Criteria for Three-Stage Towers of <i>p</i>-Class Fields

Let p be a prime and K be a number field with non-trivial p-class group ClpK. A crucial step in identifying the Galois group G∞p of the maximal unramified pro-p extension of K is to determine its two-stage approximation M=G2pk, that is the second derived quotient M&simeq;G/Gn. The family τ1K of abelian type invariants of the p-class groups ClpL of all unramified cyclic extensions L/K of degree p is called the index- abelianization data (IPAD) of K. It is able to specify a finite batch of contestants for the second p-class group M of K. In this paper we introduce two different kinds of generalized IPADs for obtaining more sophisticated results. The multi-layered IPAD (τ1Kτ(2)K) includes data on unramified abelian extensions L/K of degree p2 and enables sharper bounds for the order of M in the case Clpk&simeq;(p,p,p), where current im-plementations of the p-group generation algorithm fail to produce explicit contestants for M , due to memory limitations. The iterated IPAD of second order τ(2)K contains information on non-abelian unramified extensions L/K of degree p2, or even p3, and admits the identification of the p-class tower group G for various infinite series of quadratic fields K=Q(√d) with ClpK&simeq;(p,p) possessing a p-class field tower of exact length lpK=3 as a striking novelty.

Successive Approximation of p-Class Towers

Let F be a number field and p be a prime. In the successive approximation theorem, we prove that, for each integer n ≥ 1, finitely many candidates for the Galois group of the nth stage of the p-class tower over F are determined by abelian type invariants of p-class groups C1pE of unramified extensions E/F with degree [E : F] = pn-1. Illustrated by the most extensive numerical results available currently, the transfer kernels (TE, F) of the p-class extensions TE, F : C1pF → C1pE from F to unramified cyclic degree-p extensions E/F are shown to be capable of narrowing down the number of contestants significantly. By determining the isomorphism type of the maximal subgroups S G of all 3-groups G with coclass cc(G) = 1, and establishing a general theorem on the connection between the p-class towers of a number field F and of an unramified abelian p-extension E/F, we are able to provide a theoretical proof of the realization of certain 3-groups S with maximal class by 3-tower groups of dihedral fields E with degree 6, which could not be realized up to now.

A High Efficiency Hardware Implementation of S-Boxes Based on Composite Field for Advanced Encryption Standard

The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization implementation of the S-box is proposed based on the composite field inverse operation in this paper. This proposed S-box implementation is modeled using Verilog language and synthesized using Design Complier software under the premise of ensuring the correctness of the simulation result. The synthesis results show that, compared to several current S-box implementation schemes, the proposed implementation of the S-box significantly reduces the area overhead and critical path delay, then gets higher hardware efficiency. This provides strong support for realizing efficient and compact S-box ASIC designs.

p-Capitulation over Number Fields with p-Class Rank Two

Theoretical foundations of a new algorithm for determining the p-capitulation type ù(K) of a number field K with p-class rank ?=2 are presented. Since ù(K) alone is insufficient for identifying the second p-class group G=Gal(Fp2K∣K) of K, complementary techniques are deve- loped for finding the nilpotency class and coclass of . An implementation of the complete algorithm in the computational algebra system Magma is employed for calculating the Artin pattern AP(K)=(τ (K),ù(K)) of all 34631 real quadratic fields K=Q(√d) with discriminants 0d<108 and 3-class group of type (3, 3). The results admit extensive statistics of the second 3-class groups G=Gal(F32K∣K) and the 3-class field tower groups G=Gal(F3∞K∣K).

Periodic Sequences of p-Class Tower Groups

Recent examples of periodic bifurcations in descendant trees of finite p-groups with ?are used to show that the possible p-class tower groups G of certain multiquadratic fields K with p- class group of type (2,2,2) , resp. (3,3), form periodic sequences in the descendant tree of the elementary Abelian root , resp. . The particular vertex of the periodic sequence which occurs as the p-class tower group G of an assigned field K is determined uniquely by the p-class number of a quadratic, resp. cubic, auxiliary field k, associated unambiguously to K. Consequently, the hard problem of identifying the p-class tower group G is reduced to an easy computation of low degree arithmetical invariants.

