A Review of Soy-Tannin Gelling for Resins Applications

Soy flour(SF),soy protein and soy protein isolates(SPI)have been the focus of increasing research on their application as new materials for a variety of applications,mainly for wood adhesives and other resins.Tannins too have been the focus of increasing research for similar applications.While both materials are classed as non-toxic and have achieved interesting results the majority of the numerous and rather inventive approaches have still relied on some sort of hardeners or cross-linkers to bring either of them or even their combination to achieve acceptable results.The paper after a presentation of the two materials and their characteristics concentrates on the formation of gels,gelling and even hardening in the case of soy-tannin combined resins.The chapter than finishes with details of the formation of resins giving suitable wood adhesive of acceptable performance by the covalent coreaction of soy protein and tannin without any other hardener,thus totally bio-sourced,non-toxic and environment friendly as a base of further advances to expect in future by these two materials combination.

Preparation and properties of high-energy-density aluminum/boroncontaining gelled fuels

Energetic nanofluid fuel has caught the attention of the field of aerospace liquid propellant for its high energy density(HED), but it suffers from the inevitable solid-liquid phase separation problem. To resolve this problem, herein we synthesized the high-Al-/B-containing(up to 30%(mass)) HED gelled fuels, with low-molecular-mass organic gellant Z, which show high net heat of combustion(NHOC), density, storage stability, and thixotropic properties. The characterizations indicate that the application of energetic particles to the gelled fuels obviously destroys their fibrous network structures but can provide the new particle-gellant gelation microstructures, resulting in the comparable stability between 1.0%(mass) Z/JP-10 + 30%(mass) Al or B and pure JP-10 gelled fuel. Moreover, the gelled fuels with high-content Al or B exhibit high shear-thinning property, recovery capability, and mechanical strength, which are favorable for their storage and utilization. Importantly, the prepared 1.0%(mass) Z/JP-10 + 30%(mass) B(or 1.0%(mass) Z/JP-10 + 30%(mass) Al) shows the density and NHOC 1.27 times(1.30) and 1.43 times(1.21)higher than pure JP-10, respectively. This work provides a facile and valid approach to the manufacturing of HED gelled fuels with high content of energetic particles for gel propellants.

Preparation and Properties of Embeddable Ag/Ag Cl Gelling Reference Electrode for Rebars Corrosion Monitoring in Concrete

Reference electrodes are a key part for corrosion monitoring and measurement of rebars in concrete. A reference electrode that can be buried in concrete is fabricated by using Ag/Ag Cl electrode and methyl cellulose gelling electrolyte. The stability, repeatability and anti-polarization of the reference electrode are investigated; the influences of the inner electrolyte loss, exterior OH- contamination, and temperature on the potential of the reference electrode are also investigated in this paper. The results show that the reference electrode has good stability, repeatability, and antipolarization. The influences of inner electrolyte loss, exterior OH- contamination, and temperature on the potential of the reference electrode are minimal. Therefore, it can be used for corrosion monitoring and measurement of rebars in concrete.

Encapsulation of Almond Essential Oil by Co-Extrusion/Gelling Using Chitosan as Wall Material

Encapsulation confers protection to substances as essential oils from processes like oxidation, evaporation or uncontrolled release. In this study almond oil capsules were obtained by co-extrusion/gelling technique. Chitosan was used as shell material and sodium triphosphate pentabasic as cross linking agent. Different encapsulation process variables were studied: cross-linker concentration, nozzles size and potential. Optical microscopy was used to determine the capsules morphology and degradability tests were performed in order to study capsules degradation over time. Results showed that nozzles size and cross linking concentration are key variables to consider in the encapsulation process. Degradability tests showed rapid weight loss.

The Microstructure and Gelling Mechanism of Thermo-responsive Chitosan Hydrogel System

Thermo-respansive chitosan hydrogel system （TRCHS） was prepared and its mierostructure was investigated by scaning electron microscope （SEM） and mercury intrusion poremaster （MIP）. Based on analyzing the data, a special porosity property was reported at the first time. Its gelling mechanism was studied by a group of contrast experiments. Results may provide experimental and theoretical supports for how to apply it on tissue engineering scaffold and how to influeuee or control its essential properties.

