On the Variability and Correlation of Surface Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Observed in Hong Kong Using Trajectory and Regression Analyses

This paper investigates, the variability and correlation of surface ozone (Os) and carbon monoxide (CO) observed at Cape D'Aguilar in Hong Kong from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1995. Statistical analysis shows that the average O3 and CO mixing ratios during the two years are 32±17ppbv and 305±191 ppbv, respectively. The O3/CO ratio ranges from 0.05 to 0.6 ppbv/ppbv with its frequency peaking at 0.15. The raw dataset is divided into six groups using backward trajectory and cluster analyses. For data assigned to the same trajectory type, three groups are further sorted out based on CO and NOX mixing ratios. The correlation coefficients and slopes of O3/CO for the 18 groups are calculated using linear regression analysis. Finally, five kinds of air masses with different chemical features are identified: continental background (CB), marine background (MB), regional polluted continental (RPC), perturbed marine (P*M), and local polluted (LP) air masses. Further studies indicate that O3 and CO in the continental and marine background air masses (CB and MB) are positively correlated for the reason that they are well mixed over the long range transport before arriving at the site. The negative correlation between O3 and CO in air mass LP is believed to be associated with heavy anthropogenic influence, which results from the enhancement by local sources as indicated by high CO and NOx and depletion of O3 when mixed with fresh emissions. The positive correlation in the perturbed marine air mass P*M favors the low photochemical production of O3. The negative correlation found in the regional polluted continental air mass RPC is different from the observations at Oki Island in Japan due to the more complex O3 chemistry at Cape D'Aguilar.

Comparison Between Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma and Ozone Regenerations of Activated Carbon Exhausted with Pentachlorophenol

In this study, two regeneration methods （dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） plasma and ozone （03） regeneration） of saturated granular activated carbon （GAC） with pentachlorophe- nol （PCP） were compared. The results show that the two regeneration methods can eliminate contaminants from GAC and recover its adsorption properties to some extent. Comparing the DBD plasma with 03 regeneration, the adsorption rate and the capacity of the GAC samples after DBD plasma regeneration are greater than those after 03 regeneration. 03 regeneration decreases the specific surface area of GAC and increases the acidic surface oxygen groups on the surface of GAC, which causes a decrease in PCP on GAC uptake. With increasing regeneration cy- cles, the regeneration efficiencies of the two methods decrease, but the decrease in the regeneration efficiencies of GAC after 03 regeneration is very obvious compared with that after DBD plasma regeneration. Furthermore, the equilibrium data were fitted by the Freundlich and Langmuir models using the non-linear regression technique, and all the adsorption equilibrium isotherms fit the Langmuir model fairly well, which demonstrates that the DBD plasma and ozone regeneration processes do not appear to modify the adsorption process, but to shift the equilibrium towards lower adsorption concentrations. Analyses of the weight loss of GAC show that 03 regeneration has a lower weight loss than DBD plasma regeneration.

Analysis of the Effect of Optical Properties of Black Carbon on Ozone in an Urban Environment at the Yangtze River Delta,China

Black carbon(BC)reduces the photolysis coefficient by absorbing solar radiation,thereby affecting the concentration of ozone(O_(3))near the ground.The influence of BC on O_(3)has thus received much attention.In this study,Mie scattering and the tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible radiation model are used to analyze the effect of BC optical properties on radiation.Combined with data of O_(3)precursors in Nanjing in 2014,an EKMA curve is drawn,and the variations in O_(3)concentration are further investigated using a zero-dimensional box mechanism model(NCAR MM).When O_(3)precursors are unchanged,radiation and O_(3)show a highly similar tendency in response to changing BC optical properties(R=0.997).With the increase of modal radius,the attenuation of fresh BC to radiation and O_(3)first trends upward before decreasing.In the mixing process,the attenuation of BC to radiation and O_(3)presents an upward tendency with the increase of relative humidity but decreases rapidly before increasing slowly with increasing thickness of coating.In addition,mass concentration is another major factor.When the BC to PM_(2.5)ratio increases to 5%in Nanjing,the radiation decreases by approximately 0.13%-3.71%while O_(3)decreases by approximately 8.13%-13.11%.The radiative effect of BC not only reduces O_(3)concentration but also changes the EKMA curve.Compared with the NO_(x)control area,radiation has a significant influence on the VOCs control area.When aerosol optical depth(AOD)increases by 17.15%,the NO_(x)to VOCs ratio decreases by 8.27%,and part of the original NO_(x)control area is transferred to the VOCs control area.

