictive and generalization abilities of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) for the thermal structure of stabilized confined jet diffusion flames in the presence of different geometries of bluff-body burners. Two stabilizer disc burners tapered at 30° and 60° and another frustum cone of 60°/30° inclination angle were employed all having the same diameter of 80 (mm) acting as flame holders. The measured radial mean temperature profiles of the developed stabilized flames at different normalized axial distances (x/dj) were considered as the model example of the physical process. The RSM and ANN methods analyze the effect of the two operating parameters namely (r), the radial distance from the center line of the flame, and (x/dj) on the measured temperature of the flames, to find the predicted maximum temperature and the corresponding process variables. A three-layered Feed Forward Neural Network in conjugation with the hyperbolic tangent sigmoid (tansig) as transfer function and the optimized topology of 2:10:1 (input neurons: hidden neurons: output neurons) was developed. Also the ANN method has been employed to illustrate such effects in the three and two dimensions and shows the location of the predicted maximum temperature. The results indicated the superiority of ANN in the prediction capability as the ranges of R2 and F Ratio are 0.868 - 0.947 and 231.7 - 864.1 for RSM method compared to 0.964 - 0.987 and 2878.8 7580.7 for ANN method beside lower values for error analysis terms.

Effect of carbon dioxide on oxy-fuel combustion of hydrogen sulfide:An experimental and kinetic modeling

CO_(2) is an important component in the acid gas and it is necessary to study the effect of CO_(2) presence on the oxy-fuel combustion of H_(2)S with particular focus on the formation of carbonyl sulfide(COS).The oxyfuel combustion of acid gas was conducted in a coaxial jet double channel burner.The distribution of flame temperature and products under stoichiometric condition along axial(R=0.0)and radial at about 3.0 mm(R=0.75)were analyzed,respectively.The Chemkin-Pro software was used to analyze the rate of production(ROP)for gas products and the reaction pathway of acid gas combustion.Both experimental and simulation results showed that acid gas combustion experienced the H2S chemical decomposition,H_(2)S oxidation and accompanied by H_(2) oxidation.The CO_(2) presence reduced the peak flame temperature and triggered the formation of COS in the flame area.COS formation at R=0.0 was mainly through the reaction of CO_(2) and CO with sulfur species,whereas at R=0.75 it was through the reaction of CO with sulfur species.The ROP results indicated that H_(2) was mainly from H_(2)O decomposition in the H_(2)S oxidation stage,and COS was formed by the reaction of CO_(2) with H_(2)S.ROP and other detailed analysis further revealed the role of H,OH and SH radicals in each stage of H_(2)S conversion.This study revealed the COS formation mechanisms with CO_(2) presence in the oxy-fuel combustion of H_(2)S and could offer important insights for pollutant control.

基于杯式燃烧器测试系统的灭火性能评价研究进展

杯式燃烧器试验是消防领域用于测定气体灭火剂最小灭火浓度的经典方法。自哈龙灭火剂被淘汰以来,哈龙替代物经历了不同相态的发展,促使杯式燃烧器测试系统进行相应的改进,同时基于杯式燃烧器测试系统的灭火性能评价研究也在不断拓展。综述了国内外杯式燃烧器测试系统的使用和改进研究,重点介绍了适用于气相、液相、固相和复合相灭火剂的杯式燃烧器测试系统和测试方法,分别对气相、液相、含添加剂细水雾、干粉、复合灭火剂的灭火效率进行了总结和分析,综述了各相态灭火剂灭火性能评价研究。未来,杯式燃烧器测试系统仍将不断被改善,在灭火剂筛选和灭火性能评价等方面将发挥更重要的作用。

融入激光诊断的杯式燃烧器灭火实验教学设计

设计了融入先进激光诊断系统的杯式燃烧器灭火实验装置,创设了包含基础性和探究性的层次化实验教学内容,构建了分组协作和课堂研讨相结合的实验教学模式,让学生了解杯式燃烧器的结构特点,掌握利用杯式燃烧器测量气体灭火浓度值的原理和方法,并引导他们通过激光诊断技术进一步探究灭火机理。通过实验教学,加深学生对灭火基本理论的理解,激发他们的创新思维和团队精神,为其后续的科研工作打下基础。

