Research on the Corrosion of J55 Steel Due to Oxygen-Reducing Air Flooding in Low-Permeability Reservoirs

Oxygen-reducing air flooding is a low-permeability reservoir recovery technology with safety and low-cost advantages.However,in the process of air injection and drive,carbon in the air is oxidized through the crude oil reservoir to generate CO_(2),and this can cause serious corrosion in the recovery well.In this study,experiments on the corrosion of J55 tubular steel in a fluid environment with coexisting O_(2)and CO_(2)in an autoclave are presented.In particular,a weight loss method and a 3D morphometer were used to determine the average and the local corrosion rate.The corrosion surface morphology and composition were also measured by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and an X-ray diffractometer(XRD).The corrosion pattern and morphological characteristics of J55 steel were analyzed in the O2/CO_(2)environment for different degrees of oxygen-reduction.As made evident by the experimental results,the corrosion products were mainly ferrous carbonate and iron oxide.In general,air injection increases the degree of oxygen reduction,from oxygen corrosion characteristics to CO_(2)corrosion-based characteristics.As a result,the corrosion product film becomes denser,and the corrosion rate is lower.

Low-temperature oxidation of light crude oil in oxygen-reduced air flooding

Light crude oil from the lower member of the Paleogene Xiaganchaigou Formation of Gaskule in Qinghai Oilfield was selected to carry out thermal kinetic analysis experiments and calculate the activation energy during the oil oxidation process.The oxidation process of crude oi l in porous medium was modeled by crude oil static oxidation experiment,and the component changes of crude oil before and after low-temperature oxidation were compared through Fourier transform ion cy-clotron resonance mass spectrometry and gas chromatography;the dynamic displacement experiment of oxygen-reduced air was combined with NMR technology to analyze the oil recovery degree of oxygen-reduced air flooding.The whole process of crude oil oxidation can be divided into four stages:light hydrocarbon volatilization,low-temperature oxidation,fuel deposition,and high temperature oxidation;the high temperature oxidation stage needs the highest activation energy,followed by the fuel deposition stage,and the low-temperature oxidation stage needs the lowest activation energy;the concentration of oxygen in the reaction is negatively correlated with the activation energy required for the reaction;the higher the oxygen concentration,the lower the average activation energy required for oxidation reaction is;the low-temperature oxidation reaction between crude oil and air generates a large amount of heat and CO,CO_(2) and CH4,forming flue gas drive in the reservoir,which has certain effects of mixing phases,reducing viscosity,lowering interfacial tension and promoting expansion of crude oil,and thus helps enhance the oil recovery rate.Under suitable reservoir temperature condition,the degree of recovery of oxygen-reduced air flooding is higher than that of nitrogen flooding for all scales of pore throat,and the air/oxygen-reduced air flooding de-velopment should be preferred.

Applicable scope of oxygen-reduced air flooding and the limit of oxygen content

The mechanisms of oxygen-reduced air flooding(ORAF)and the explosion limit and the corrosion control approaches were studied based on the pilots of oxygen-reduced air flooding(ORAF)in the Dagang,Changqing and Daqing oil fields in China.On the foundation of indoor investigations and pilots,the explosion limits,oxygen reduction limits and corrosion control approaches were clarified.When the temperature of reservoir is equal to and higher than 120℃,there is a violent reaction between oxygen and crude oil,that means the effect of low temperature oxidation would be fully taken use of to enhance oil recovery by air flooding directly;nitrogen dominated immiscible flooding with oxygen-reduced air should be applied in cases where reservoir temperature is below 120℃ with little oxygen consumption and little heat generated.The oxygen-reduced air flooding is suitable for 3 types of reservoirs:low permeability reservoir,water flooding development reservoir of high water-cut and high temperature and high salinity reservoir.In the process of development,in order to ensure safety,the oxygen reduction limits should be controlled fewer than 10%,while oxygen-reduced air can obviously reduce the corrosion rate of pipes;The surface pipelines and injection wells don’t need to consider about oxygen corrosion with no water,special materials and structure of pipe or corrosion inhibitor can be applied to the surface pipelines and injection wellbores with water.Air/oxygen-reduced air is a low-cost displacement medium and it could be applied in many special conditions of low permeability reservoir for energy supplement,huff and puff and displacement,that means oxygen-reduced air flooding has become the most potential strategic technology in 20 years.

