Processes for the Clarification of the Crude Oil of Baobab Seeds Extracted by Pressing on Activated Carbon Elaborated from the Capsules of the Fruit (Adansonia digitata L.)

The baobab, Adansonia digitata L. plays an important role in the economy of local populations. The oil from the seeds of the baobab fruit is nowadays highly prized because of its numerous cosmetic and therapeutic applications and its composition of unsaturated fatty acids, sterols and tocopherols. However, unlike refined oils, locally extracted baobab oil has not undergone purification operations to ensure its quality. Only a filtration on special cloths is carried out after decantation. Indeed, the oil obtained after pressing is cloudy because of the presence of various impurities. It therefore requires treatment operations to make it more attractive and of higher quality. Therefore, in order to provide innovative solutions to local companies to improve the quality of vegetable oils, a study of clarification (treatment) of crude oil is necessary. An experimental device has been developed in the laboratory. It includes a glass column and a filter bed of dune sand and activated carbon. This study has shown the efficiency of the experimental device. Indeed, the activated carbon, thanks to its adsorbing power, has allowed a significant decrease in turbidity at the 5% threshold, from 14.61 NTU for the raw oil to 0.08 NTU for the oil filtered on 3% carbon and 0.033 NTU for the oil filtered on 5% carbon. That is to say an abatement higher than 95%. This decrease in turbidity could be correlated with the decrease in brown index from 187.39a for the initial crude oil to 128.53d for the oil treated with 3% activated carbon versus 187.59a for the oil filtered on cloths. The lowest brown index was observed with the filtration using 5% activated carbon (35.99b). Thus, for the yellowness index, only the filtration on 5% charcoal allowed to obtain a significant decrease in yellowness. The yellowing index of the oil with 5% was 44.67b against 79.04a for the oil filtered with 3% activated carbon, 86.33a for the crude oil and 86.46a for the oil filtered on cloths. Finally, the oil sample treated with 5% activated carbon had the clearest clarity than the other samples with a clarity (L) equal to 97.98c against 95.63d for the oil treated with 3% carbon and 94.99b for the oil filtered on filter cloths. According to the results obtained, the experimental device made it possible to obtain a clearer baobab oil with a low brown index, thus improving the sensory quality of the oil.

The Influence of Dry or Wet Activating Process to the Electrochemical Features of Biowaste Carbon

The utilization of biowaste to the activated carbon(AC)as electrode material is conducive to alleviating the energy crisis and promoting the high value-added.The popular KOH activation has been applied for years,but rare report clarified the difference of dry and wet activation,with which the batch producing technique could be different.Here nitrogen doped hierarchical AC was derived from wood chip by a wet or dry KOH activation.The surface area,framework structure and surface feature were characterized to reveal the effect of wet and dry activation.1.44 at%of nitrogen doped AC was made by dry KOH activation,which was higher than the AC derived from wet KOH activation with 1.36 at%of nitrogen.Their electrochemical properties were investigated in 6 mol L^(-1)of KOH,the capacitance of wAC was 401 F g^(-1)at 0.5 A g^(-1),but dAC possessed a capacitance of 215 F g^(-1).These indicated that AC obtained by using wet KOH activation displayed a potential application in energy field.

Effect of powdered activated carbon on Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor with electronic control backwashing

Chinese traditional medicine wastewater, rich in macromolecule and easy to foam in aerobic biodegradation such as Glycosides, was treated by two identical bench-scale aerobic submerged membrane bioreactors （SMBRs） operated in parallel under the same feed, equipped with the same electronic control backwashing device. One was used as the control SMBR （CSMBR） while the other was dosed with powdered activated carbon （PAC） （PAC-amended SMBR, PSMBR）. The backwashing interval was 5 min. One suction period was about 90 min by adjusting preestablished backwashing vacuum and pump frequency. The average flux of CSMBR during a steady periodic state of 24 d （576 h） was 5.87 L/h with average hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 5.97 h and that of PSMBR during a steady periodic state of 30 d （720 h） was 5.85 L/h with average HRT of 5.99 h. The average total chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of CSMBR was 89.29% with average organic loading rate （OLR） at 4.16 kg COD/（m^3.d） while that of PSMBR was 89.79% with average OLR at 5.50 kg COD/（m^3.d）. COD concentration in the effluent of both SMBRs achieved the second level of the general wastewater effluent standard GB8978-1996 for the raw medicine material industry （300 mg/L）. Hence, SMBR with electronic control backwashing was a viable process for medium-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment. Moreover, the increasing rates of preestablished backwashing vacuum, pump frequency, and vacuum and flux loss caused by mixed liquor in PSMBR all lagged compared to those in CSMBR; thus the actual operating time of the PSMBR system without membrane cleaning was extended by up to 1.25 times in contrast with the CSMBR system, and the average total COD removal efficiency of PSMBR was enhanced with higher average OLR.