Reclaimation of petroleum-based wastewater by noval ozone immobilized biological activated carbon process

Wastewater reclamation in the petroleum industries in Northern China is important because of the shortage of water resource. Conventional treatment technology used：in treating petroleum-based wastewater, namely the 3-phase biological process, typically removes COD, BODI grease, volatile hydrobenzenes, cyanides, sulfides and suspended solids. However, the process is often ineffective in ammonia-nitrogen removal, and thus the treated effluent quantity can＇ t meet the required standards for reuse. This paper investigated a novel ozone immobilized biological activated carbon（O3-IBAC） process for ammonia nitrogen removal from petroleum-based wastewater. Operated at a HRT （ Hydraulic Retention Time） of 15 minutes in IBACI and 27 minutes in IBAC2, the O3-IBAC process achieved ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency of 91%. In addition, the removal efficiencies 6f COD, volatile hydrobenzenes, suspended solids, turbidity and petroleum-based micropollutants were all above 90%. Competition between the autotrophs and heterotrophs was observed, which was indicated by an increase of ammonia nitrogen removal with a decrease of COD removal, and vise versa. Nitrite accumulation in IBACI followed by erobic shortcut denitrification in IBAC2 led to 28% of the Total Nitrogen removal efficiency. Pollutant reduction in＇ the IBAC process was achieved by a rapid physical adsorption and biodegradation on the activated carbon, which effectively retained the pollutants in the system despite the short hydraulic retention time.

Variation characteristics of carbon monoxide and ozone over the course of the 2014 Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition

The concentrations of carbon monoxide and ozone in the marine boundary layer were measured during the 6th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition（from July to September, 2014）. Carbon monoxide concentration ranged between 47.00 and 528.52 ppbv with an average of 103.59 ± 40.37 ppbv. A slight decrease with increasing latitude was observed, except for the extremely high values over the East China Sea which may be attributed to anthropogenic emissions. Ozone concentration ranged between 3.27 and 77.82 ppbv with an average of 29.46±10.48 ppbv. Ozone concentration decreased sharply with increasing latitude outside the Arctic Ocean（during both the northward and the southward course）, while no significant variation was observed over the Arctic Ocean. The positive correlation between carbon monoxide and ozone in most sections suggests that the ozone in the marine boundary layer mainly originated from photochemical reactions involving carbon monoxide.

Pilot plant study on ozonation and biological activated carbon process for drinking water treatment

A study on advanced drinking water treatment was conducted in a pilot scale plant taking water from conventional treatment process. Ozonation-biological activated carbon process （O3-BAC） and granular activated carbon process （GAC） were evaluated based on the following parameters： CODMn, UV254, total organic carbon （TOC）, assimilable organic carbon （AOC） and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon （BDOC）. In this test, the average removal rates of CODMn, UV254 and TOC in O3-BAC were 18.2%, 9.0% and 10.2% higher on （AOC） than in GAC, respectively. Ozonation increased 19.3-57.6 μg Acetate-C/L in AOC-P17, 45.6-130.6 μg Acetate-C/L in AOC-NOX and 0.1-0.5 mg/L in BDOC with ozone doses of 2 8 mg/L. The optimum ozone dose for maximum AOC formation was 3 mgO3/L. BAC filtration was effective process to improve biostability.

A Numerical Study of Tropospheric Ozone in the Springtime in East Asia

The Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is applied to East Asia to study the transport and photochemical transformation of tropospheric ozone in March 1998. The calculated mixing ratios of ozone and carbon monoxide are compared with ground level observations at three remote sites in Japan and it is found that the model reproduces the observed features very well. Examination of several high episodes of ozone and carbon monoxide indicates that these elevated levels are found in association with continental outflow, demonstrating the critical role of the rapid transport of carbon monoxide and other ozone precursors from the continental boundary layer. In comparison with available ozonesonde data, it is found that the model-calculated ozone concentrations are generally in good agreement with the measurements, and the stratospheric contribution to surface ozone mixing ratios is quite limited.