Oxidization characteristics and thermal miscible flooding of high pressure air injection in light oil reservoirs

Physical modeling,numerical simulation and field case analysis were carried out to find out the subsurface thermal oxidation state,thermal oxidation front characteristics and production dynamic characteristics of high pressure air injection thermal oxidation miscible flooding technology.The lighter the composition and the lower the viscosity of the crude oil,the lower the fuel consumption and the combustion temperature are.The thermal oxidation front of light oil and volatile oil can advance stably,and a medium-temperature thermal oxidation stable displacement state can be formed in the light oil reservoir under high pressure conditions.With strong thermal gasification and distillation,light oil and volatile oil are likely to form a single phase zone of gasification and distillation with thermal flue gas at the high-temperature and high-pressure heat front,finally,an air-injection thermal miscible front.In light oil reservoirs,the development process of high-pressure air-injection thermal miscible flooding can be divided into three stages:boosting pressure stage,low gas-oil ratio and high-efficiency stable production stage and high gas-oil ratio production stage.Approximately 70%of crude oil is produced during the boosting pressure stage and low gas-oil ratio high-efficiency and stable production stage.

Experimental investigation on stable displacement mechanism and oil recovery enhancement of oxygen-reduced air assisted gravity drainage

The effects of gravity,capillary force,and viscous force on the migration characteristics of oil and gas interface in oxygen-reduced air-assisted gravity drainage(OAGD)were studied through a two-dimensional visualization model.The effects of bond number,capillary number and low-temperature oxidation on OAGD recovery were studied by long core displacement experiments.On this basis,the low-temperature oxidation number was introduced and its relationship with the OAGD recovery was established.The results show that the shape and changing law of oil and gas front are mainly influenced by gravity,capillary force and viscous force.When the bond number is constant(4.52×10-4),the shape of oil-gas front is controlled by capillary number.When the capillary number is less than 1.68×10-3,the oil and gas interface is stable.When the capillary number is greater than 2.69×10-2,the oil and gas interface shows viscous fingering.When the capillary number is between 1.68×10-3 and 2.69×10-2,the oil and gas interface becomes capillary fingering.The core flooding experiments results show that for OAGD stable flooding,before the gas breakthrough,higher recovery is obtained in higher gravity number and lower capillary number.In this stage,gravity is predominant in controlling OAGD recovery and the oil recovery could be improved by reducing injection velocity.After gas breakthrough,higher recovery was obtained in lower gravity and higher capillary numbers,which means that the viscous force had a significant influence on the recovery.Increasing gas injection velocity in this stage is an effective measure to improve oil recovery.The low-temperature oxidation number has a good correlation with the recovery and can be used to predict the OAGD recovery.

INFLUENCE OF SEA－AIR INTERACTION ON THEDISCHARGE OF FLOOD SEASON IN THEUPPER REACHES OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER

On the method of correlation analysis the poper begins with searching theSST (Sea Surface Temperature) and circulation features of some regions with close correlation to the discharge of the flood season (from June to September) in the upperreaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, then discusses the characteristics of sea-airinteraction and the relations between the sea-air interaction and the discharge of theflood season,after that analyzes the possible mechanisms through which the main searegions affect atmospheric circulation, and of the influence of the circulation changes onthe discharge of the flood season.

An online physical simulation method for enhanced oil recovery by air injection in shale oil

In order to understand the mechanism of air flooding shale oil, an online physical simulation method for enhanced shale oil recovery by air injection was established by integrating CT scanning and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). The development effect of shale oil by air flooding under different depletion pressures, the micro-production characteristics of pore throats with different sizes and the mechanism of shale oil recovery by air flooding were analyzed. The effects of air oxygen content, permeability, gas injection pressure, and fractures on the air flooding effect in shale and crude oil production in pores with different sizes were analyzed. The recovery of shale oil can be greatly improved by injecting air into the depleted shale reservoir, but the oil displacement efficiency and the production degree of different levels of pore throats vary with the injection timing. The higher the air oxygen content and the stronger the low-temperature oxidation, the higher the production degree of pores with different sizes and the higher the shale oil recovery. The higher the permeability and the better the pore throat connectivity, the stronger the fluid flow capacity and the higher the shale oil recovery. As the injection pressure increases, the lower limit of the production degree of pore throats decreases, but gas channeling may occur to cause a premature breakthrough;as a result, the recovery increases and then decreases. Fractures can effectively increase the contact area between gas and crude oil, and increase the air sweep coefficient and matrix oil drainage area by supplying oil to fractures through the matrix, which means that a proper fracturing before air injection can help to improve the oil displacement effect under a reasonable production pressure difference.