Granular activated carbons from palm nut shells for gold di-cyanide adsorption

Granular activated carbons were produced from palm nut shells by physical activation with steam. The proximate analysis of palm nut shells was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons, produced as a result of shell pyrolysis at 600℃ followed by steam activation at 900℃ in varying activation times, was evaluated using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Applicability of the activated carbons for gold dicyanide adsorption was also investigated. Increasing the activation hold time with the attendant increase in the degree of carbon burn-off results in a progressive increase in the surface area of the activated carbons, reaching a value of 903.1 m2/g after activation for 6 h. The volumes of total pores, mieropores, and mesopores in the activated carbons also increase progressively with the increasing degree of carbon burn-off, resulting from increasing the activation hold time. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of the activated carbons increases with the rise of pore volume of the activated carbons. The gold di-cyanide adsorption of palm nut shell activated carbon obtained after 6-h activation at 900℃ is superior to that of a commercial activated carbon used for gold di-cyanide adsorption.

Optimization Conditions of the Preparation of Activated Carbon Based Egusi (<i>Cucumeropsis mannii</i>Naudin) Seed Shells for Nitrate Ions Removal from Wastewater

Egusi seed shells (ESS) were used as precursor for the preparation of two activated carbons (ACs) following H3PO4 and ZnCl2 activation. The effect of factors controlling the preparation of ACs such as chemical activating agent concentration (2 - 10 M), activation temperature (400°C - 700°C) and residence time (30 - 120 min) were optimized using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The optimized activated carbons based H3PO4 (ACP) and ZnCl2 (ACZ) were characterized by N2 adsorption, elemental analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Boehm titration and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) techniques. The specific surface area was found to be 1053.91 and 1009.89 m2·g-1 for ACP and ACZ respectively. The adsorbents had similar surface functionalities and were both microporous. The effect of various parameters such as initial pH, concentration, and contact time on the adsorption of nitrate ions on ACP and ACZ in aqueous solution was studied. ACZ demonstrated better adsorption capacity (8.26 mg·g-1) compared to ACP (5.65 mg·g-1) at the same equilibrium time of 20 min. The adsorption process was governed by a “physical interactions” phenomenon for both adsorbents.

Study on Treatment of the Pesticide Wastewater by the Composite Process of Biological Active Carbon Filter-Fluid Bed

[ Objectlve] The research aimed to study treatment effect of the pesticide wastewater by the composite process of biological active car- bon filter-fluid bed. [Method] The composite process of biological active carbon filter- fluid bed was applied to treat the mixed pesticide wastewater. The removal efficiencies of CODcr, BODs, NH3-N, SS and the influence factors were investigated. [ Result] The composite process had good treatment efficiency for pesticide wastewater. After running stably, the average removal rates of CODc,, BODs, NH3-N and SS were re- spectively 91.6%, 96.2%, 90.2% and 87.5%. All indices reached the third level cdteda specified in Comprehensive Standard of the Sewage Dis- charge （DB12/356-2008）. [ Conclusionl The whole system operates reliably and simply, and provides a stable, convenient and economical solu- tion for deep treatment of the mixed pesticide wastewater.