Catalytic ozonation of phenol and oxalic acid with copper-loaded activated carbon

A novel heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process in water treatment was studied, with a copper-loaded activated carbon （Cu/AC） that was prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method at low temperature and tested as a catalyst in the ozonation of phenol and oxalic acid. Cu/AC was characterized using XRD, BET and SEM techniques. Compared with ozonation alone, the presence of Cu/AC in the ozonation processes significantly improves the degradation of phenol or oxalic acid. With the introduction of the hydroxyl radical scavenger, i.e., turt-butanol alcohol （t-BuOH）, the degradation efficiency of both phenol and oxalic acid in the Cu/AC catalyzed ozonation process decreases by 22% at 30 min. This indicates that Cu/AC accelerates ozone decomposition into certain concentration of hydroxyl radicals. The amount of Cu（II ） produced during the reaction of Cu/AC-catalyzed ozonation of phenol or oxalic acid is very small, which shows that the two processes are both heterogeneous catalytic ozonation reactions.

Protective effects of medical ozone combined with traditional Chinese medicine against chemically-induced hepatic injury in dogs

AIM： To investigate the protective effect of medical ozone （O3） combined with Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） Yigan Fuzheng Paidu Capsules （YC） against carbon tetrachloride （CCh）-induced hepatic injury in dogs. METHODS： Thirty healthy dogs were divided randomly into five groups （n = 6 in each group）, namely control, oleanolic acid tablet （OAT）, O3, YC and O3 ＋ YC, given either no particular pre-treatment, oral OAT, medical ozone rectal insulfflation every other day, oral YC, or oral YC plus medical ozone rectal insulfflation every other day, respectively, for 30 consecutive days. After pre-treatment, acute hepatic injury was induced in all dogs with a single-dose intraperitoneal injection of CCh. General condition and survival time were recorded. The biochemical and hematological indexes of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase/ alanine aminotransferase （AST/ALT）, serum total bUirubin （TBIL）, prothrombin time （PT）, blood ammonia （AMMO）, and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） were measured after CCh injection. Hepatic pathological changes were also observed.RESULTS： Compared to the other four groups, the changes of group O3 ＋ YC dogs＇ general conditions （motoricity, mental state, eating, urination and defecation） could be better controlled. In group O3 ＋ YC the survival rates were higher （P 〈 0.05 vs group control）. AST/ALT values were kept within a normal level in group O3 ＋ YC. Hepatic histopathology showed that hepatic injury in group O3 ＋ YC was less serious than those in the other four groups.CONCLUSION： Medical ozone combined with TCM YC could exert a protective effect on acute liver injury induced by CCI4,

Influence of South Asian Biomass Burning on Ozone and Aerosol Concentrations Over the Tibetan Plateau

In this work,the influence of South Asian biomass burning emissions on O_(3) and PM_(2.5)concentrations over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)is investigated by using the regional climate chemistry transport model WRF-Chem.The simulation is validated by comparing meteorological fields and pollutant concentrations against in situ observations and gridded datasets,providing a clear perspective on the spatiotemporal variations of O_(3) and PM_(2.5)concentrations across the Indian subcontinent,including the Tibetan Plateau.Further sensitivity simulations and analyses show that emissions from South Asian biomass burning mainly affect local O_(3) concentrations.For example,contribution ratios were up to 20%in the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the pre-monsoon season but below 1%over the TP throughout the year 2016.In contrast,South Asian biomass burning emissions contributed more than 60%of PM_(2.5)concentration over the TP during the pre-monsoon season via significant contribution of primary PM_(2.5)components(black carbon and organic carbon)in western India that were lofted to the TP by westerly winds.Therefore,it is suggested that cutting emissions from South Asian biomass burning is necessary to alleviate aerosol pollution over the TP,especially during the pre-monsoon season.

Study of Surface Ozone over an American Station for a Period of 3.5 Decade

In this research paper we have evaluated the relation between surface Ozone (O3), Sun Spot Number (SSN) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) over an American station “Tutuila” for the long period of 35 years (1980-2015). It was analyzed that CO and O3 show an increasing trend over the maximum months of the year, whereas SSN shows decreasing trend throughout the year. We have concluded that, for O3 the increasing trend is found to be maximum in the month of December, whereas surprisingly just a month before it i.e., in November, the value was negative. We also analyze here the CO data for the same period. It is observed that the CO increases from January to June. Its increment is found to be minimum in January month and maximum in the month of April. After it, the CO shows the decay trend from July to September, and then again increases from October to December months. NO2 data of 11 years is also studied here and concluded that, the variation observed in March month is very small and is positive. In the same way, a positive trend is observed for NO2 data in June month, but in rest all the months the value is negative.