空气驱油可燃气体爆炸安全风险分析

目的目前,安全问题仍然是限制空气驱大规模应用的主要原因,为此进行了针对其爆炸极限计算方法的研究。方法通过对6种可燃气体的单组分计算方法、单组分文献值与2种多组分计算方法进行组合,得到了14种计算组合,将其与国内某油田3口井的爆炸实测值进行比较,以判断哪种组合适应性最好。结果含碳原子单组分燃气计算法与多组分燃气计算中查图-理·查特里修正法组合得到的计算结果整体误差相对较小,更符合爆炸极限实测值。结论可为C_(1)~C_(3)轻烃体积分数达90%以上的井流物的爆炸极限理论计算方法的选择提供参考。

微气泡驱与空气泡沫驱技术差异性及调整对策

微气泡驱与空气泡沫驱技术经过矿场试验,在低渗高含水率油藏具有较强的适应性,但对于两种气驱机理认识及技术政策调整思路方式上仍存在短板。本文通过深入研究两种气驱技术机理、驱替特征的差异性,结合现场动态调整效果,认为微气泡驱以物理发泡为主,驱替特征呈气液同驱,采取低气液比(1.0∶3.0)的技术政策,空气泡沫驱以化学发泡为主,驱替特征呈气驱为主液相为辅,采取高气液比(3.0∶1.0)的调整思路,并提出了气驱分注试验的调整对策,控水增油效果显著提升,提高采收率趋势良好。对同类油藏两种气驱技术调整界限具有一定的借鉴指导意义。

遥感技术在洪涝灾害防御中的前沿应用与面临挑战

及时全面掌握洪涝发生的关键信息是洪涝灾害防御的基础,将遥感技术与传统监测技术相结合,形成“天空地”一体化的立体监测体系,可以实现宏观观测与重点监测的互补与协同,有利于洪涝灾害的监测、预报和预警,显著提高洪涝灾害防御能力。遥感技术可应用于水体提取、水位测算、降水测量、流量估算、洪涝模拟、灾害损失估计等,但在监测数据可用性、监测方法有效性等方面还有很多问题需要解决。

空气泡沫驱技术在M区块的驱油效果及储层影响因素分析

为系统评价空气泡沫驱技术在M区块的驱油效果,选取M区块49个注空气泡沫井组进行递减率和控水效果分析,并利用测井曲线划分各层单砂体,分析储层因素对油井受效性的影响。结果表明,空气泡沫驱具有较好的稳油控水作用,88%的生产井在泡沫驱中受益,含水率稳中有降,稳油效果明显;不受效井受单砂体展布影响较大,主要分布在单砂体边部;即便是连通储层,当储层渗透率低于一定数值时驱油效果不理想;非均质性强的储层转空气泡沫驱后稳油降水效果明显。生产动态资料表明,泡沫驱适用于低渗透储层,但注入井应尽量选在连通性及物性较好的主河道砂体中,尤其是由非均质性引起的含水快速上升的井,驱替效果明显,单砂体边部的井组由于连通性差,渗透率低,驱油效果将大大降低。该研究可为空气泡沫驱技术在低渗透油田的推广提供技术借鉴。

