Discrimination of individual seed viability by using the oxygen consumption technique and headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry

Identifying and selecting high-quality seeds is crucial for improving crop yield.The purpose of this study was to improve the selection of crop seeds based on separating vital seeds from dead seeds,by predicting the potential germination ability of each seed,and thus improving seed quality.The methods of oxygen consumption (Q) of seeds and the headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry(HS-GC-IMS) were evaluated for identifying the viability of individual seeds.Firstly,the oxygen consumption technique showed clear differences among the values related to respiratory characteristics for seeds that were either vital or not,and the discrimination ability of final oxygen consumption(Q_(120)) was achieved not only in sweet corn seeds but also in pepper and wheat seeds.Besides,Qtwas established as a new variable to shorten the measuring process in the Q2 (oxygen sensor) procedure,which was significantly related to the viability of individual seeds.To minimize seed damage during measurement,the timing for viability evaluation was pinpointed at the 12,6 and 9 h for pepper,sweet corn,and wheat seeds based on the new variables concerning oxygen consumption (i.e.,Q_(12),Q_(6)and Q_(9),respectively).The accuracies of viability prediction were 91.9,97.7 and 96.2%,respectively.Dead seeds were identified and hence discarded,leading to an enhancement in the quality of the seed lot as indicated by an increase in germination percentage,from 86.6,90.9,and 53.8%to all at 100%.We then used the HS-GC-IMS to determine the viability of individual sweet corn seeds,noting that corn seed has a heavier weight so the volatile gas components are more likely to be detected.A total of 48 chromatographic peaks were identified,among which 38 target compounds were characterized,including alcohols,aldehydes,acids and esters.However,there were no significant differences between the vital and dead seeds,due to the trace amount volatile composition differences among the individual seeds.Furthermore,a PCA based on the signal intensities of the target volatile compounds obtained was found to lose its effectiveness,as it was unable to distinguish those two types of sweet corn seeds.These strategies can provide a reference for the rapid detection of single seed viability.

Effect of Fouling on Feeding, Oxygen Consumption and Waste Excretion of Pearl Oyster Pinctada martensii in Daya Bay Cultivation

Biofouling is a particular problem in the pearl oyster culture. It may reduce the growth and survival rates of the cultured species. Foulers are often themselves filter feeders, and are therefore potential competitors for food resource with the cultured species. Fouling organisms may also reduce the oxygen supply. A study was conducted to measure the impact of foulers on feeding oxygen consumption, and waste excretion. POM, ammonia, phosphate and oxygen concentration were measured in various treatments （cultured species, foulers）. This study showed that fouling organisms had significant effect on food uptake, oxygen consumption and waste excretion. The clearance rate, ammonia and phosphate release rate, oxygen consumption rate of the fouled pearl oyster were greater than those of the clean pearl oysters. Other foulers that settled on cages or buoys also contributed much to phytoplankton depletion, oxygen consumption and concentration increase of ammonia and phosphate in water. Therefore, this study showed us that foulers were important competitors in the pearl oyster cultivation of Daya Bay in November 2005.

Effect of Acute Low Temperature Stress on Oxygen Consumption Rate and Respiration Frequency in Silurus meridionalis and Pelteobag vachelli

The objective of the study was to explore the effect of acute low temperature stress on VO2 and Vf of Silurus meridionalis and Pelteobag vachelli after 10 minutes cold water bath with different temperature.The investigation was operated under the temperature of 24 ℃.It was found that the VO2 and Vf of Silurus meridionalis after 6 and 0 ℃ stress showed a decrease-increase-decrease trend while other groups showed a rapid increase then slowly recovery trend.The VO2 and Vf of Pelteobag vachelli after 0 ℃stress showed a decrease-increase-decrease trend while other groups showed an increase then slowly recovery process.It was suggested that Pelteobag vachelli was more adaptive to acute cold stress,but it cost more energy adapting to cold stress compared to Silurus meridionalis.

EFFECTS OF REDUCED SALINITY ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND AMMONIA-N EXCRETION OF CHLAMYS FARRERI

Effects of reduced salinity on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the ammonia N excretion rate (AER) of scallop Chlamys farreri (3.2 5.9 cm in shell height, 0.147 1.635 g in soft tissue dry weight ) were studied in laboratory from March 21,1997 to April 16, 1997. Under the controlled conditions of reduced salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 and ambient temperature 17℃ and 23℃, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia N were determined by the Winkle method and the hypobromite method, respectively. Results showed that with controlled reduced salinity, the mean values of the OCR were 2.17 mg/(g.h) at 17℃, and 2.86 mg/(g.h) at 23℃and that the mean values of the AER were 178.0 μg/(g.h) at 17℃ and 147.0 μg/(g.h) at 23℃. The OCR and the AER decreased with reducing salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 both at 17℃ and 23℃. The effects of reduced salinity on the OCR and the AER of scallop C. farreri could be represented by the allometric equation and the exponential equation, respectively.