CuO-containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes:a novel catalyst for the catalytic ozonation of humic acid in water

CuO particles were attempted to fill in the channel of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as novel catalytic materials CuO@MWCNTs used for ozonation of humic acids (HA) in aqueous solution.Catalyst samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD),thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The removal efficiency of HA was promoted in the presence of CuO@MWCNTs compared with that of Al2O3-supported CuO catalyst (CuO/Al2O3) and CuO-coating MWCNTs catalyst (CuO/MWCNTs).The strong synergetic effect in the confinement environment on CuO nanoparticles can attribute to the locally higher pressure due to the lower potential energy of reactants in the channels.Strong interaction happened between the catalyst and reactants,which promoted the decomposition of ozone and the generation of OH.The results of experimental and theoretical investigation confirmed that CuO@MWCNTs promotes the initiation and generation of OH,hence accelerating the degradation of organic pollutants.

活性炭负载TiO_(2)催化臭氧的造纸废水处理方法研究

造纸废水的处理一直是水利水电工程关注的重点项目。造纸废水中含有大量的污染物质,若是直接排放到环境中,将会对环境造成严重危害。为此,研究一种活性炭负载TiO_(2)催化臭氧的造纸废水处理方法尤为重要。基于此,从水利水电工程废水储蓄池中采集造纸废水水样,配制TiO_(2)催化剂,制备活性炭,将二者混合形成活性炭负载TiO_(2)催化剂;利用催化剂与臭氧充分接触后发生的氧化反应,去除废水中的有机污染物,从而完成造纸废水的处理。测试结果表明:活性炭负载TiO_(2)催化剂对各种污染物质具有很好的去除效果,且催化剂中TiO_(2)负载量越高,催化剂的去除率越高。随着时间的推移,BOD5逐渐降低,水体中的污染物逐渐被分解和消除,证明了所研究方法在造纸废水处理中的应用效果。

CNT-Fe/Zn催化剂的制备及其催化臭氧氧化降解DBP

本研究采用浸渍-煅烧法制备了负载锌(CNT-Zn)、铁(CNT-Fe)和锌铁共掺杂(CNT-Fe/Zn)的碳纳米管催化剂,考察了不同pH值下3种催化剂催化臭氧氧化水中DBP的效果.结果表明,CNT-Fe/Zn具有最佳催化性能,在宽pH值范围内比单独臭氧降解DBP的去除率提升22%~52%.在DBP初始浓度4mg/L、初始pH值为4、臭氧用量20mg/L、催化剂投加量50mg/L的条件下,30min内DBP去除率可达72.41%.利用SEM、XRD和XPS等多种手段对该催化剂进行了表征,CNT-Fe/Zn表面的含氧基团是主要活性位点,CNT-Fe/Zn的加入促进了羟基自由基的产生,在酸性条件下生成的过氧化氢进一步提高了DBP的去除率.催化剂循环实验表明,CNT-Fe/Zn催化剂具有优异的催化稳定性和重复利用性.

天津某净水厂引江水强化处理技术研究

天津某净水厂主水源为南水北调中线工程引江水,该水厂在常规工艺基础上增设预臭氧、后臭氧和活性炭强化工艺,以期进一步提升出水水质。建立小试试验装置,对以上各工艺强化常规工艺处理引江水的效果展开探讨。结果表明,絮凝剂PAC和FeCl_(3)的最佳投加量均为17 mg/L;在常规工艺基础上增设预臭氧或后臭氧工艺可以有效提升有机物的去除效果,增设活性炭工艺可同时提升浊度和有机物的去除效果,同时增设后臭氧和活性炭工艺强化去除浊度和有机物的作用最显著。预臭氧和后臭氧的最佳投加量均为1.0 mg/L,当原水中溴离子质量浓度高达150μg/L时,常规-后臭氧工艺、预臭氧-常规-后臭氧工艺中臭氧的投加量应调整为≤0.5 mg/L。