减氧空气驱油集输管线缓蚀剂防腐评价研究

减氧空气驱能有效提高低渗透油藏的采收率,但氧气的存在也必然造成下游的集输管线氧腐蚀和CO_(2)腐蚀,从而限制了减氧空气驱的推广应用。针对国内某应用减氧空气驱油田集输管线,开展了缓蚀剂防腐研究。在模拟现场集输管道工况条件下,采用挂片动态失重法,选取了6种抗CO_(2)缓蚀剂和6种抗氧缓蚀剂对20钢材的缓蚀作用进行评价筛选。实验初选了两种抗氧缓蚀剂KY-12和KY-17以及一种抗CO_(2)缓蚀剂A,三者的缓蚀率分别达到了83.67%、91.49%和78.44%。通过对初选的3种缓蚀剂在不同温度(25、40和55℃)和不同浓度(400、500、800、1000和2000 mg/L)条件下的实验评价,优选出在不同温度情况下稳定性最佳的KY-17缓蚀剂,且在不同浓度时缓蚀效果最好,缓释率最高达到92.7%。该结论对于减氧空气驱油田下游集输管线缓蚀剂的选型和加剂量有较好的参考意义。

基于水气两相流的海拔高程对某电站溢洪道泄洪雾化的影响分析

海拔高程增加所引起的气象条件的改变会对泄洪水舌的运动产生影响,进而影响泄洪雾化风场及雨场的时空分布。为此,基于水气两相流理论,考虑不同海拔高度的环境压强、温度、粘滞性及空气密度等参数的变化,采用数值模拟的方法研究了海拔高程对泄洪雾化的影响。结果表明,相同泄洪条件下,泄洪稳定后的压强值随海拔升高无明显增加趋势,然而海拔越高,水舌空中运动所受空气阻力越小,相同条件下落水点压强增幅越大;温度降低带来的水的粘滞性增加对水雾运动影响较小,海拔高程越高,雾化风速到达最大值的时间越早,所能达到的最大值也越大;泄洪稳定时近地表雾化降雨强度随海拔高程的增加而增大,与海拔高程呈近似线性关系,此外强降雨范围随海拔的升高而逐渐扩大。

致密油藏化能自养微生物生长规律及其氧化活性研究

为了探明致密油藏化能自养微生物利用催化岩石耗氧功能辅助空气驱提高采收率的机理,针对注气开发致密油藏注氧安全问题,开展了对致密油藏化能自养氧化亚铁硫杆菌的富集筛选,并探究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌的生长规律以及其作用氧化矿物中亚铁、硫以及其生物活性等效能,结果表明:1)高生物量活性的氧化亚铁硫杆菌可生长代谢产生酸性环境(pH值小于2),从而加速了矿物中亚铁和硫的氧化还原;2)反应体系中亚铁氧化率达到91%,硫氧化率为57.8%;3)岩石矿物质亚铁和硫的氧化活性与微生物的生物活性成正相关关系;4)油藏化能自养微生物通过催化矿物中亚铁氧化耗氧,介导硫氧化还原产生SO_(4)^(2-),促使体系pH值下降,酸性环境利于矿物溶蚀分解,进而加速微生物催化岩石耗氧或矿化速率,达到耗氧增渗驱油目的。该研究成果,对化能自养微生物强化减氧空气复合驱技术现场应用提供指导意义。

低渗透油藏空气驱氧化特征及驱油效果评价

针对低渗透油藏高压注空气开发过程中原油氧化机理不明确和增油潜力预测难的问题,开展低温氧化实验和长岩心注空气驱物理模拟实验,分析不同油藏条件下氧化反应前后油气组分变化差异,揭示原油低温氧化反应特征和规律,探究低渗透油藏水驱转注空气驱开发潜力,评价注空气驱驱油效果。研究表明:随着氧化温度的升高,耗氧量增加,氧化后油样轻质组分减少,中质和重质组分增加;含水饱和度过高使原油氧化的热效应降低;原油氧化敏感性因素从大到小依次为压力、温度、含水饱和度。空气驱具有较好的驱油效果,驱油效率可达41.20%,但注气压力过高易导致气窜;水驱至经济极限后转空气驱可以提高驱油效率,但空气驱阶段驱油效率增长幅度较小,最终驱油效率为50.92%。在实际开发过程中,应采用减氧空气驱并优化注气参数,控制窜流通道形成,提高采收率。研究结果可为低渗透油藏空气驱开发提供基础理论依据和技术支持。