Impact of Powdered Activated Carbon and Anion Exchange Resin on Photocatalytic Treatment of Textile Wastewater

In order to clarify the impact of activated carbon and anion exchange resin on photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of textile industry wastewater, TiO2-based PCO was investigated with aqueous solutions containing the reactive dye Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) and with a textile dye house effluent in the absence and in the presence of powdered activated carbon (PAC) and the anion exchange resin Lewatit MP 500. Addition of Lewatit improved RB4 removal to a larger extent than PAC addition. Contrasting to chloride and sulfate, hydrogen carbonate clearly inhibited PCO of RB4. However, the depression of dye removal by hydrogen carbonate was minute in the presence of Lewatit although the hydrogen carbonate concentration was not markedly decreased. Unfortunately, the beneficial effect of Lewatit addition on PCO nearly disappeared when the Lewatit/TiO2 mixture was reused three times. This was probably caused by oxidative damage of the resin. Color removal from the real dye house effluent during PCO was improved by Lewatit, but not by PAC. Contrastingly, PAC addition increased TOC removal by PCO from the real wastewater to some extent, while Lewatit had no impact. Sorbent addition does not lead to an acceptable area demand for solar PCO of the dye house effluent.

Optimized Synthesis of Carbon Aerogels via Ambient Pressure Drying Process as Electrode for Supercapacitors

Carbon aerogels were synthesized via ambient pressure drying process using resorcinolformaldehyde as precursor and P123 to strengthen their skeletons. CO2 activation technology was implemented to improve surface areas and adjust pore size distribution. The synthesis process was optimized, and the morphology, structure, adsorption properties and electrochemical behavior of different samples were characterized. The CO2-activated samples achieved a high specific capacitance of 129.2 F/g in 6 M KOH electrolytes at the current density of 1 m A/cm^2 within the voltage range of 0-0.8 V. The optimized activation temperature and duration were determined to be 950 ℃ and 4 h, respectively.

禾虫酶解液脱腥的工艺优化

通过比较活性炭、绿茶、酵母3种不同脱腥处理对禾虫酶解液的脱腥效果,研究最佳的脱腥工艺。以禾虫酶解液为主要原料,进行活性炭吸附脱腥处理、绿茶掩盖脱腥处理、酵母发酵脱腥处理后,测定禾虫酶解上清液的澄清度、蛋白损失率,进行腥味感官评价,根据感官评价的模糊数学法评定出3种脱腥处理后腥味去除效果的强弱顺序。在此基础上,应用正交试验探究脱腥组合的禾虫酶解液脱腥效果,最终确定禾虫脱腥的最优工艺。结果表明,绿茶的脱腥效果最好,但蛋白质损失率较高;酵母的脱腥效果次之,而蛋白质损失率最低;活性炭的脱腥效果差且蛋白质损失率最高。对比绿茶和酵母的正交试验结果,确定禾虫酶解液最佳的脱腥方法是酵母处理,最优工艺为酵母用量0.6 g,温度35℃,时间30 min,经该工艺处理后,得到的禾虫酶解上清液澄清透亮、腥味较小、蛋白质损失率低。

河北省露地菜田固碳增活对策及解决方案

河北省是蔬菜生产大省,但露地蔬菜生产中养分管理较为粗放,长期存在有机物料施用种类单一、偏施化学氮肥、肥料养分配比失衡等问题,导致土壤有机质水平低、有效养分供应能力弱、连作障碍频发。针对露地蔬菜生产中存在的施肥问题,建立了固碳增效与沃土增活综合施肥技术,制定了全程施肥解决方案。有助于改善与提升菜田土壤质量,促进蔬菜稳产增产和菜农增收,具有广阔的应用前景。

河流溶解无机碳稳定碳同位素示踪技术及其在中国河流碳循环研究中的应用

河流溶解无机碳(DIC)是全球碳循环中的重要组成部分,稳定碳同位素(δ^(13)C_(DIC))已被广泛用于辨识流域内碳的来源和迁移转化过程。通过综合现有文献,系统梳理河流δ^(13)C_(DIC)的影响因素和变化机理,论证了该指标能够真实、敏感反映流域环境特征及各种地表过程,可用于重建流域碳循环体系中的生物地球化学过程。由于河流碳来源及迁移转化过程的复杂性,关于河流δ^(13)C_(DIC)的影响机理仍有较多细节尚未探明。通过收集和分析中国主要河流的δ^(13)C_(DIC)数据发现,在全国尺度上我国河流δ^(13)C_(DIC)呈现出“西高东低”的变化格局,基本反映了我国地质、气候及生态环境的空间分布特征。青藏高原地区河流δ^(13)C_(DIC)整体上比其他地区明显偏高,关于这一现象的形成机制还有待进一步研究。未来可将δ^(13)C与放射性碳同位素(Δ^(14)C)联用并加强水体DIC稳定碳同位素分馏方面的基础理论研究,以期进一步完善和提升河流DIC同位素示踪理论及其在揭示碳循环过程和机理方面的应用。