The Effect of Toxic Sulfide Exposure on Oxygen Consumption and Oxidation Products in Urechis unicinctus(Echiura:Urechidae)

To investigate sulfide detoxification in Urech＆ unicinctus, oxygen consumption rate and sulfide detoxification products were analyzed during sulfide exposure under controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed that oxygen consumption rates were elevated significantly during 3 h sulfide exposure compared to the control （P〈0.05）. The concentration of sulfite in body wall and hindgut of experimental worms increased significantly （P〈0.05） when exposed to 50 μmolL^-1 sulfide, reached a maximum at 24 h and then decreased. Similar result was observed in worms exposed to 150 μmolL^-1 sulfide except that sulfite concentration reached a maximum at 12 h. Contents of thiosulfate in body wall and hindgut of U. unicinctus exposed to sulfide were also significantly higher than that of the control without sulfide exposure. In conclusion, during short-time sulfide exposure U. unicinctus may raise oxygen consumption to detoxify toxic sulfide into sulfite and thiosulfate. Sulfide detoxification was restrained when the exposure time was prolonged or sulfide concentration was increased, which was indicated by decrease of sulfite, the intermediate product of sulfide detoxification.

Oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion of Meretrix meretrix in different temperature and salinity

Effects of temperatures and salinities on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rate of clam Meretrix meretrix were studied in laboratory from Oct. 2003 to Jan. 2004. Two schemes were designed in incremented temperature at 10, 15, 20, 25℃ at 31.5 salinity and in incremented salinity at16.0, 21.0, 26.0, 31.5, 36.0, and 41.0 at 20℃, all for 8-10 days. From 10 to 25℃, both respiration and excretion rate were increased. One-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated significant difference （P〈0.01） in physiological parameters in this temperature range except between 15 and 20℃. The highest Q10 thermal coefficient value （12.27） was acquired between 10 and 15℃, and about 1 between 15 and 20℃, indicating M. meretrix could well acclimate to temperature changes in this range. Salinity also had significant effects on respiration and excretion rate （P〈0.05）. The highest values of respiration and excretion rate of M. meretrix were recorded at 16.0 salinity （20℃）. These two physiological parameters decreased as salinity increased until reached the minimum Q10 value at 31.5 （20℃）, then again, these parameters increased with increasing salinity from 31.5 to 41.0. M. meretrix can catabolize body protein to cope with osmotic pressure stress when environmental salinity is away from its optimal range. No significant difference was observed between 26.0 and 36.0 in salinity （P〉0.05）, suggesting that a best metabolic salinity range for this species is between 26.0 and 36.0.

Characteristics of oxygen consumption of coal at programmed temperatures

Oxygen consumption is an important index of coal oxidation.In order to explore the coal-oxygen reaction,we developed an experimental system of coal spontaneous combustion and tested oxygen consumption of differently ranked coals at programmed temperatures.The size of coal samples ranged from 0.18~0.42 mm and the system heat-rate was 0.8℃/min.The results show that, for high ranked coals,oxygen consumption rises with coal temperature as a piecewise non-linear process.The critical coal temperature is about 50℃.Below this temperature,oxygen consumption decreases with rising coal temperatures and reached a minimum at 50℃,approximately.Subsequently,it begins to increase and the rate of growth clearly increased with temperature.For low ranked coals,this characteristic is inconspicuous or even non-existent.The difference in oxygen consumption at the same temperatures varies for differently ranked coals.The results show the difference in oxygen consumption of the coals tested in our study reached 78.6%at 100℃.Based on the theory of coal-oxygen reaction,these phenomena were analyzed from the point of view of physical and chemical characteristics,as well as the appearance of the coal-oxygen complex.From theoretical analyses and our experiments,we conclude that the oxygen consumption at programmed temperatures reflects the oxidation ability of coals perfectly.

