Pilot Study on Nanofiltration Combined with Ozonation and GAC for Advanced Drinking Water Treatment

A pilot-scale study of advanced drinking water treatment was carried out in test site, and a combination of ozonation, granular activated carbon (GAC) and nanofiltration was employed as the experimental process. By optimizing the operational parameters of ozonation and GAC, a large quantity of micro-pollutants in drinking water was removed, which made the post-positioned nanofiltration operate more reliably. It was evident that nanofiltration shows good performance for removing residual organic matter, meantime partial minerals can also be retained by nanofiltration. Therefore the quality of drinking water can be further improved. In addition, NF membrane fouling and scaling can be solved by concentrate recycling, anti-scalant dosing and chemical rinsing effectively. By GAC adsorption for the residue chlorine and ozone self-decomposition, their oxidation on NF membrane material can be eliminated completely.

Disinfection of Primary Municipal Wastewater Effluents Using Continuous UV and Ozone Treatment

UV radiation and ozonation were investigated as disinfection alternatives for the wastewater treatment plant. The inactivation of total and fecal coliforms using ozone and ultraviolet radiation as separate treatments was evaluated. Different ozone concentrations (3 to 40 mg O3/L) were applied and UV fluencies ranging from 8.5 to 12 mJ/cm2 at different pH values (from 5 to 9) were tested. Best results were obtained for ozone doses near 20 mg/min with removals of 72% and 78% of fecal and total coliforms, respectively. The ozone also was capable of oxidizing organic matter in the effluent measured as COD (the highest removal obtained was 36% for 20 mg O3/min). Maximum bacterial resistance was observed at pH 7 in both cases. The UV light offered a high bacterial inactivation (over 80%) and the lowest bacterial inactivation was observed at pH 7. Finally, we obtained the electric energy per order (EEO, kWh/m3/order), defined as the electric energy (kW-h) required to degrade a contaminant by one order of magnitude in a unit volume of contaminated water, being noteworthy that EEO values for the UV process resulted were lower than those determined for the process with ozone in all the water flow tested.

Treatment of Swine Slurry by an Ozone Treatment System to Reduce Odor

Development of a technology that can reduce the odor of liquid swine manure during agitation and land application could prove beneficial to the swine industry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a commercial ozone treatment system for swine slurry under production scale conditions. The facility used for this study was a curtain sided finishing building housing 500 grow–finish market hogs located over a manure pit measuring 12.2 m wide × 25.9 m long × 2.4 m deep with a total pit capacity of 770,142 l, containing 577,607 l. The system evaluated exposes air to ultra-violet light creating O3. The O3 is then injected into slurry at a rate of 851.6 l/min. treating 51,097 l/h. In this study the entire pit contents were treated every 11.3 h. At 0, 24, 48, and 96 h two slurry samples were collected with a 3.05 m probe and six air sample bags were collected via a vacuum pump. No significant differences were detected in slurry samples between time periods. Mean slurry values were 13.6 ± 4.6% solids dry wt., 850 ± 70 mg/l settable solids, 54,200 ± 4384 mg/l total suspended solids, 61,050 ± 12,657 mg/l chemical oxygen demand, 0.86 ± 0.14%N, 0.49 ± 0.27%P, 0.45 ± 0.01%K and dissolved oxygen below detection limits. Ammonia concentrations decreased (P = 0.004) from 0 to 96 h. Odor panelists analyzed air samples for intensity at recognition (IR), offensiveness at recognition (OR), intensity at full strength (IFS) and offensiveness at full strength (OFS). Panelists found OR, IFS and OFS were reduced (P < 0.01) at 48 h and 96 h compared to 0 h and IR was reduced (P < 0.04) at 24 h and 48 h and not at 96 h but trended lower (P = 0.12) at 96 h. The system evaluated significantly improved air quality within the building suggesting that odor emanating from swine buildings and odor generated during land application of slurry should be reduced.