空气热混相驱矿场试验中的工艺配套研究与实施

空气热混相驱是油田提高采收率的前沿技术之一,为进一步探索低渗透油藏提高采收率的工艺技术,结合A区块油藏特征,开展空气热混相驱工艺技术先导试验。本文主要针对空气热混相驱工艺现场试验所存在的技术难点,从注入井井筒、采出井井口、地面工艺流程、现场实施工艺、数字化监控等方面进行研究及配套,确保空气热混相驱工艺试验顺利实施,为后期空气热混相驱在低渗透油藏扩大试验提供技术支撑。

延长低渗透油藏CO_(2)驱油参数优化数值模拟研究

CO_(2)驱油在特低渗油藏中具有较好的应用效果,是提高采收率的重要方法。以延长油田H区块为研究对象,分析目前注水开发存在的问题,根据动静态参数将井组分成2类,应用数值模拟方法,分别对2类井组CO_(2)驱油的开发方式、注气时机、注气速度、井底流压及气水交替周期进行了优化。结果表明,以气水比1∶1且气水交替的方式在油井含水40%~60%时注气效果最佳。第1类注气井组的最优注气速度为10~15 t/d,井底流压1 MPa,气水交替周期60天;第2类注气井组最优注气速度为5~10 t/d,井底流压2 MPa,气水交替周期30天。该研究结果对H区块低渗油藏现场注CO_(2)驱油设计具有重要的指导作用。

N80钢在模拟减氧空气驱生产井中的腐蚀行为

为了探究N80钢在减氧空气驱生产井中的腐蚀行为,基于灰色关联分析法,分析了国内某减氧空气驱生产井的腐蚀主控因素,并以油藏模拟结果作为室内模拟参数,采用动态失重法结合金相显微镜、XRD、3D形貌等相关表征,研究了不同生产时期N80钢的腐蚀行为。结果表明:氧含量对减氧空气驱生产井腐蚀的敏感性最大,在含氧工况下,N80钢的腐蚀速率显著增加,氧含量3%(0.3 MPa)时的腐蚀速率是不含氧的5倍左右。在驱油初期,腐蚀为CO_(2)主导的局部腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要为致密的FeCO_(3)。随着注气时间的延长,井筒内为CO_(2)/O_(2)均衡环境,腐蚀转变为二者共同作用,腐蚀产物为FeCO_(3)和疏松多孔的Fe_(2)O_(3)。在持续注气3年后,生产井内为高O_(2)+低CO_(2)环境,致密的FeCO_(3)遭到破坏,腐蚀坑横向发展,腐蚀转变为由O_(2)主导的全面腐蚀。

减氧空气驱套管寿命校核方法与实践应用

减氧空气驱油工艺可有效提升油井产量,但也加剧了井内流体对套管的腐蚀,是后续生产重大风险源之一。从套管设计问题切入,考虑磨损、腐蚀引起壁厚损失,得出老井套管剩余壁厚;开展多种套管钢材挂片腐蚀实验,给出了适用于目标油田减氧空气驱的套管寿命校核图版,对套管使用寿命进行预测。结果显示,Cr钢对减氧空气驱腐蚀有一定的抑制作用;在减氧空气驱生产工况下原井套管无法长期生产。

青海风西N_(2)^(1)致密油藏注减氧空气驱油机理与效益开发模式的实验对比

青海油田风西N_(2)^(1)油藏特点独特,迫切需要开展效益开发模式研究。采用多维度测试技术,围绕风西N_(2)^(1)油藏特点,基于地层油欠饱和相态特征,揭示了油藏流体注减氧空气增容膨胀、多次接触混相、溶解气弹性膨胀及萃取轻烃等驱油机理,明确了减氧空气在风西N_2~1油藏中增能物理化学驱油的可行性。进一步利用现场岩心制作了长岩心测试岩石样品,使用井口取样复配了油样和水样,设计了衰竭式开发、水驱油开采、减氧空气驱、减氧空气-水交替驱等开发模式,依靠长岩心模拟技术开展对比测试分析,论证了风西地区N_(2)^(1)致密油藏早期注水、接续注减氧空气-水交替增能开发模式的科学合理性。所得认识为风西N_(2)^(1)油藏_1及与之同类型的致密、欠饱和低能量油藏早期补能开发方式选择提供了技术参考。