A New Definition of P-Value Involving the Maximum Likelihood Estimator

We present here an alternative definition of the P-value for statistical hypothesis test of a real-valued parameter for a continuous random variable X. Our approach uses neither the notion of Type I error nor the assumption that null hypothesis is true. Instead, the new P-value involves the maximum likelihood estimator, which is usually available for a parameter such as the mean μ or standard deviation σ of a random variable X with a common distribution.

PP偏度,峰度正态性检验的P-VALUES

给出了用于高维正态性检验的PP偏度,峰度及其偏度,峰度混合的检验统计量,获得了诸统计量极限分布的尾部概率展开式,由此可比较准确而迅速地获得这类检验的各种临界值及其P-Values.本文的方法也适用对其它椭球等高分布检验的P-Vlalues计算问题。

The p-value and model specification in statistics

SUMMARY The p value has been widely used as a way to summarise the significance in data analysis. However, misuse and misinterpretation of the p value is common in practice. Our result shows that if the model specification is wrong, the distribution of the p value may be inappropriate, which makes the decision based on the p value invalid.

Adaptive interaction driven by the learning effect in the spatial prisoner's dilemma

We propose a computing model in which individuals can automatically adjust their interaction intensity with their mentor according to the learning effect.This model is designed to investigate the cooperative dynamics of the spatial prisoner's dilemma.More specifically,when the cumulative payoff of a learner is more than his reference earning,he will strengthen his interaction with his mentor;otherwise,he will reduce it.The experimental results indicate that this mechanism can improve the emergence of cooperation in a networked population and that the driving coefficient of interaction intensity plays an important role in promoting cooperation.Interestingly,under a certain social dilemma condition,there exists a minimal driving coefficient that leads to optimal cooperation.This occurs due to a positive feedback effect between the individual's satisfaction frequency and the number of effective neighbors.Moreover,we find that the experimental results are in accord with theoretical predictions obtained from an extension of the classical pair-approximation method.Our conclusions obtained by considering relationships with mentors can provide a new perspective for future investigations into the dynamics of evolutionary games within structured populations.

Dilemmas and Optimization of Third-Party Assessment System in Chinese Fair Competition Review

The current predominant self-review mechanism by policy-making bodies suffers from deficiencies such as insufficient motivations, limited review capabilities, and weak external supervision. Third-party assessment, characterized by independence and specialization, is designed to mitigate these shortcomings. However, the implementation of third-party assessment faces challenges too. This paper intends to improve the third-party assessment system and to realize the legislative purpose of the system. Based on social research, discussions and exchanges with relevant parties, and the existing research results, this paper analyzes the challenges and possible optimization measures for the third-party assessment. The challenges include repulsion from policy-making bodies, insufficient independence of assessment bodies, disparity of assessment quality, and limited application of assessment outcomes. Possible optimization measures include promoting fair competition culture, increasing the acceptance of third-party assessment from policy-making bodies, enhancing the quality of third-party assessment, clarifying the relationship between policy-making bodies and assessment bodies, ensuring the independence of third-party assessments, and promoting the application of assessment results.

The “Panchatantra” Narrative Structure and the Writing of Indian Women’s Dilemma in Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda

Dharamvir Bharati’s Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda connects the text with the social reality,through the multiple narrative perspectives of the“Panchatantra”Narrative Structure and the love stories,and narrates the survival and spiritual dilemma of Indian women in the transformation of India’s modernization.The novel depicts in both content and form the plight of Indian women’s physical and spiritual dependence under the traditional concepts of arranged marriages,caste marriages,dowry system and patriarchal will,and shows the process of women’s body and self-consciousness gradually moving from vitality to extinction.

The Opportunities,Dilemmas,and Paths for the Development of Adult Higher Education in the New Era

This paper comprehensively analyzes the development opportunities and realistic dilemmas faced by adult higher education in China in the new era,and puts forward corresponding strategies as solutions.With the construction of a learning society,the development of digital technology,and the popularization of the concept of lifelong learning,adult higher education has unprecedented development opportunities.At the same time,these forms of education are facing a series of dilemmas due to challenges such as unsound guarantee mechanisms and traditional enrollment competition.Through the establishment of perfect legal and policy guarantees,transformation of school running mode,meeting the diversified needs of learners,and other multi-faceted measures,the development of adult higher education can be effectively promoted to meet the needs of individual and social development.