提高中厚板淬火炉出炉温度命中率的实践研究

某公司淬火炉因燃气种类变化对燃烧系统进行了改造,改造后出炉温度命中率波动较大,严重影响了产品性能的稳定性。通过对出炉温度命中率主要影响因素的分析,从点火电极的阳极与阴极之间距离变化、UV探头失效分析及内外温差导致烧嘴损坏三个方面提出了解决方案,实现了出炉温度命中率的大幅提升。

脉动燃烧器研究进展及其在病虫害防治中的应用

目前,Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器被广泛应用且前景良好。其具有环保节能、燃烧效率高、传热特性佳、热效率高以及排放污染少等诸多优点。将Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器应用于病虫害防治装备的研制,对稳定作物生产、提高作物品质、增加种植效益以及发展科学植保和绿色植保具有重要意义,有助于保障生态可持续。概述Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器的工作原理,梳理脉动燃烧器的研究发展现状,总结Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器在病虫害防治方面的应用研究。目前便携式脉动燃烧病虫害防治装备存在人机工程学缺陷、土壤蒸汽消毒机热动力源耦合关系不明确、脉动燃烧机理研究不够深入且脉动燃烧器结构简单、装备智能化程度低等问题。提出应用现代化技术研究脉动燃烧机理,研制脉动燃烧病虫害防治装备新型结构与机型,运用智能化、现代化技术开发大型车载式病虫害防治机械,发展脉动燃烧病虫害防治机械智能控制模块的发展对策。

660MW高水分褐煤锅炉超低负荷运行特性研究

为揭示大容量高水分褐煤机组的超低负荷运行特性及性能优化方式,基于建立并验证的燃煤锅炉燃烧模型,研究了33%最大连续额定负荷下燃烧器运行方式对660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉炉内燃烧、传热及NO_(x)转化特性的影响。结果表明:超低负荷下炉内仍可形成良好组织的流动及燃烧场,但锅炉综合性能显著下降,如燃烧温度及受热面吸热量显著降低、炉膛出口NO_(x)排放增加等;运行4层燃烧器时投运连续的下、中间组或中间、上组燃烧器,可有效防止燃烧、传热过程的显著恶化及NO_(x)排放的明显增加;燃烧器投运层数影响锅炉综合性能,运行2层燃烧器时炉内剧烈燃烧区域过于集中,不利于维持较高的燃烧温度及传热强度,炉膛出口NO_(x)排放升高。研究结果揭示了超低负荷下燃烧器投运位置及层数对660 MW高水分褐煤锅炉综合性能的影响,可为大规模可再生能源电力并网背景下高水分褐煤机组参与深度调峰的运行调整及优化提供指导。

干煤粉气化炉烧嘴偏置角度变化下的烧嘴罩性能优化研究

介绍了华能公司IGCC机组干煤粉气化工艺,针对干煤粉气化炉一段烧嘴水平偏置改造后,产渣量大幅提升,导致烧嘴罩发生漫渣、泄漏的问题,通过采取提高烧嘴罩探入深度、优化配煤方式控制气化炉产渣量、改造粉煤给料罐底锥稳定煤线波动等措施,进一步提升了烧嘴罩运行的稳定性,基本避免了烧嘴罩发生漫渣、泄漏现象。

Unraveling the role of dual Ti/Mg metals on the ignition and combustion behavior of HTPB-boron-based fuel