Degradation of 1,4-Dioxane Using Ozone Oxidation with UV Irradiation （Ozone/UV） Treatment

A method for oxidative degradation of 1,4-dioxane （1,4-D） in waste water using a combination of ozone oxidation with UV irradiation （ozone/UV） treatment was investigated. The results showed that 1,4-D was degraded by ozone/UV treatment up to 90 min. The optimum concentration for the injected ozone gas was about 40 g·m^3 under a constant level of UV irradiation. Furthermore, solid phase extraction and GC-MS analysis showed no specific or reproducible peaks due to by-products of 1,4-D. It was therefore concluded that 1,4-D was completely degraded by ozone/UV treatment. In contrast, the amount of 1,4-D remaining decreased slowly in the presence of HCOf or CI. It was suggested that the degradation of 1,4-D, which results from .OH oxidation, was retarded by the presence of HCO3 or CI, which act as radical scavengers.

Ozonation and Biodegradability of Lignin in Water

To convert the non biodegradable sodium lignin sulfonate into biodegradable substances, the sodium lignin sulfonate in the water was ozonized and the pH value, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), ultraviolet absorbency at λ =254 nm(UVA) and the biodegradability of the ozonation effluent were measured. The non biodegradable sodium lignin sulfonate can be partly converted into biodegradable substances by ozonation (about 38 76%). In the ozonation process, there is little DOC decrease, but much UVA decrease and obvious pH drop.

自激式水力空化强化臭氧氧化降解水杨酸废水

将自激式水力空化射流反应器与臭氧氧化相结合用于处理水杨酸污水,并比较了水力空化、臭氧氧化以及二者联合使用对水杨酸的降解效果。结果表明:不同工况下单独使用水力空化处理水杨酸污水60 min,最大水杨酸去除率仅为3.89%;在相同条件下,单独臭氧氧化和两种方法联合处理对水杨酸的最大去除率分别为61.47%和70.63%。在0.6~1.0 L/min的臭氧流量下,联合处理的协同系数均大于1,表明联合体系具有协同作用;当臭氧流量为0.8 L/min时,联合体系的协同系数最大(1.306),联合处理60 min时水杨酸去除率和总有机碳(TOC)去除率分别为58.51%和29.94%;当臭氧流量大于0.8 L/min时,协同系数减小,表明通入过多的臭氧可能会削弱空化作用和臭氧传质。

Degradation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution by ozone-ceramic honeycomb

The degradation of nitrobenzene by ceramic-honeycomb catalyzed ozonation was investigated. The results showed that the presence of ceramic honeycombs significantly increased the oxidation rate of nitrobenzene by ozone compared to the case of ozone oxidation alone. In this paper, the effects of various factors on the catalytic oxidation were investigated, such as the amount of catalysts, the ozone dosage, the temperature, the pH value and the presence of tert-butanol. With the addition of tert-butanol the removal of nitrobenzene decreased sharply, which appeared to support that, the degradation of nitrobenzene by ozonation followed a radical type mechanism. The EPR experiments verified that higher nitrobenzene removal rate was attributed to more OH radicals generated in the catalyzed ozonation than ozonation alone.

Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Water by Catalytic Ozonation

Different series of transition metal catalysts supported on Al2O3 were prepared by the impregnation method. The catalytic activity was measured in a batch reactor with ozone as the oxidizing reagent. The experimental results indicate that Cu/Al2O3 has a very effective catalytic activity during the ozonation of organic pollutants in water. The optimum conditions for preparing Cu/Al2O3 were systematically investigated with the orthogonal testing method. Furthermore, the results also show that the surface properties of catalyst are not compulsory for effective oxidation.

Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Ozone in Combination with 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and Dibutyl Phthalate in B6C3F1 Mice for 16 and 32 Weeks

Objective To evaluate the toxic and carcinogenic potential of ozone alone or in combination with 4-（N-methyl-N-nitrosamino）-1-（3-pyridyl）-1-butanone （NNK） and/or dibutyl phthalate （DBP）. Methods Male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed, through inhalation, intravenous administration and diet, to 0.5 ppm of ozone, 1.0 mg/kg of NNK and 5000 ppm of DBP, individually and in combination for 16 and 32 weeks. Results No treatment-related death was seen, but significant differences in body and organ weights between control and treated mice were observed during the study. No incidence of lung tumor incidence was recorded in mice exposed to either ozone alone or combined treatment. Oviductal carcinomas were observed in female mice exposed to ozone or DBP alone for 16 weeks and ozone in combination with NNK and DBP for 32 weeks. Conclusion Although ozone alone and in conjunction with NNK and/or DBP does not induce lung cancer under our experimental conditions, they induce oviductal carcinomas in B6C3F1 mice.