Research Status,Practical Dilemmas,and Optimization Strategies of Blended Teaching in Universities

Blended teaching has emerged as a prominent subject in the recent reform and innovation of higher education.It has become imperative and guiding for colleges and universities to embrace a mixed teaching approach that aligns with the evolving needs of education and teaching in the new era.This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research status surrounding blended teaching,encompassing fundamental issues,teaching design,practical guidance,teaching effectiveness,and evaluation.By critically examining the current challenges associated with blended teaching,this study proposes optimization strategies including enhancing student participation and interaction,promoting deep learning,improving teachers’preparedness,teaching technologies,and curriculum design capabilities,strengthening top-level design,and perfecting evaluation and incentive mechanisms.These strategies provide new directions for the reform of blended teaching.

A Study of a Moral Dilemma Stories Teaching Model Focusing on the Development of Higher-Order Thinking --"Synthetic polymers" as an example

Cultivating students'higher-order thinking is one of the important goals of modern education,and innovative teaching model is an effective way to achieve this goal.Aiming at the inadequacy of the existing moral dilemma stories approach in the transformation of knowledge and behavior,this research constructs a new Project Based Learning-Ethical Dilemma Stories(PBL-EDS)Teaching Model applicable to China's secondary education stage based on the innovative features of the moral dilemma stories approach on the core competencies,taking the chemistry subject as an example to carry out practice,and puts forward suggestions for the implementation of the teaching model.Chemistry as an example to carry out the practice,and suggestions are made for the implementation of the teaching model.

新医科视角下专创融合培育针灸推拿学人才的现实困境与实施策略

作为新兴事物,“专创融合”培育模式在培育针灸推拿学人才时面临理念不普及、保障不完善、考核评价单一等问题。基于此,文章提出一些针对性实施策略,深入思考新时代背景下的医学教育改革与人才培养模式,为新医科视角下针灸推拿专业与创新创业教育的有机融合提供新思路。

Monty Hall Dilemma的困难原因探讨

采用Monty Hall Dilemma的经典研究范式,探讨了大学生被试在不同提示条件下对MHD问题的解决情况,结果发现只有在条件关系提示下,MHD的作业成绩才得到了明显的改善,但是正确率也只有35.7%。这表明MHD问题困难的原因很可能是多方面的,如认为主持人的行为完全是随机事件,很难意识到参与者的最初选择与主持人打开特定盒子间的三种条件关系;多数被试作出选择的理由是非理性的,如“坚持第一选择,相信自己的直觉”;不能正确判断MHD问题的内在概率关系以及缺乏认真思考的动力等。

偏转像差中的Dilemma效应

本文应用多极场像差校正理论，通过对大偏转角下五级偏转像差中的彗差进行分析得出，在五级偏转彗差中存在Ｄｉｌｅｍｍａ效应，即五级彗差的某种线性组合是一常数，它不受十极场的影响．五级彗差应在这个常数为０或较小值时，通过调整十极场分布进行校正，对影响Ｄｉｌｅｍｍａ常数的因素进行了计算分析。

The Ethical Dilemmas of International Environmental Justice and its＇ Resolution

主权国家作为全球环境治理的最为重要的主体，在国际环境正义实践中发挥着决定性的作用，但另一方面由于主权国家“个体”利益的存在，主权国家在参与国际环境正义实践时面临着一些伦理困境。要化解这些伦理困境，构建和谐世界，主权国家除了要树立主体间性和生态文明的主体性之外，还要调适国家主权观，加强国际合作，建立新的全球伙伴关系。