Metal additives play an essential role in explosive and propellant formulations. Boron(B) is widely used in propellant applications owing to its high energetic content. The addition of B to explosives and propellants increases their energy density, making them more efficient and powerful. Nevertheless, B forms oxide layers on its surface during combustion, slowing down the combustion rate and reducing rocket motor efficiency. To overcome this issue, other metal additives such as aluminum(Al), magnesium(Mg),and titanium(Ti) are revealed to be effective in boosting the combustion rate of propellants. These additives may improve the combustion rate and therefore enhance the rocket motor’s performance. The present study focused on preparing and investigating the ignition and combustion behavior of pure hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)-B fuel supplemented with nano-titanium and nanomagnesium. The burn rates of HTPB-B fuel samples were evaluated on the opposed flow burner(OFB)under a gaseous oxygen oxidizer, for which the mass flux ranges from 22 kg/(m^(2)·s) to 86 kg/(m^(2)·s). The addition of Ti and Mg exhibited higher regression rates, which were attributed to the improved oxidation reaction of B due to the synergetic metal combustion effect. The possible combustion/oxidation reaction mechanism of B-Mg and B-Ti by heating the fuel samples at 900℃ and 1100℃ was also examined in a Nabertherm burnout furnace under an oxygen atmosphere. The post-combustion products were collected and further subjected to X-ray diffraction(XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) analyses to inspect the combustion behavior of B-Ti and B-Mg. It has been observed that the B oxide layer at the interface between B-Ti(B-Mg) is removed at lower temperatures, hence facilitating oxygen transfer from the surroundings to the core B. Additionally, Ti and Mg decreased the ignition delay time of B, which improved its combustion performance.

空气射流特征对纯氨旋流燃烧火焰影响规律

氨是理想能源,为更好利用纯氨燃料,开发适用纯氨燃料的燃烧器,通过数值模拟对某10 kWth天然气旋流燃烧器进行三维建模,并对其纯氨燃烧和氮氧化物排放性能进行计算及仿真分析,探讨空气射流特性对火焰形态、温度分布、NO生成及排放的影响规律,以优化燃烧器纯氨燃烧能力。燃烧早期,旋流对燃料和空气混合影响大,而燃烧后期湍流强度对该过程影响大。发现通过增大空气射流孔面积(由12.8 mm^(2)增至19.2 mm^(2))、增加空气射流角度(由15°增至30°)均可增强旋流强度,促进燃料和空气混合,促进氨燃料快速着火和稳定燃烧,缩短着火距离。但过大的射流角度可能导致空气和燃料出现短暂分离,推迟混合过程,延长着火距离。此外,减小射流孔面积、增大射流角度还将增强燃烧器喷嘴附近湍流强度,促进氨燃料和空气混合燃耗,产生局部高温区,导致NO生成浓度升高。经对比优化,空气射流孔面积19.2 mm^(2)、射流角度15°、射流速度19.83 m/s时纯氨燃烧器实现稳定低NO燃烧,着火距离0.024 m、火焰长度0.446 m,NO生成峰值浓度和排放浓度分别降至443×10^(-6)和37.7×10^(-6)。

铅锌冶炼烧结点火炉点火过程数值模拟

为了探究铅锌冶炼工艺中烧结点火炉内点火过程的多物理场分布规律,本文以某企业带式点火炉为研究对象,构建了炉内天然气流动、燃烧与传热过程的数学物理模型,并考虑了铅锌矿料化学反应热以及料层阻力的影响,对点火炉内的点火过程进行了详细的数值模拟研究,深入分析了炉内速度场、温度场和浓度场的分布规律,评价了点火料层的温度均匀性,并分析了其产生的原因,最终总结了点火炉的优化改造建议。结果表明:点火烧嘴中高速气流相向运动形成撞击面,破坏了炉内流场的稳定性;点火段主要位于两排主烧嘴的下方料面区域;主烧嘴气流受点火烧嘴气流的影响而发生偏转,导致点火段料面存在局部低温区,不利于料层的均匀着火。

燃气轮机中心分级燃烧器天然气掺氢燃烧的受迫振荡特性

天然气掺氢燃烧是燃气轮机机组降低碳排放重要措施之一,但掺氢燃料的组分变化会导致燃烧室火焰结构及燃烧稳定性发生变化.为分析中心分级燃烧器掺氢燃烧条件下的燃烧不稳定性问题,通过试验研究了燃烧器入口速度扰动下,不同掺氢比对中心分级掺氢燃烧的瞬态火焰结构、压力以及热释放响应的影响,并利用本征正交分解(POD)法提取了火焰脉动的特征模态,发现其主要包含火焰干涉区强脉动和轴向扰动两种模态.试验结果表明,随着掺氢体积比从0%增大到30%,火焰前沿向上游移动,两级火焰间距缩短,火焰干涉对应的脉动模态的能量占比增大,加强了压力与热释放的耦合,导致燃烧室内的压力响应增大9%,热释放响应增大37%.