Deep Transfers of p-Class Tower Groups

Let p be a prime. For any finite p-group G, the deep transfers T H,G ' : H / H ' → G ' / G " from the maximal subgroups H of index (G:H) = p in G to the derived subgroup G ' are introduced as an innovative tool for identifying G uniquely by means of the family of kernels ùd(G) =(ker(T H,G ')) (G: H) = p. For all finite 3-groups G of coclass cc(G) = 1, the family ùd(G) is determined explicitly. The results are applied to the Galois groups G =Gal(F3 (∞)/ F) of the Hilbert 3-class towers of all real quadratic fields F = Q(√d) with fundamental discriminants d > 1, 3-class group Cl3(F) □ C3 × C3, and total 3-principalization in each of their four unramified cyclic cubic extensions E/F. A systematic statistical evaluation is given for the complete range 1 d 7, and a few exceptional cases are pointed out for 1 d 8.

余热回收喷淋塔喷淋优化研究

针对喷淋塔内烟气偏流影响烟气与下落液滴群热质交换的问题,构建并通过试验验证了喷淋塔内气液流动及余热回收理论模型,基于液滴自调整效应,运用CFD技术模拟研究4种喷淋层布置方式下余热回收喷淋塔的性能,获得了最佳喷淋方案及其喷淋参数。结果表明:与常规单层均匀喷淋方式相比,增设半层喷淋能够有效提升塔内烟气流动均匀性,塔内烟气均匀度由1降至0.3左右,喷淋塔全热交换效率最多可提升20%;半层喷淋最佳布置位置在烟气入口中心线上3 m处;综合考虑余热回收效果和运行成本,最佳喷淋液滴直径为0.6~0.8 mm,最佳水气比为5 kg/kg。构建的喷淋塔内烟气余热回收模型与提出的喷淋优化方法可为其特性分析、工艺优化、参数设计及运行提供理论指导。

船用烟气脱硫塔喷淋系统数值模拟研究

喷淋系统是船用烟气脱硫塔主要功能构件,喷淋系统参数喷淋锥角、喷淋流速和喷淋流量对船用烟气脱硫塔烟气流场均匀程度影响大,影响过程复杂。以某型号船用烟气脱硫塔为基础模型,采用Design Expert软件中BBD实验方法设计了基于喷淋系统参数喷淋锥角、喷淋流速和喷淋流量的三因素三水平共17组试验,以多个截面烟气速度标准偏差平均值为评判依据对塔内烟气流动均匀性进行评判。采用ANSYS自带软件SCDM建立了船用烟气脱硫塔三维实体模型,采用Fluent meshing进行了模型网格划分,采用计算流体动力学商业软件Fluent对试验进行模拟计算。应用Design Expert软件对17组试验结果进行二次回归分析,应用Matlab遗传算法工具箱对二次回归分析得到的目标函数关系式求解,得到各截面流速标准偏差平均值最小时喷淋流速、喷淋锥角、喷淋流量的对应值,再次应用Fluent软件对优化结果进行了验证,可靠度达97.40%。

基于差分进化的塔式太阳能定日镜场布局优化

为提高塔式太阳能的辐射反射效率和发电性能,需要对定日镜场进行布局优化。采用日平均年光学效率的方法,计算分析定日镜年均余弦效率、大气衰减效率、截断效率及最大光学效率,为后续定日镜场的布置及优化提供评价指标。以西班牙Gemasolar塔式电站为例,采用密集campo的布置方法进行镜场初始化,验证了布置方法的高光学效率和高可靠性。采用差分进化算法对镜场进行优化,镜场年均综合效率由56.99%提高至59.03%,提升了3.58%,验证了该方法的有效性。

基于改进粒子群算法的定日镜场优化设计模型

定日镜场是塔式光热电站的重要子系统.定日镜的优化布置问题是塔式光热电站建设需要解决的关键问题.以塔式光热电站的定日镜场为研究对象,建立阴影遮挡效率模型、余弦效率模型、截断效率模型以及大气透射率模型,得出定日镜场的光学效率.以镜场年平均输出热功率作为目标函数,建立非线性规划模型,用基于同心圆的粒子群算法进行圆形定日镜场的参数设计及优化求解.通过迭代寻优,找到年平均输出热功率最大时即可找到粒子的特征因子的最优解.