磷酸法低灰分活性炭的制备研究

磷酸活化法是目前工业上生产生物质基活性炭的主要方法,但较高的灰分含量限制其在医药、食品等高端领域应用。基于此,以湿法磷酸为活化剂、废木屑为碳源,研究活化条件(温度、时间等)和洗涤条件(介质、酸浓度、温度等)对活性炭灰分及性能的影响,运用TG、FT-IR、XRD、SEM和TEM等表征方法分析活性炭的表面性质和微观结构。结果表明,难溶性磷酸盐是活性炭灰分产生的主要因素,通过控制活性炭制备和洗涤工艺可调控难溶性磷酸盐含量,从而调控活性炭灰分、碘值和亚甲蓝值。获得最佳工艺条件:活化温度为500℃、活化剂H_(3)PO_(4)质量分数为70%、酸屑质量比为2∶1、活化时间为60min及N_(2)气氛保护;洗涤液用量为100mL、洗涤介质为H_(3)PO_(4)、H_(3)PO_(4)质量分数为20%、洗涤温度为80℃及洗涤时间为60 min。最佳工艺条件下制备的活性炭灰分为1.07%、碘值为1241.4 mg/g、亚甲蓝值为285 mg/g、比表面积为2290 m^(2)/g,表明该技术制备的活性炭具有应用于食品、医药等高端行业领域的潜质。

磷酸三丁酯脱色活性炭热解再生研究

以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)脱色后的粉末废活性炭(WAC)为材料,利用高温热解的方法,以亚甲基蓝吸附量和碘值为评价指标,研究了再生温度、再生时间、再生次数对废活性炭再生效果的影响。实验结果表明,WAC的再生最优条件为500℃下再生90 min,再生4次仍能恢复其82%的亚甲基蓝吸附性能及67%的碘吸附性能。通过同步热分析仪(TG-DSC)测定活性炭的失重、吸热和放热情况;借助比表面积及孔径分析仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试手段对再生前后的活性炭进行表征,从而验证其再生效果。对废活性炭的热解机理进行了综合分析,为湿法磷酸净化工艺流程中磷酸三丁酯脱色活性炭的热解再生提供了理论指导。

基于高负荷活性污泥法城市污水碳捕获研究进展

首先综述了HRAS工艺特点,对溶解氧(DO)、污泥龄(SRT)等工艺参数对碳捕获效率的影响进行了总结;其次阐明了工艺碳重定向路径与碳捕获机理;然后介绍了化学强化高负荷活性污泥法(CEHRAS)等组合工艺的研究进展;最后提出了急需解决的问题并阐述了未来的发展前景。

基于CSCR+SNCR烟气净化技术的链-回-环氧化球团热工优化

通过对CSCR、SNCR烟气净化设施的运行特点及存在问题分析,提出了适应目前CSCR+SNCR联合烟气治理流程在链-回-环氧化球团产线的控制模式,解决了活性炭板结、氮氧化物控制困难、还原剂消耗高、粉尘排放指标高的运行瓶颈;对链箅机、环冷机等关键温度的长周期跟踪分析证明,链箅机西1#烟罩温度介于940~955℃,回转窑料温介于1120~1150℃能够将氮氧化物排放指标控制在25 mg/Nm^(3)以下。最终稳定实现日产量提升316 t、氨水单耗降至1.6 kg/t、高硫低价矿配吃比例提升的目标,高炉炼铁焦比下降1.32 kg/t。