臭氧改性炭黑/天然橡胶湿法混炼复合材料的性能研究

通过臭氧改性炭黑的亲水性,研究臭氧改性炭黑/天然橡胶湿法混炼复合材料的性能。结果表明:与炭黑相比,臭氧改性炭黑的表面含氧官能团增加,亲水性增强,更适用于天然橡胶复合材料的湿法混炼工艺;当臭氧改性炭黑浆液的质量分数为0.08时,复合材料的耐磨性能大幅提升,滚动阻力降低,综合性能较优。

裂解炭黑在7.00R16LT轻型载重子午线轮胎胎侧胶中的应用

研究裂解炭黑在7.00R16LT轻型载重子午线轮胎胎侧胶中的应用。结果表明,在胎侧胶中加入5份裂解炭黑替代部分传统炭黑,对胶料的加工性能、物理性能、耐臭氧老化性能和耐疲劳性能无明显影响,生热略升高,成品轮胎的高速性能和耐久性能满足国家标准要求,同时有利于降低生产成本。

碳中和情景下人为排放对全球对流层臭氧的影响研究

本文采用地球系统模式,以未来碳中和排放清单和平流层示踪物O_(3)S为基础,揭示了未来对流层O_(3)及其前体物的变化特征及成因.研究结果表明:碳中和排放情景下,特别在冬春季节,全球范围内的NO_(x)人为排放和飞机排放量均显著降低,这使得近地面NO_(x)浓度随之降低.NO_(x)作为对流层O_(3)的重要前体物之一,其浓度的剧烈减少使得近地层O_(3)浓度显著降低,但在中国东部地区,由于NO对O_(3)滴定作用的减弱,最终使得冬季近地面O_(3)呈现增加趋势;垂直方向上O_(3)浓度减少最为显著的区域集中在对流层顶附近,减少量达26×10^(-9)以上,且夏季最为显著,这主要与飞机排放减少导致的平流层O_(3)浓度降低有关.碳中和排放情景下平流层入侵对全球近地面O_(3)的平均贡献减少量在冬季最高,为1.7×10^(-9),夏季最低,为0.9×10^(-9);北半球平流层入侵贡献减少量最显著区域集中在高纬地区,达4×10^(-9).垂直方向上,平流层入侵贡献减少量随高度增加,在对流层上层,平流层的贡献量降低高达24×10^(-9)以上,且冬季最强.总之,碳中和排放情景下地表人为排放及飞机排放的改变对全球O_(3)污染有很好的减轻作用,平流层贡献量的降低对未来O_(3)浓度的变化也有重要贡献.

净水厂生物活性炭微生物解析和风险研究进展

系统梳理了活性炭表面存在的微生物类群和优势物种,其中原核生物中变形菌门和拟杆菌门常为其中的优势菌门,真核生物以原生动物和微型后生动物为主;并对某些优势菌群在污染物去除过程中的潜在功能进行了总结,大多数为好氧的化能有机异养微生物。还探讨了可能存在的风险微生物,水源性耐氯细菌病原体属于放线菌亚纲、芽孢杆菌纲和γ-变形菌纲;并归纳了影响微生物群落的因素,包括载体、水质条件、剩余臭氧和进水流向。研究结果有望为净水厂臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的精确调控提供理论依据和技术支撑。

臭氧活性炭工艺处理多种新污染物复合污染研究

以南方某流域水体可检出的SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA等新污染物为研究对象,进行复合新污染物共存的原水加标处理试验,研究预处理-常规处理-臭氧活性炭工艺处理效果。结果表明,SD、SMZ、BPA与COD_(Mn)均具有较好的相关性;生物预处理工艺对SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA去除率分别为23.97%、21.20%、6.08%、16.26%和23.76%,生物预处理最优停留时间是120min,最优气水比是1:2;常规处理工艺对SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA的去除率分别为18.02%、20.08%、23.02%、8.26%和16.53%,常规处理中SMZ和马拉硫磷的混凝剂最佳投加量为15mg/L,其余3种新污染物的混凝剂最佳投加量为20mg/L;深度处理工艺对SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA的去除率分别为49.13%、53.80%、60.20%、77.07%和71.50%,深度处理最佳臭氧投加量是3mg/L,最佳臭氧接触时间为24min,最优炭床停留时间是25min。试验工艺对复合新污染物具有良好的去除作用,对SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA的总去除率达到了69.86%、73.10%、73.65%、83.74%和82.72%,试验条件下出水的HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2022),出水的磺胺嘧啶和磺胺二甲嘧啶满足欧美发达国家的水质标准。