冷却塔热羽对核电厂周围流动与扩散影响的数值模拟研究

以某核电厂为研究对象,利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法研究了自然通风冷却塔对核电厂周围气流流动与污染物扩散的影响,并与风洞实验结果进行了比对,以验证模式有效性。结果表明:冷却塔背风侧,在近尾流区风速显著减小,湍流强度显著增大。冷却塔位于烟囱下风向时热羽排放对烟囱污染物扩散的影响较大,污染物通过冷却塔自然卷吸,出现二次排放现象,有热羽排放时的地面轴线扩散因子在1000 m前小于无热羽排放的。

随机脉动风场作用下输电塔线体系的动力响应分析

输电杆塔及塔线体系(简称塔线体系)是整个电力系统中输电环节的核心部分,沿海地区的强风对塔线体系有着重要影响。为研究在随机脉动风场作用下塔线体系的动力响应特性,文中以广东某地区的1W2C9型鼓型自立式输电杆塔为研究对象,建立输电杆塔的单塔及一塔两线的塔线耦联有限元模型,结合Davenport风速谱与四阶自回归法模拟具有空间相关性的单塔9节点及塔线体系49节点的脉动风场,研究在此脉动风场下的单塔及塔线体系的动力响应,并探究不同风向角对其动力响应的影响。研究结果表明:单塔及塔线体系的动力响应最大值大于其拟静力响应;由于塔线耦联效应的存在,输电线会增加塔线体系的稳定性,降低其动力响应;90°是输电杆塔单塔及塔线体系动力响应的最不利风向角。

大型冷却塔夏季日照筒壁温差原型实测与分布准则

中国现行规范的夏季日照筒壁温差条款源自20世纪80年代秦岭电厂的单一冷却塔(105m)实测结果,既有条款忽略了不同地域与不同尺度的温差分布影响,同时国际上现有冷却塔夏季日照温差分布准则取值存在差异,亟需开展真实大型冷却塔日照筒壁温差更普适的实测研究。鉴于此,基于预制墙板日照试验实现非接触式红外三维测温技术的有效性校订,以分布于我国“寒冷及严寒地区”的五座不同典型高度的大型冷却塔进行夏季全天候的筒壁温差实测;基于实测数据数理统计,提炼了日照筒壁温差的板内梯度分布、时域演变规律、空间分布模式和向阳内壁特性;在此基础上,量化了夏季日照筒壁温差子午向分布、环向分布、最大温差取值,提炼了囊括向阳内壁的大型冷却塔筒壁温差分布准则。研究发现,我国“寒冷及严寒地区”应考虑日照温度应力;日照筒壁温差沿厚度为三段式梯度分布,沿塔高约为恒值,沿环向为外表面非对称半圆分布,喉部以上向阳内壁具有负温差。研究结论加深了对大型冷却塔日照温差分布的理解,也为规范修订提供实测依据。

桥塔风效应对异形斜拉桥抖振响应的影响

异形斜拉桥桥塔刚度小,受力情况复杂,主梁和桥塔的气动耦合现象强。目前关于桥塔风效应对桥梁风致抖振响应的研究大多是基于普通多塔斜拉桥和悬索桥的,针对异形斜拉桥桥塔风效应的影响鲜有研究。分别利用风洞试验及数值模拟的方法得到了某异形斜拉桥主梁及桥塔截面的三分力系数,以及主梁、桥塔的脉动风速时程,并基于准定常理论得到气动自激力的时域化模型。在此基础上,分别研究了自激力及桥塔风效应对该桥抖振响应的影响。研究表明:主梁竖向位移受桥塔风效应影响较小,但桥塔横向位移响应及主梁横向、扭转位移响应受桥塔风效应影响较大,且桥塔横向位移响应增大幅度较为明显;自激力会使该桥主梁位移响应略微减小,但影响很小。

地铁车辆段冷却塔对住宅楼声环境影响试验

针对地铁车辆段冷却塔运行引起的临近住宅楼噪声扰民问题,采用室内噪声现场实测与噪声标准曲线分析的方法,对冷却塔噪声在车辆段上盖开发住宅楼内传播规律以及频率特性进行研究。结果表明:冷却塔噪声影响随楼层升高有增大的趋势,顶层冷却塔噪声贡献值高出与冷却塔高度相近的楼层1.8 dB(A);冷却塔噪声贡献值低楼层增长速度较快,11层以下平均每3层增长1.8 dB(A),11层以上平均每3层增长0.5 dB(A);冷却塔噪声以低频噪声为主,根据噪声标准曲线分析高频噪声对人主观感受的影响较大。

Numerical Study on the Aerodynamic and Fluid−Structure Interaction of An NREL-5MW Wind Turbine

A 5-MW wind turbine has been modeled and analyzed for fluid-structure interaction and aerodynamic performance.In this study, a full-scale model of a 5-MW wind turbine is first developed based on a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach, in which the unsteady, noncompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) method is used. The main focus of the study is to analyze the tower shadow effect on the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine under different inlet flow conditions. Subsequently, the finite element model is established by considering fluid/structure interactions to study the structural stress, displacement, strain distributions and flow field information of the structure under the uniform wind speed. Finally, the fluid-structure interaction model is established by considering turbulent wind and the tower shadow effect. The variation rules of the dynamic response of the one-way and two-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI) models under different wind speeds are analyzed, and the numerical calculation results are compared with those of the centralized mass model. The results show that the tower shadow effect and structural deformation are the main factors affecting the aerodynamic load fluctuation of the wind turbine, which in turn affects the aerodynamic performance and structural stability of the blades. The structural dynamic response of the coupled model shows significant similarity, while the structural displacement response of the former exhibits less fluctuation compared with the conventional centralized mass model. The one-way fluid-structure interaction(FSI)model shows a higher frequency of stress-strain and displacement oscillations on the blade compared with the two-way FSI model.