Extraction and characterization of gelling pectin from the peel of Poncirus trifoliata fruit

In the framework of searching for new pectin sources to partially compensate for domestic and regional demands, the peel (albedo) of the “non-comestible” fruit of Poncirus trifoliata was investigated using a relatively simple experimental design for optimization, in which only the variable was the extraction pH (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) on the basis of our previous studies on diverse pectin sources. The results showed that the yield of pectin (7.4%-19.8%) was strongly influenced by the extraction pH when the other parameters, namely the solid to liquid extractant (S/L) ratio, temperature (T &degC), and time (t) were fixed to 1:25 (w/v), 75&degC, and 90 min, respectively. Likewise, the galacturonic acid content (GalA: 61.4%-79.2%), total neutral sugar content (TNS: 9.1%-22.5%), degree of branching (3.5%-13.9%), homogalacturonan (HG) to rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) ratio (2.2-5.6), degree of methylesterification (DM: 54-77), viscosity average molecular weight (Mν: 57-82), and gelling capacity (GC: 124-158) were all affected by the extraction pH. The optimum pH for producing pectin with good yield, quality characteristics (GalA > 65%, DM > 60, Mν > 80 kDa), and gelling capacity (GC > 150), from the peel of P. trifoliata fruit, was found to be pH 1.5.

Microencapsulation of Rosemary Essential Oil by Co-Extrusion/Gelling Using Alginate as a Wall Material

An essential oil is the volatile lipophilic component extracted from plants. Microencapsulation systems protect the essential oil from degradation and evaporation, and at the same time allow a sustained release. This work analyzed and characterized the rosemary essential oil microcapsules prepared by co-extrusion technique using alginate as wall material and calcium chloride as cross linker. Several instrumental techniques were used: optical microscopy, coulter counter, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), termogravimetric analysis (TGA), spectrophotometry, antimicrobial test and chromatography. Results show that rosemary oil has pesticidal properties, and its microencapsulation allows knowing that these properties remain inside the microcapsules.

Preparation of Microcapsules Containing Artificial Diet for Tropical Fishes with Spray Gelling Method

The microcapsules containing the artificial diet for tropical fishes were prepared with the spray gelling method in order to prevent water environmental pollution. The carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution, in which α-tocopherol droplets containing the powdery artificial diet were dispersed, was dropped or sprayed into the chitosan aqueous solution. Microcapsules were prepared by forming polyionic complex shell made from chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium. In the experiment, the concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMCNa) was mainly changed to investigate the effect on the diameters of microcapsules, the content and the microencapsulation efficiency. The microcapsules couldn’t be prepared with the concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium less than 3.0 wt%. The microcapsules were the core-shell type. The diameters of microcapsules were increased with the concentration of CMCNa and the microencapsulation efficiency of ca. 100% could be obtained by the preparation method presented in this study. The microcapsules were found to be eaten well by tropical fishes and to prevent water environmental pollution.

Alumina Ceramics Fabricated by in-situ Consolidation of Pre-gelling Starch

An in-situ consolidation method was developed and optimized to successfully fabricate alumina ceramics using pre-gelling starch. Our results showed that the obtained ceramics have more homogeneous microstructure, higher density, higher flexural strength, and favorable biocompatibility compared to the regular one. During the process, cornstarch granules swelled and deformed but no fracture was observed. After the cornstarch granules bursted, alumina particles were suspended uniformly in the three-dimensional network structure to generate a much smoother surface. Below 0.5 wt% higher cornstarch content increased the flexural strength of prepared ceramics, while above 0.5 wt% the mechanical properties were compromised. Therefore the cornstarch content of 0.5% was the optimal concentration to achieve the highest mechanical strength of the prepared ceramics, with a measured flexural strength of 341 MPa, and a relative density of 96.01%.

海藻酸钠改性垃圾焚烧底灰-矿渣基胶凝堵漏材料研究

针对传统矿用水泥基堵漏材料存在的收缩开裂、高能耗及高碳排放的问题,探索采用海藻酸钠(SA)交联金属离子,制备SA改性垃圾焚烧底灰(MSWI-BA)-粒化高炉矿渣(GBFS)基胶凝堵漏材料(SWM)。通过抗压强度和凝结时间的测试,确定了最佳水固比为0.4。通过胶凝材料在不同温度下的抗压强度、收缩率及裂缝形貌的分析,探究了SA改性对胶凝材料的耐高温性能的影响,结果表明SA改性后,胶凝材料的耐高温性得到了改善,受热后改性胶凝材料表面裂缝明显减少,收缩率较改性前最大降低了26.5%,在400℃受热后,剩余抗压强度仍高达17.25 MPa。结合微观形貌、孔结构性能和热分析实验,探究了SA改性胶凝材料的形成机理,结果表明,SA改性MSWI-BA-GBFS基胶凝堵漏材料通过SA与底物中的Ca^(2+)/Al^(3+)的配位交联与碱激发底物形成的硅铝酸盐共价网络协同作用,细化孔径,减小孔容,在受热后保持基体结构的完整性,从而改善胶凝材料的抗收缩开裂性。堵漏风模拟实验结果表明,水固比0.4的SA改性MSWI-BA-GBFS基胶凝堵漏材料的堵漏性能优于矿用水泥基材料,表现出较好的堵漏性能。SA改性MSWI-BA-GBFS基胶凝堵漏材料的研制不仅为城市垃圾焚烧底灰的资源化利用提供了有效途径,还提供了一种抗压强度高、抗收缩开裂且耐高温的可以完全替代传统矿用水泥基堵漏材料的环保防灭火材料。