臭氧活性炭工艺处理多种新污染物复合污染研究

以南方某流域水体可检出的SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA等新污染物为研究对象,进行复合新污染物共存的原水加标处理试验,研究预处理-常规处理-臭氧活性炭工艺处理效果。结果表明,SD、SMZ、BPA与COD_(Mn)均具有较好的相关性;生物预处理工艺对SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA去除率分别为23.97%、21.20%、6.08%、16.26%和23.76%,生物预处理最优停留时间是120min,最优气水比是1:2;常规处理工艺对SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA的去除率分别为18.02%、20.08%、23.02%、8.26%和16.53%,常规处理中SMZ和马拉硫磷的混凝剂最佳投加量为15mg/L,其余3种新污染物的混凝剂最佳投加量为20mg/L;深度处理工艺对SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA的去除率分别为49.13%、53.80%、60.20%、77.07%和71.50%,深度处理最佳臭氧投加量是3mg/L,最佳臭氧接触时间为24min,最优炭床停留时间是25min。试验工艺对复合新污染物具有良好的去除作用,对SD、SMZ、HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA的总去除率达到了69.86%、73.10%、73.65%、83.74%和82.72%,试验条件下出水的HCB、马拉硫磷和BPA满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2022),出水的磺胺嘧啶和磺胺二甲嘧啶满足欧美发达国家的水质标准。

滤材沉积法回收贫液中载金粉炭试验研究

内蒙古某金矿每年随贫液上浸堆的固体量约73 t,其中粉炭量约40 t,吨炭载金量约373 g,金随粉炭流失的同时,堆上浸出的金还被粉炭截留,采用管道中布置滤袋效果不理想。试验采用滤材沉积方式捕收贫液中粉炭,即将滤材折叠形成一定构型,放入贫液池使粉炭自然沉积。针对粉炭和贫液性质选择3种滤材,并进行表面粗糙度测试,通过试验对比粉炭在不同滤材的沉积效果,发现沉积能力与滤材表面粗糙度呈正相关;通过沉积动力学试验,探明沉积率随时间先增后降,且沉积能力受滤材孔径影响,孔径为粉炭粒径D80的1.5倍时最佳;采用高压气水联合脱附沉积粉炭。结果表明:20μm聚丙烯无纺滤材沉积16 h效果最佳,单位面积沉积量为79.31 g/m2,贫液流经沉积单元所含粉炭量40%可被捕收,脱附率达88.7%,综合回收率达35.5%,且脱附后滤材有较好的二次使用性。研究结果对采用活性炭作为吸附剂的堆浸工艺均有一定的借鉴意义。

丙酮对粉末活性炭生化工艺的影响研究

本研究探索了丙酮对粉末活性炭生化工艺的具体影响。通过系统的实验设计和分析,深入研究了丙酮与粉末活性炭的相互作用及其对生化反应速率的潜在影响。初步发现,丙酮在特定质量浓度下,对粉末活性炭的生化特性产生了显著影响。希望这些发现为粉末活性炭在丙酮存在环境下的应用提供新的理论基础和实践指导。

焦油渣与污泥基活性炭的制备及其处理煤化工废水研究

利用焦油渣、沥青与少量淀粉、酚醛树脂、羧甲基纤维素等,复配出廉价的环保粘结剂配方;以气化筛余物(粉煤)、生化污泥为原料,通过挤压成型、碳化、活化工艺制备活性炭,开展公斤级半中试试验,确定其最优炭化时间为50 min,炭化温度为600℃,活化时间为2.5 h,活化温度为900℃,得炭率达40%。制备所得的4 mm柱状活性炭产品,中孔结构较发达,强度为92.8%,碘值为611 mg/g,比表面积为302.54 m^(2)/g,达到GB/T 7701-2008《煤质颗粒活性炭》的各项指标要求,对煤化工园区污水处理厂尾水COD有较好的去除效果。

污水生化处理工艺发展阶段化技术特征及未来趋势

百余年来,伴随人类社会和科技日新月异,污水生化处理技术也在实现快速发展与不断迭代,新工艺与新反应器、新功能微生物与新生化代谢途径不断被提出、发现和解析,并进一步推动了污水处理技术的进步与升级。回顾了过去百余年污水生化处理技术发展历程,就典型污水生化工艺,结合技术研发进展、技术成熟度及案例应用情况,给出了不同生化处理工艺代际划分与技术发展期“S曲线”,分析了近些年来新涌现出的一些革新性污水生化处理工艺的技术原理、技术特征,结合实际案例分析了工艺技术特征、技术优势与总体效能,从工艺强化、绿色低碳与集约高效等方面总结了未来污水处理发展的技术趋势,以期为“双碳背景”下排水系统提质增效工作、未来国内前瞻性污水厂工艺设计与运行提供参考和借鉴。