Effects of salinity and body mass on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris

We evaluated the effects of salinity and body mass on the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of mudskipper Boleophthalmus pectinirostris under laboratory conditions. Salinity and body mass had highly significant effects on the oxygen consumption rate （Ro） and ammonia excretion rate （RN） （P〈0.01）. The interactive effects between salinity and body mass on Ro and RN were insignificant （P〉0.05） and highly significant （P〈0.01）, respectively. Ro and RN of B. pectinirostris decreased significantly as the individual body mass increased. The relationship between Ro and body mass was represented by Ro=aWb （R^2=0.956, P〈0.01）. The relationship between RN and the body mass ofB. pectinirostris was represented by RN-cW^at （R^2=0.966, P〈0.01）. The Ro/RN （O：N） ratios increased significantly as the salinity increased from 12 to 27, but decreased as salinity increased from 27 to 32. The atomic O：N ratios were significantly higher at 27 than at other salinity levels. The average O：N ratio was 25.25. Lipid and carbohydrate were the primary energy sources and protein was the secondary energy significantly higher at 27 than at other salinity levels B, pectinirostris is 27. source within the salinity range 12 32. Ro andRN were Our results suggest that the optimum salinity level for B. pectinirostris is 27.

Estimate of oxygen consumption and intracellular zinc concentration of human spermatozoa in relation to motility

<abstract>Aim: To investigate the human sperm oxygen/energy consumption and zinc content in relation to motility. Methods: In washed spermatozoa from 67 ejaculates, the oxygen consumption was determined. Following calculation of the total oxygen consumed by the Ideal Gas Law, the energy consumption of spermatozoa was calculated. In addition, the zinc content of the sperm was determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The resulting data were correlated to the vitality and motility. Results: The oxygen consumption averaged 0.24μmol/106 sperm×24 h, 0.28μmol/106 live sperm×24 h and 0.85μmol/106 live & motile sperm×24 h. Further calculations revealed that sperm motility was the most energy consuming process (164.31 mJ/106 motile spermatozoa×24 h), while the oxygen consumption of the total spermatozoa was 46.06 mJ/106 spermatozoa×24 h. The correlation of the oxygen/ energy consumption and zinc content with motility showed significant negative correlations (r= -0.759; P<0.0001 and r=-0.441; P<0.0001, respectively). However, when correlating sperm energy consumption with the zinc content, a significant positive relation (r=0.323; P=0.01) was observed. Conclusion: Poorly motile sperm are actually wasting the available energy. Moreover, our data clearly support the 'Geometric Clutch Model' of the axoneme function and demonstrate the importance of the outer dense fibers for the generation of sperm motility, especially progressive motility.

Rates of oxygen consumption and tolerance of hypoxia and desiccation in Chinese black sleeper(Bostrichthys sinensis)and mudskipper(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)embryos

The rates of oxygen consumption, tolerance of hypoxia and desiccation of the Chinese black sleeper （ Bostrichthys sinensis） and mudskipper （Boleophthalmus pectinirostris） embryos were investigated. The pattern of oxygen consumption of the Chinese black sleeper embryos was similar to that of the mudskipper ones. The lowest rates of oxygen consumption [ （ 1.65 ±0. 66） nmol/ （ind. ·h） ] of the Chinese black sleeper embryos 16 h after fertilization and the lowest rates of oxygen consumption [ （0.79± 0.08 ）nmolf（ ind. · h） ] of the mudskipper embryos 6 h after fertilization were recorded, respectively. Then the rates of oxygen consumption of these two species embryos increased gradually until hatching [ （8.26 ± 1.70 ） nmolf（ ind.· h） in the Chinese black sleeper, （2.69 ± 0.23 ）nmolf（ ind. · h） in mudskipper]. After exposure to hypoxia water （0.16 mg/dm^3）, bradycardia of the embryos occurred in both the Chinese black sleeper and the mudskipper. However, the Chinese black sleeper embryos survived approximately 45 min longer than the mudskipper ones. After exposure to desiccation at a relative humidity of 58%, bradycardia of the embryos was observed in both the Chinese black sleeper and the mudskipper, and the Chinese black sleeper embryos lived approximately 9 min longer than the mudskipper ones.

The effects of PaCO_2 on balance of cerebral oxygen supply and consumption during intravenous general anesthesia

Objective: To evaluate the effects of various degrees of hyperventilation on balance of cerebral oxygensupply and consumption during intravenous general anesthesia with jugular venous oxygen saturation monitoringMetbods: Sixty-six patients with supratentorial tumor undergoing intravenous general anesthesia for brain surgerywere randomly divided into three groups. In group Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, end-tidal pressure of Co2(PETCO2) were maintained at 3. 5, 4. 0 and 4. 5 kPa respectively. Radial arterial blood samples and jugular bulb blood samples weretaken synchronously at 60 min after hyperventilation to measure jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2), cerebral extraction of oxygen (CEO2) and cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference (AVDO2) were calculatedResults: In group Ⅰ after hyperventilation, SjvO, and jugular venous oxygen content (CjvO2) were decreasedmarkedly while CEO2 was increased significantly, which was different significantly compared with the baseline andcorresponding value in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P<0. 05). After hyperventilation in group, and, SjvO2 CjvO2, CEO2and AVDO, remained unchanged. Conclusion: This study shows that sustained excessive hyperventilation (PETCO23.5 kPa) may account for the less favorable cerebral oxygen supply and consumption balance and maintained PETCO, at 4. 0~4. 5 kPa was optimal hyperventilation for brain surgery anesthesia.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT ONOXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATE OF CHINESE PRAWN, GIANT TIGER PRAWN AND GIANT FRESHWATER PRAWN