聚氨酯固化钙质砂物理力学特性

聚氨酯加固是一种新型环保快速的土质改良方法。针对南海钙质砂采用聚氨酯快速改良,并通过室内试验验证该处置方法的有效性和适用性。通过对聚氨酯固化钙质砂试样开展无侧限抗压强度试验、静力荷载和循环荷载下的三轴试验以及渗透试验,研究聚氨酯固化钙质砂的最佳凝胶时间,静、动强度特性及渗透特性。试验结果表明:固化试样的最佳凝胶时间为6.5 h;随着掺量的增加,固化钙质砂黏聚力得到显著提高,内摩擦角基本保持不变,在海水环境养护下的聚氨酯钙质砂仍然保持了较高的强度;随着掺量的增加,聚氨酯钙质砂的初始动剪切模量增加,最大阻尼比降低;钙质素砂渗透系数的数量级为10^(-6),掺入2%~10%聚氨酯后数量级降至10^(-8)~10^(-7),聚氨酯补漏效果较好。

基于FPGA的La Gell5/3小波变换的硬件电路设计

为了对冗余的图像数据进行有效的压缩,提出一种基于FPGA的快速小波变换的方案。介绍了La Gell 5/3提升小波变换的原理,设计了适用于高帧频CMOS相机的La Gell 5/3提升小波变换硬件结构,采用Verilog硬件语言在QuartusII软件平台下对设计方案进行了实验,利用Matlab语言对图像进行反变换,并通过变换前与反变换后图像的比对,验证了算法的可行性。实验结果证明:该方案成功实现了基于FPGA的La Gell 5/3提升小波变换系统对给定图像的三级快速小波变换,相比较于DSP等硬件电路,更适合于高速图像实时处理的应用。

凝胶推进技术研究进展

凝胶推进技术是指在液体燃料中加入合适的胶凝剂形成三维网络以转变为半固体半液体状态,通过控制推进剂流量实现推力可调的一类推进技术。凝胶推进剂具有比冲大、安全性高和易于储存等优良性能。从凝胶推进剂的胶凝剂种类、流变特性、雾化特性、液滴燃烧特性和应用前景等方面进行了梳理和总结,提出了今后研究的重点并展望了未来发展方向,即制备对外界刺激敏感的凝胶推进剂、改善凝胶推进剂供给环境和雾化模式、建立凝胶推进剂液滴燃烧模型、设计和开发适用于空间任务的凝胶微推进系统等。

热-机械协同活化铜尾矿水化胶凝性能研究

铜尾矿是铜矿经过一系列工艺选矿完成后剩下的颗粒直径较小的沙粒,其堆存会带来诸多环境问题。铜尾矿结晶度高、活性低,许多研究人员探究激发活性后的铜尾矿作为混凝土等材料的辅料,但利用率较低。本文通过热-机械协同活化的方式激发铜尾矿的活性,分析活性铜尾矿水化胶凝性能,依据抗压强度、粒径分布及矿相成分微观结构变化分析水化反应效果。在此基础上,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和电子扫描电镜(SEM)对铜尾矿胶凝性能进行分析。研究结果表明:热-机械协同活化激发铜尾矿活性的力学性能有了很大提升,即铜尾矿在600℃、机械球磨时间80 min条件下,活性由5.60%上升至89.91%,抗压强度为10.87 MPa;XRD和FT-IR进一步分析出活化铜尾矿多处产生了水化C—S—H凝胶、N—A—S—H凝胶、钙矾石等胶凝物质,其形状多呈现絮凝状、棉团状及短棒状。本文研究为铜尾矿的进一步利用提供理论支撑。

酸作用下碳酸盐岩刻蚀形貌及力学性能研究

碳酸盐岩在化学和力学作用下结构及力学特征是该类储层酸压技术有效性评价的重要研究课题。以海相碳酸盐岩为研究对象,开展了20%HCl胶凝酸对碳酸盐岩结构和力学性能影响的室内实验研究。基于矿物组成,将碳酸盐岩划分为灰岩、含云质灰岩、含灰质云岩和云岩4种类型,相对于灰岩的均匀刻蚀,酸在含云质灰岩表面选择性刻蚀,形成蚓蚀刻槽,而含灰质云岩和云岩则以点状刻蚀和沿着结构面侵蚀为主。酸作用前碳酸盐岩具有基质强度主导的剪切破坏特征,而酸作用后改变了岩石内部结构,导致碳酸盐岩更易在拉张应力作用下发生破坏,更容易劈裂破坏或沿结构面破坏。酸作用后碳酸盐岩的宏观强度降幅远大于基质强度降幅,酸液通过侵入岩石内部,在岩石内部形成更多微观缺陷,表现为峰值应力时弹性能占比降低和耗散能占比增加,因此其宏观力学性能劣化是基质强度劣化和内部结构改变共同作用的结果。研究结论对于碳酸盐岩现场酸压实践以及后续生产方案制定提供一定指导。