现象意识研究的方法论困境与出路

现象意识问题是当前哲学研究的重要话题,但如何研究却是相当棘手。通常要确定现象意识状态不可避免的需要报告,如果没有了报告,现象意识是否还存在?对于认知取用是否部分地构成了现象意识,相关性研究的NCC①进路表明主动报告与无报告的范式都存在不同类别的混淆风险;因果性研究的自然类进路则在簇数量识别问题上过于理想化。但是,相比之下,自然类进路可以容纳更多的理论发展空间,且对经验领域保持开放。文章最后,我将对自然类进路反驳予以回应,表明自然类进路在研究现象意识问题上是适用的。

Dilemma效应与Trilemma效应

在大偏转角自会聚彩色显像管的五级偏转像差中存在彗差校正的Ｄｉｌｅｍｍａ效应和像散校正的Ｔｒｉｌｅｍｍａ效应，即五级彗差的某种线性组合以及五级像散的某种线性组合均是常数，它们不受１０极场的影响。对于大偏转角五级彗差和像散的校正，应在Ｄｉｌｅｍｍａ和Ｔｒｉｌｅｍｍａ常数均为０或较小值时，通过调整１０极场分布进行校正。

Defection or Cooperation—Richard Power’s Moral Insights in Prisoner’s Dilemma

Prisoner’s Dilemma is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers narrates a multiform of dilemma mainly narrating Eddie Hobson’s traumatic history,along with Eddie’s attempt to carry out a strategy—Eddie’s ideal Hobstown which is supposed to cope with the confused dilemma.Pow⁃ers’strategic moral insights are revealed by assuming that each player feels sympathy for the other and a moral cooperative instead of antagonistic solution to the Prisoner’s Dilemma will be found.

Richard Power’s Philosophical Thoughts in Prisoner’s Dilemma

The“prisoner’s dilemma”illustrates that everyone is rationally thinking about maximizing their own interests and taking their own best strategies,but the end result is counterproductive.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers describes multiformareas of dilemma;to lose balance;to make choices;and ask each other:what to do next?It is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In most cases,the prisoner's dilemma is more about the number of defeats in the game,and even a major loss of society.Individual rationality is likely to be a collective disregard,and if everyone is acting on the principle of self-interest,it is often the result that everyone is lost.Powers expresses his philosophical insight:Until a cooperative instead of antagonistic solution is collectively agreed upon,we still remain imprisoned in an interminable and oppressive struggle and conflict decided by self-interest and rational control,which is also a moral response to historical consciousness of postmodernism.

Reflection on Feminine Living Dilemma——a feminist reading of Doris Lessing's To Room Nineteen

The protagonist Susan in To Room Nineteen is the embodiment of angel and devil.She has a strong female consciousness and longs for freedom and independence.However,in the male-centered society,she is confined by her independent sense which results in her final tragic death.By Susan,Doris Lessing discloses the feminine dilemma in the male-centered society,and shows her deep concern for women's self consciousness and social status.

On Chinese American Identity Dilemma in Amy Tan’s The Bonesetter’s Daughter

In The Bonesetter's Daughter,Amy Tan explores the complexity of Chinese American identity dilemma confronted by the major characters.This paper intends to examine the marginalized position of the Chinese immigrant mother Luling and the American born daughter Ruth and reveal the ideology of Amy Tan's writing beyond the bounds of ethnicity.

An Adaptive Strategy via Reinforcement Learning for the Prisoner＇s Dilemma Game

The iterated prisoner's dilemma(IPD) is an ideal model for analyzing interactions between agents in complex networks. It has attracted wide interest in the development of novel strategies since the success of tit-for-tat in Axelrod's tournament. This paper studies a new adaptive strategy of IPD in different complex networks, where agents can learn and adapt their strategies through reinforcement learning method. A temporal difference learning method is applied for designing the adaptive strategy to optimize the decision making process of the agents. Previous studies indicated that mutual cooperation is hard to emerge in the IPD. Therefore, three examples which based on square lattice network and scale-free network are provided to show two features of the adaptive strategy. First, the mutual cooperation can be achieved by the group with adaptive agents under scale-free network, and once evolution has converged mutual cooperation, it is unlikely to shift. Secondly, the adaptive strategy can earn a better payoff compared with other strategies in the square network. The analytical properties are discussed for verifying evolutionary stability of the adaptive strategy.