Histopathological changes in retinas and F-ERG features of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with ozone

AIM： To study the histopathological changes in the retina and flash electroretinogram （F-ERG） features of ozone-treated streptozotocin （STZ）-induced diabetic rats. METHODS： Seventy male Sprague Dawley rats were grouped as follows： blank group （GB, n=10）, model control group （GM, n=18）, ozone group （GOs, n=19）, and oxygen group （GO2, n=18）. The model was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Ozone or oxygen enteroclysm was given twice per week for 4wk. F-ERG and histopathological examinations were performed one month after treatment. RESULTS： Under dark adaption, as compared to GB, the other groups each had differential decreases in the a-wave amplitudes （P〈0.05）; the latencies were delayed in GM, GO2, and GO3 rats （P〈0.05）. Similar results were observed under light adaption, with the exception that the a-wave of the amplitudes （F=0.28, P〉0.05）. There were significant differences in the apoptosis index among the groups （P〈0.05）. Under ozone treatment, apoptosis was decreased in GO3 as compared to GM and GO2 . CONCLUSION： Ozone administration alleviates nerve damage and reduces pathology and apoptosis in the retinas of diabetic rats.

Development of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Dielectric Ceramic Coatings for High Efficiency Tubular Ozone Generators

Oxidative degradation of hazardous materials by ozone treatment like in sterilization of water, dump waste, pulp bleach and chemical processing, is superior to the traditional chlorine chemistry with respect to by-products and environmental protection. For an efficient and cost effective production of ozone for applications in drinking water and wastewater purification, a new concept of tubular composite material components has been developed. A borosilicate glass tube was coated with a layer system consisting of an intermetallic electrode and a dielectric oxide ceramic surface layer. Thermo-mechanical and dielectric properties are investigated with respect to the use of different thermal spray powders as well as the use of a high and a low energetic atmospheric spray gun. The materials and ozone production system of thermal sprayed ozonizer tubes are described and analyzed.

<i>In Vitro</i>Evaluation of Ozone Activity on Recent Clinically Isolated Bacterial Strains

This study aims to evaluate the cozone bactericidal activity in different suspension media (saline, broth and whole blood) at different exposure times. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, ESBLpositive Escherichia coli, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa were suspended in different media. We used a bacterial concentration of 0.2 MF for all experiments, as this concentration is consistent with the results of septic shock blood experiments. We performed ozone insufflations in a “sealed environment”. The total number of insufflations for each experiment ranged from one to four. The gas concentration was maintained at 80 mcg/ml. We confirmed the bactericidal activity of ozone on saline for all the bacterial strains. Experiments in broth revealed no changes in the bacterial growth. Ozone is primarily bactericidal against E. coli and bacteriostatic on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. faecalis on whole blood. This study confirms the bactericidal efficacy of topical ozone applications and supports the need for further evaluations of the therapeutic potential of major ozone autohemotherapy. The results in E. coli promote further investigations of ozone activity on other Enterobacteriaceae and its potential use in the treatment of urinary infections. In general, these results suggest that ozone-therapy might be an alternative therapy to overcome antibiotic resistance.