泡沫凝胶稳定性及其结构演化特征研究

泡沫凝胶是一种高效的煤自燃防治材料,该材料结合了泡沫的流动性和堆积性、凝胶的耐温性等防灭火特性。本文从泡沫凝胶的形成原理、结构演化、稳定性和流动性等阐述了泡沫凝胶的防灭火特征。泡沫凝胶主要由发泡剂、交联剂和水等通过物理发泡和成胶反应后形成,其形成过程分为两个阶段:第一阶段为物理发泡,形成泡沫液;第二阶段将交联剂加入泡沫,通过胶凝反应后生成泡沫凝胶。第一阶段泡沫凝胶主要体现泡沫的流动性和堆积性,第二阶段随着胶体量的增加,泡沫凝胶体现胶体的耐温性,同时可通过交联剂的添加量控制凝胶的成胶时间。泡沫凝胶的基础结构与水基泡沫的结构相同,不同的是凝胶颗粒构成了泡沫凝胶的基础骨架,减缓了重力排液和泡沫歧化速率。泡沫凝胶结构的演化过程包括液膜破裂、成胶和骨架坍塌等,最终形成凝胶层充填遗煤裂隙。泡沫凝胶在采空区中的流动受注浆压力、重力和阻力的综合作用,横向流动速度大于纵向流动速度,其扩散前峰轮廓线为椭球形。本文研究成果为泡沫凝胶的科学应用提供了有力支撑。

两种鱼明胶-离子多糖复合体对带鱼鱼糜冻藏品质的影响

目的探究鱼明胶-离子多糖(fish gelatin-anionic polysaccharide,FG-AP)复合体对带鱼鱼糜冻藏特性的影响。方法以带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)鱼糜为原料,研究FG及FG-黄原胶(xanthan gum,XG)、FG-κ-卡拉胶(κ-carrageenan,κC)两种FG-AP对带鱼鱼糜凝胶的颜色、持水性、凝胶特性和胶体结构的影响。结果添加FG、FG-XG和FG-κC复合体对带鱼鱼糜凝胶冻藏期间的持水性均有积极的改善作用,即冻藏8周后,持水性仍高于60%。质构分析表明,加入FG和FG-AP复合体可显著提高鱼糜凝胶冻藏期间的凝胶强度(P<0.05)。电镜结果分析表明,加入FG和FG-AP后,鱼糜凝胶的网络结构较对照组更加致密,其中FG-κC的网状结构更为致密,且受冷冻储藏时间的影响较小。结论综合色泽、持水性、质构和微观结构分析,FG和FG-AP可提高带鱼鱼糜凝胶的储藏特性影响,其中FG-κC的作用效果更好。

油凝胶替代脂肪的研究及在植物肉饼中的应用

本研究以菜籽油和椰子油为油相,以单甘酯(monoglyceride,MG)、蜂蜡、米糠蜡、巴西棕榈蜡、小烛树蜡(candelilla wax,CLW)为凝胶剂制备油凝胶,探究不同添加量(5%、10%、15%、20%)凝胶剂对油凝胶持油力、质构特性、流变学性质的影响。结果表明,当凝胶剂添加量为15%及以上时,油凝胶的持油力均达到96%以上;MG的融化特性与牛油最为相似,但单一凝胶剂制备的油凝胶难以模仿牛油的质构性质。因此,本实验固定凝胶剂添加量为15%,选用不同质量比的MG和CLW复配制备油凝胶,并用于制备植物肉饼。结果表明,当MG与CLW复配比为3∶7时,油凝胶的质构性质、流变学性质最接近牛油,植物肉饼的感官品质最佳,显示出较好的脂肪替代潜力。

甜菜碱型疏水缔合胶凝剂的制备及其性能评价

当前在碳酸盐岩酸化压裂改造中应用的主要添加剂(胶凝剂)逐渐不能满足储层改造的需要。为此,文中以N-甲基牛黄酸钠、烯丙基氯、棕榈酰氯和三乙胺为原料,在二氯甲烷溶剂中,通过两步法制备出一种含磺酸根离子和季铵盐的甜菜碱型疏水单体(TSM-16);并以TSM-16和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,采用自由基水溶液聚合法合成了一种新型胶凝剂(PAT),且与常规胶凝剂(PAA)进行了综合性能对比。结果表明,相较于PAA,由于PAT具有疏水链段和两性离子基团,它在酸液中表现出更优异的酸稳定性、热稳定性、剪切稳定性和缓速性能,在酸化压裂领域中具有良好的应用前景。