temperature and the diasolved oxygen content affect the oxygen consumption of juveniles of Chinese prawn (Penaeus chinensis), giant tiger prawn (P. monodon) and giant freshwater prawn(Macrobrachium rosenbergii). There is good correlation between the oxygen consumption rate (V, mg/g·h) of the above three prawn species and the water temperature, and dissolved oxygen. In the range of test temperature, V increased with water temperature and diassolved oxygen content. The V of the above three prawn species increased 0.085 mg/g·h, 0. 093 mg/g·h and 0. 08 mg/g·h respectively with each ℃ of rising temperature. The comatose point and stifling point of the juveniles rose obviously at unsuitable temperature.

Effects of Astragalus Membranaceus on oxygen consumption of intestine

AIM To investigate the effects of Astragalus Membranaceus (AM) on intestinal oxygen consumption both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The oxygen consumption of the intestine was measured using (A V) O 2 difference analyzer after placement of different concentrations of AM into the intestinal lumen of 10 anesthetized healthy mongrel dogs. The effects of AM on the oxygen consumption of the intestinal mucosa in vitro were observed using constant volume manometers. RESULTS Placement of different concentrations of AM into the intestinal lumen of mongrel dogs increased the oxygen consumption of the intestine in vivo. The values were significantly different from those of normal saline ( P <0 05 or P <0 01). The oxygen consumption of 30% and 50% concentrations of AM was significantly increased as compared with that of 10% concentration ( P <0 05). There was no significant difference between 30% and 50% concentrations ( P >0 05). The effects of AM on oxygen consumption of intestinal mucosa in vitro were similar to those in vivo. Astragalus Membranaceus at 5% and 1% concentrations could remarkably increase the intestinal oxygen consumption compared with Kreb Ringers phosphate buffer (KRPB) ( P <0 05 or P <0 01). There was no significant difference between 10% concentration and KRPB ( P >0 05). CONCLUSION Astragalus Membranaceus was capable of improving the function of intestinal oxidative metabolism.

Effects of organic carbon consumption on denitrifier community composition and diversity along dissolved oxygen vertical profiles in lake sediment surface

At present,the understanding of the dynamics of denitrifiers at different dissolved oxygen(DO)layers under organic carbon consumption within the surface sediments remains inadequate.In this study,high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR targeting nirS gene were used to analyze the denitrifier abundance dynamics,community composition,and structure for aerobic(DO 0.5-6.9 mg/L),hypoxic-anoxic(DO 0-0.5 mg/L),and anoxic(DO 0 mg/L)layers in surface sediments under organic carbon consumption.Based on the analysis of nirS gene abundance,the values of denitrifying bacteria decreased with organic carbon consumption at different DO layers.When the bacterial species abundance at the genus level were compared between the high-carbon and low-carbon sediments,there was significant increase in 6 out of 36,7 out of 36 and 6 out of 36 genera respectively for the aerobic,hypoxic-anoxic and anoxic layers.On the other hand,14 out of 36,9 out of 36 and 15 out of 36 genera showed significant decrease in bacterial species abundance respectively for the aerobic,hypoxic-anoxic and anoxic layers.Additionally,14 out of 36,20 out of 36,and 15 out of 36 genera had no change in bacterial species abundance respectively for the aerobic,hypoxic-anoxic,and anoxic layers.This indicates that the carbon utilization ability of different denitrifiers on each DO layers was generally different from each other.Diversity of denitrifying bacteria also presented significant differences in different DO layers between the high-and low-carbon content sediment layers.Moreover,under the high-carbon and low-carbon content,the abundance of nirS gene showed a high peak within the hypoxic-anoxic regions,suggesting that this region might be the main distribution area for the denitrifying bacteria within the surface sediments.Furthermore,community of unique denitrifiers occurred in different DO layers and the adaptive changes of the denitrifier community followed the organic carbon consumption.

Alterations of ATPase activity and erythrocyte oxygen consumption in patients with liver-blood deficiency syndrome

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Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonium Excretion Rate of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus Juveniles

The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q_(10)(respiration) and Q_(10)(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q_(10)(respiration), Q_(10)(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.