大型乙烯裂解炉用低NO_(x)燃烧器的结构优选

随着大能力大型化裂解炉的不断发展,国内首台单炉膛20万吨/年产能乙烯裂解炉对燃烧器提出了更高的设计要求,在稳定燃烧的同时还要满足特定的工艺要求和严苛的环保要求。采用CFD技术和热态试验方法优选新型乙烯裂解炉用低NO_(x)燃烧器,通过数值分析方法研究不同底部与侧壁供热比(底侧比)下裂解炉内的燃烧状态(火焰形状、火焰长度、炉内温度分布及NO_(x)排放量等),结果表明:在底侧比为70:30时燃烧状态最优,炉膛内温度分布均匀且满足工艺要求和环保要求。在热态试验炉上对最终设计工况(底侧比72:28)进行热态试验,结果显示:炉内燃烧状态良好,温度分布均匀且满足热通量曲线,NO_(x)排放量也较低。

土壤蒸汽消毒机的脉动燃烧器喷管结构及工作特性

为解决因连作障碍等引起的设施园艺中土壤病虫害防治问题,拟开发一种以脉动燃烧器为热动力源的土壤蒸汽消毒机。根据土壤蒸汽消毒机的最小蒸汽量为100 kg/h,确定脉动燃烧器的最小功率为28.2 kW。脉动燃烧器主要由燃烧室与喷管组成,采用长度为200、400、800、1000 mm的直喷管和800 mm的弯喷管,通过法兰拼接组合成不同长度的直喷管(600、800、1000、1400、1600、1800、2200、2600、2800、3000 mm)和弯喷管(800、1600 mm),研究不同喷管结构对脉动燃烧器启动性能、工作稳定性能等的影响。结果表明:喷管长度在800~2600 mm启动;工作频率与压力振幅呈线性关系,频率高,压力幅值大;同一长度直喷管的燃油消耗率、频率与压力振幅均大于弯喷管的,且油门开度2、3、4时弯喷管燃烧器压力振幅标准差小,具有更好的稳定性;喷管长度为1800 mm左右的直喷管脉动燃烧器性能最佳。故选择喷管长度为1800 mm的弯喷管脉动燃烧器作为土壤蒸汽消毒机蒸汽发生装置热源,既能保证脉动燃烧器的工作特性,又能促使蒸汽发生装置小型化。

贯流锅炉表面燃烧改造后热力性能的数值模拟研究

采用表面燃烧器是目前贯流锅炉低氮改造的主流技术。基于ANSYS软件,以实际运行的锅炉为研究对象,对贯流锅炉进行表面燃烧改造后的燃料和空气混合物的流动特性,温度特性,传热特性及排放特性等热力性能进行数值模拟研究,得出冷热态燃料和空气混合物及烟气的流动速度特性,热态烟气流场分布,炉膛内的温度场及CH_(4)分布,CO_(2)和NO_(x)的浓度分布,水管壁面温度分布等。通过模拟发现,烟气经过第一回程出口时其流动方向发生改变,并且由于烟气流通截面的缩小,随着不断靠近第一回程出口处,烟气速度不断增大,在内侧管和外侧管所形成的通道中存在最大速度。通过对受热面辐射热负荷计算发现,表面燃烧改造后,辐射热负荷远较锅炉原设计时采用扩散式燃烧器时显著减小。烟气第一回程处外侧水管受到未经充分换热的高温烟气高速的垂直冲刷,造成该处部分外侧水管温度较高,过热和热疲劳应力的反复作用使该处水管易产生密集型裂纹。从传热学的角度分析得出贯流锅炉表面燃烧改造后第一回程出口处的水管易产生裂纹是由于过热疲劳所致。