面向月表多设施通信网络的通信塔部署方案

为在月球建立长期驻留的月面科研基地,实现局部网络的通信覆盖,提出了月球通信塔(lunar communication tower,LCT)的模型设计方法和多基站的部署方案。通过对月面探测任务与月表多设施通信网络的需求分析,设计了LCT的功能模块和模型结构。引入基于地理信息的覆盖场强预测模型,结合月表地形对通信链路的损耗影响,评估了多基站通信塔的有效覆盖与传输速率指标。在部署方案上,首先,在月球南极光照区范围内采用遍历法得到覆盖平均场强最大的主基站部署位置;随后,采用遗传算法最大化主基站半径10 km范围内的覆盖场强,对月球表面特定区域进行搜索,获取多个副基站的最佳部署位置;最后,针对集中式和分布式通信塔主、副基站的部署方案,进行了对应于CCSDS Proximity-1协议、长期演进(long term evolution,LTE)、Wi-Fi制式下覆盖性和传输速率的仿真分析,充分验证了月表多设施通信网络建设的可行性。

平臂式塔式起重机自振周期计算方法研究

塔式起重机的自振周期是其基本属性,关乎风振动力系数的选取,影响风载荷及其对塔身偏移的计算。文章以永茂5513型塔帽式和中天6513型平头式塔式起重机为例,简化塔身的刚度简化,将塔式起重机简化为单自由度模型,推导了自振周期简化公式,对比分析了现场测试和有限元模拟结果,验证了该公式的可行性,并引入考虑塔机质量分布影响的修正系数,修正了其简化公式。结果表明:塔式起重机自振周期简化公式计算结果与现场实测自振周期吻合较好,在粗略计算塔式起重机自振周期时可以使用该简化计算公式。根据有限元模拟结果,给出了塔式起重机自振周期简化公式的修正公式,并给出了塔帽式、平头式塔式两种起重机修正系数的推荐值及线性内插公式。

浅埋超大直径双圆顶管侧穿高压铁塔桩基预加固方案

以深圳市铁岗-石岩水库水质保障工程2#顶管侧穿王洋Ⅰ线N14高压铁塔为背景,对浅埋超大直径双圆顶管侧穿高压铁塔桩基预加固方案进行系统研究。提出管幕支护、“管幕支护+钻孔灌注咬合桩+旋喷桩”、“管幕支护+微型桩+旋喷桩”3种预加固方案,通过MIDAS/GTS建立数值模型,分析3种方案加固效果。结果表明:方案一加固效果不理想;方案二加固效果明显提升,对桩基沉降最为显著,较方案一降低53%;采用方案三,塔基整体沉降、水平、纵向位移及相邻桩基沉降差较方案二分别减少42%、20%、16%及19%,更能有效控制桩基稳定;加固后,塔基最大沉降为5.49 mm,最大水平位移为3.99 mm,最大纵向位移为2.28 mm,相邻塔基最大差异沉降为0.95 mm,基础最大局部倾斜为0.03%,均满足施工控制标准。方案三加固技术能较好地控制铁塔桩基沉降,保证高压铁塔的安全和正常使用,可为类似工程提供借鉴。

基于概率密度演化的输电塔-线体系抗风可靠性分析

以三线两塔直线段输电塔-线体系为工程对象,应用有限元数值模拟,建立了基于概率密度演化的输电塔-线体系抗风可靠性分析方法。首先,应用谱表示-降维方法模拟结构脉动风场,生成风荷载的代表性样本集合。然后,结合概率密度演化理论,分析了输电塔-线体系考虑气弹效应的随机动力反应。最后,应用等价极值思想构建了风荷载作用下输电塔-线体系失效准则,进而对输电塔-线体系的抗风可靠性进行精细化分析。本文结合谱表示-降维方法与概率密度演化理论,实现了仅用较少数量的代表性样本来精细地分析结构的抗风可靠性,为工程实践提供参考。