Destruction of <i>Escherichia coli</i>and Broad-Host-Range Plasmid DNA in Treated Wastewater by Dissolved Ozone Disinfection under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Broad-host-range plasmids are frequently associated with antibiotic resistance genes and can quickly spread antibiotic resistant phenotypes among diverse bacterial populations. Wastewater treatment plants have been identified as reservoirs for broad-host-range plasmids carrying resistance genes. The threat of broad-host-range plasmids released into the environment from wastewater treatment plants has identified the need for disinfection protocols to target broad-host- range plasmid destruction. Here we evaluate the efficacy of dissolved ozone at 2 and 8 mg·L–1 as a primary means for the destruction of broad-host-range plasmid and chromosomal DNA in simulated effluent. Pilot-scale tests using an experimental unit were carried out in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent and compared with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation and chlorination methodologies. Genes specific to Escherichia coli (uidA) and IncP broad-host-range plasmids (trfA) were monitored using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and total DNA was monitored using absorbance spectroscopy. In wastewater treatment plant experiments, E. coli qPCR results were compared to a recognized culture-based method (Colilert?) for E. coli. In laboratory experiments, dissolved ozone at 8 mg·L–1 significantly destroyed 93% total, 98% E. coli, and 99% of broad-host-range plasmid DNA. Ozonation, UV-irradiation, and chlorination significantly reduced DNA concentrations and culturable E. coli in wastewater treat- ment plant effluent. Chlorination and UV disinfection resulted in 3-log decreases in culture-based E. coli concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluent while changes were not significant when measured with qPCR. Only ozonation significantly decreased the IncP broad-host-range plasmid trfA gene, although concentrations of 2.2 × 105 copies trfA·L–1 remained in effluent. Disinfection processes utilizing high dissolved ozone concentrations for the destruction of emerging contaminants such as broad-host-range plasmid and total DNA may have utility as methods to ensure downstream environmental health and safe water reuse become more important.

The dissolution of total suspended solids and treatment strategy of tailwater in a Litopenaeus vannamei recirculating aquaculture system

In recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs),the effective treatment of aquaculture tailwater is essential to maintain the health of the RAS.This study investigated the optimal time and method for tailwater treatment during three periods of the aquaculture of the Litopenaeus vannamei:nursery(0–26 d),middle(27–57 d),and later(57–104 d).The variation of several water parameters during the dissolution of total suspended solid(TSS)in tailwater,applied with the effects of ozone on the microorganism and water quality parameters were investigated.Results showed that the TSS concentrations in tailwater decreased with time,although not significantly(P>0.05),whereas total ammonia nitrogen(TAN),nitrite(NO-2-N),and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N)increased significantly(P<0.05).Therefore,TSS should be removed from the tailwater as early as possible,being most optimal within 4 h.Ozone removed 38.24%–48.95%of TSS,17.78%–90.14%of TAN,and 87.50%–98.90%of NO-2-N after 4 h of treatment.However,it resulted in the significant accumulation of NO_(3)^(-)-N.Moreover,the total number of Vibrio and bacterial counts in aquaculture tailwater was reduced completely by ozone within 4 h.Thus,these results provided technical details and data support for the effective treatment of tailwater from shrimp RAS.

Ozone Therapy in a Patient with Diabetic Foot Ulcerations and a Decision for Amputation

Background: Diabetic foot together with open wounds in distal type peripheral arterial disease constitutes a challenge in therapeutic planning. Ozone therapy may unveil new horizons in management. Case Report: A 67-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was applied with open wounds at the bottom of her foot with purulent discharge, with a decision for above ankle amputation. She had had numerous interventions for her wounds including metatarsal amputations due to osteomyelitis and had been on an intense treatment including antibiotics, insulin, antihypertensives and antiaggregants. Angiogram revealed diffuse peripheral arterial disease in lower extremities. All medication but antihypertensives was stopped. She received major medical ozone application as 2000 gamma/session i.v. for 2 weeks, external ozone sac application starting from 60 and dropping to 30 gamma/session for 3 weeks and ozone insuflation 40 gamma/session for 10 sessions. Her purulent discharge ceased after the third session and the atonic debris of the wounds exfoliated, the wounds healed from the base towards the surface of the skin. She was then put on cilostazol and clopidogrel therapy. Conclusion: By being one of the known strongest bactericide, virucide, and fungicide elements, medical ozone therapy stimulates and upregulates the antioxidant system of the body with its hormesis effects. After the cessation of all circulatory system supporting medication (as their interaction with ozone is not clear yet), appropriate ozone therapy may bring new horizons for patients when all classically known methods of treatment have been completed, before assigning the patients for amputation.