Sublethal Antimony (III) Exposure of Freshwater Swamp Shrimp (Macrobrachium Nipponense): Effects on Oxygen Consumption and Hepatopancreatic Histology

This study was an attempt to realize the effects of antimony on freshwater swamp shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense). An experiment of this nature, which have not previously been carried out in this species. First, median lethal concentrations were determined in acute toxicity tests. The 96-h LC50 value was 6.748 (5.728-7.950) mg Sb/l for adult M. nipponense and 1.635 (1.271-2.103) mg Sb/l for juvenile M. nipponense. Juvenile M. nipponense were exposed to 4 different sublethal levels of antimony (0.1, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mg Sb/l) over a 7-d test period and a 7-d recovery period. After 30 min (acute), there was an increase in the amount of oxygen consumed in all exposed groups. On days 3, 7, and 14, decreases in oxygen consumption were significant (p < 0.05) for the higher-exposure level groups (0.8 and 1.2 mg/l). Light microscopy investigations showed histopathological alterations in the hepatopancreas which correlated with exposure concentrations. The alterations included degenerative changes in the lumen, a reduction in the lumen volume, and injury to epithelial cells in the histoarchitecture of hepatopancreas.

Study on Oxygen Consumption of Erinaceus europaeus under Laboratory Conditions

[Objective]The study aimed to determine oxygen consumption of Erinaceus europaeus at different temperatures to accumulate basic da- ta for the protection and deep discuss of Erinaceus europaeus. [Method]By using the improved close respiration apparatus,the time spent by ani- mals consuming a unit volume of oxygen was recorded by the improved close respiration apparatus to estimate oxygen consumption of Erinaceus europaeus at 20,25 and 30 °C respectively. [Result]When the temperature varied from 20 to 30 °C,the oxygen consumption and oxygen con- sumption rate of Erinaceus europaeus reduced with the increase of external temperature on the whole. The weight of Erinaceus europaeus had no obvious relation with its oxygen consumption and oxygen consumption rate. In addition,the temperature had linear regression relationships with the oxygen consumption and oxygen consumption rate of Erinaceus europaeus,that is,the linear regression equation between oxygen consumption （ x 0 ） （ ml/h） and temperature （ t） was x 0 =658. 81 -14. 98t,and the equation between oxygen consumption rate （ Q 0 ） [L/（ kg·h） ]and tempera- ture （ t） was Q 0 =827. 94 -19. 52t. [Conclusion]The metabolic rate of Erinaceus europaeus changed with environmental temperature,and 20 °C was more suitable for its growth,conforming with the fact that it is active just at night.

Cr(Ⅲ)对锰氧化菌P.putida MnB1活性及功能的影响规律与机制

三价铬(Cr(Ⅲ))与锰氧化菌在环境中通常伴同存在,锰氧化菌介导生成的锰氧化物是Cr(Ⅲ)的主要天然氧化剂,探究Cr(Ⅲ)对锰氧化菌活性和功能的影响对于阐明环境中的锰循环和铬的迁移转化行为具有重要意义。以锰氧化模式菌Pseudomonas putida MnB1为研究对象,通过批实验探究了Cr(Ⅲ)对MnB1活性与功能的影响及其机制。结果表明,Cr(Ⅲ)浓度高于0.05 mmol/L时会造成MnB1的显著死亡,且Cr(Ⅲ)浓度越高杀菌作用越显著,当Cr(Ⅲ)高于0.02 mmol/L时会推迟锰的生物氧化,当Cr(Ⅲ)浓度高于0.2 mmol/L时完全抑制锰的生物氧化。机制研究表明,Cr(Ⅲ)诱导产生的胞内活性氧和Cr(Ⅲ)颗粒引起的细胞膜通透性改变共同影响了MnB1的生长代谢和功能。研究结果为认识锰的生物地球化学循环和铬的迁移转化行为提供了新的理论依据。

An innovative method to calculate oxygen consumption rate

Based on heat and mass transfer characteristics of spontaneous combustion of coal,Arrhenius equation and the Ranz-Marshall correlation,a novel approach was proposed in this paper to estimate oxygen consumption rate of self-ignition of coal at high temperature.Compared with the conventional methods,this approach involves not only kinetic properties of self-ignition of coal and temperature,but also the ambient air flow characteristics and diameter of coal particle.To testify the proposed approach,oxygen consumption rates at high temperature were measured by the programmable isothermal oven experiments.Comparisons between experimental and theoretical results indicate that the rates of oxygen depletion calculated by the proposed approach agree well with those measured from laboratory-scale experiments,which further validates the proposed approach.