基于臭氧氧化的垃圾渗滤液深度处理工艺优化及中试验证

针对实际垃圾渗滤液深度处理工艺流程优化开展中试实验。深度处理采用混凝沉淀+臭氧氧化+生物活性碳工艺,针对垃圾渗滤液传统工艺过程中的MBR出水、纳滤浓缩液的处理效果和运行成本进行研究。结果表明:以臭氧氧化为基础的深度处理工艺经过参数优化调整后,处理MBR出水时有机物、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为97.3%、71.76%和42.26%,处理纳滤浓缩液时有机物、氨氮和总氮去除率分别达到98.82%、74.41%和22.53%。其中,臭氧氧化对有机物处理能力最强,深度处理后COD浓度可直接满足排放限值,但是氨氮在后续的臭氧氧化环节和生物活性碳吸附环节存在较大波动。长期成本核算分析表明:处理MBR出水的运行成本为约92.10元/吨;处理纳滤浓缩液的运行成本为约166.00元/吨。最后根据中试研究成果实现了以臭氧氧化为基础的纳滤浓缩液处理工艺的工程转化,为该工艺市场应用奠定基础。

臭氧氧化+A/O+臭氧氧化工艺在化工园区污水处理厂中的运用

化工园区废水成分复杂,难降解物质多。某化工园区污水处理厂选用分质强化混凝沉淀+臭氧氧化作为预处理工艺,同时采用水解酸化+厌氧好氧(Anaerobic/Oxic,A/O)的二级处理工艺和混凝沉淀+臭氧氧化的深度处理工艺。实际运行结果表明,该组合工艺对化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)的平均去除率为85.7%,COD去除效果良好,出水水质优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准。

天津某净水厂引江水强化处理技术研究

天津某净水厂主水源为南水北调中线工程引江水,该水厂在常规工艺基础上增设预臭氧、后臭氧和活性炭强化工艺,以期进一步提升出水水质。建立小试试验装置,对以上各工艺强化常规工艺处理引江水的效果展开探讨。结果表明,絮凝剂PAC和FeCl_(3)的最佳投加量均为17 mg/L;在常规工艺基础上增设预臭氧或后臭氧工艺可以有效提升有机物的去除效果,增设活性炭工艺可同时提升浊度和有机物的去除效果,同时增设后臭氧和活性炭工艺强化去除浊度和有机物的作用最显著。预臭氧和后臭氧的最佳投加量均为1.0 mg/L,当原水中溴离子质量浓度高达150μg/L时,常规-后臭氧工艺、预臭氧-常规-后臭氧工艺中臭氧的投加量应调整为≤0.5 mg/L。

臭氧基高级氧化法深度处理餐厨沼液的研究

采用臭氧基高级氧化法处理难生化降解的餐厨沼液生化段出水。考察了废水处理的pH、氧气流量、反应器气压和H_(2)O_(2)投加量等对餐厨沼液降解效果的影响。结果表明,随着pH的升高、反应器气压和H_(2)O_(2)投加量的增加,出水COD降低;在pH为7.8、氧气流量为1 L/min、H_(2)O_(2)投加量为2 mL时餐厨沼液降解效果最好,出水COD可降低到19.7 mg/L,其COD去除率为84.31%,达到《城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准》(DB 11/890—2012)一级A标准(COD≤50 mg/L)。

臭氧治疗在皮肤科的应用与发展

医用臭氧于1935年开始应用于外科临床,至今已有近百年历史,我国从21世纪初开始引入。医用臭氧包括臭氧水、臭氧油等多种形式,具有止痒止痛、消炎抗菌、促进伤口愈合、抗氧化的功能。目前,臭氧治疗已应用于皮肤科多种疾病,如银屑病、皮肤感染、带状疱疹、皮炎、湿疹、天疱疮、烧烫伤、系统性硬化症等,作为辅助治疗方法可减少药物使用,且疗效好、安全性高、成本低、不良反应小,一定程度上可有效帮助缩短病程。文章综述医用臭氧的作用机制、在皮肤科的临床应用、应用形式及不良反应,评估其有效性和安全性,以及未来预期的发展。