An Improved Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Routing on MANET

A Mobile Ad hoc Network(MANET)is a group of low-power con-sumption of wireless mobile nodes that configure a wireless network without the assistance of any existing infrastructure/centralized organization.The primary aim of MANETs is to extendflexibility into the self-directed,mobile,and wireless domain,in which a cluster of autonomous nodes forms a MANET routing system.An Intrusion Detection System(IDS)is a tool that examines a network for mal-icious behavior/policy violations.A network monitoring system is often used to report/gather any suspicious attacks/violations.An IDS is a software program or hardware system that monitors network/security traffic for malicious attacks,sending out alerts whenever it detects malicious nodes.The impact of Dynamic Source Routing(DSR)in MANETs challenging blackhole attack is investigated in this research article.The Cluster Trust Adaptive Acknowledgement(CTAA)method is used to identify unauthorised and malfunctioning nodes in a MANET environment.MANET system is active and provides successful delivery of a data packet,which implements Kalman Filters(KF)to anticipate node trustworthiness.Furthermore,KF is used to eliminate synchronisation errors that arise during the sending and receiving data.In order to provide an energy-efficient solution and to minimize network traffic,route optimization in MANET by using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization(MOPSO)technique to determine the optimal num-ber of clustered MANET along with energy dissipation in nodes.According to the researchfindings,the proposed CTAA-MPSO achieves a Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR)of 3.3%.In MANET,the PDR of CTAA-MPSO improves CTAA-PSO by 3.5%at 30%malware.

Improved Multi-Path Routing for QoS on MANET

A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork(MANET)is a self-configuring network that is not reliant on infrastructure.This paper introduces a new multipath routing method based on the Multi-Hop Routing(MHR)technique.MHR is the consecutive selection of suitable relay nodes to send information across nodes that are not within direct range of each other.Failing to ensure good MHR leads to several negative consequences,ultimately causing unsuccessful data transmission in a MANET.This research work consists of three portions.The first to attempt to propose an efficient MHR protocol is the design of Priority Based Dynamic Routing(PBDR)to adapt to the dynamic MANET environment by reducing Node Link Failures(NLF)in the network.This is achieved by dynamically considering a node’s mobility parameters like relative velocity and link duration,which enable the next-hop selection.This method works more efficiently than the traditional protocols.Then the second stage is the Improved Multi-Path Dynamic Routing(IMPDR).The enhancement is mainly focused on further improving the Quality of Service(QoS)in MANETs by introducing a QoS timer at every node to help in the QoS routing of MANETs.Since QoS is the most vital metric that assesses a protocol,its dynamic estimation has improved network performance considerably.This method uses distance,linkability,trust,and QoS as the four parameters for the next-hop selection.IMPDR is compared against traditional routing protocols.The Network Simulator-2(NS2)is used to conduct a simulation analysis of the protocols under consideration.The proposed tests are assessed for the Packet Delivery Ratio(PDR),Packet Loss Rate(PLR),End-to-End Delay(EED),and Network Throughput(NT).

Implementation of K-Means Algorithm and Dynamic Routing Protocol in VANET

With the growth of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks,many services delivery is gaining more attention from the intelligent transportation system.However,mobility characteristics of vehicular networks cause frequent disconnection of routes,especially during the delivery of data.In both developed and developing countries,a lot of time is consumed due to traffic congestion.This has significant negative consequences,including driver stress due to increased time demand,decreased productivity for various personalized and commercial vehicles,and increased emissions of hazardous gases especially air polluting gases are impacting public health in highly populated areas.Clustering is one of the most powerful strategies for achieving a consistent topological structure.Two algorithms are presented in this research work.First,a k-means clustering algorithm in which dynamic grouping by k-implies is performed that fits well with Vehicular network’s dynamic topology characteristics.The suggested clustering reduces overhead and traffic management.Second,for inter and intra-clustering routing,the dynamic routing protocol is proposed,which increases the overall Packet Delivery Ratio and decreases the End-to-End latency.Relative to the cluster-based approach,the proposed protocol achieves improved efficiency in terms of Throughput,Packet Delivery Ratio,and End-to-End delay parameters comparing the situations by taking different number of vehicular nodes in the network.

A multi-path routing algorithm of LEO satellite networks based on an improved ant colony system

Geography rectangle is used to reduce signaling overhead of the LEO satellite networks.Moreover,a multi-path routing algorithm based on an improved ant colony system(MPRA-AC) is proposed.Matrix indicating the importance of the link between satellites is introduced into MPRA-AC in order to find the optimal path more quickly.Simulation results show that MPRA-AC reduces the number of iterations to achieve a satisfactory solution.At the same time,the packet delivery ratio of LEO satellite networks when running MPRA-AC and DSR-LSN(dynamic source routing algorithm for LEO satellite networks) is compared.The packet delivery ratio is about 7.9%lower when running DSR-LSN.Moreover,because of the mechanism of active load balancing of MPRA-AC,simulation results show that MPRA-AC outperforms DSR-LSN in link utilization when data packets are transmitted in the networks.

Cross-Layer Hidden Markov Analysis for Intrusion Detection

Ad hoc mobile cloud computing networks are affected by various issues,like delay,energy consumption,flexibility,infrastructure,network lifetime,security,stability,data transition,and link accomplishment.Given the issues above,route failure is prevalent in ad hoc mobile cloud computing networks,which increases energy consumption and delay and reduces stability.These issues may affect several interconnected nodes in an ad hoc mobile cloud computing network.To address these weaknesses,which raise many concerns about privacy and security,this study formulated clustering-based storage and search optimization approaches using cross-layer analysis.The proposed approaches were formed by cross-layer analysis based on intrusion detection methods.First,the clustering process based on storage and search optimization was formulated for clustering and route maintenance in ad hoc mobile cloud computing networks.Moreover,delay,energy consumption,network lifetime,and link accomplishment are highly addressed by the proposed algorithm.The hidden Markov model is used to maintain the data transition and distributions in the network.Every data communication network,like ad hoc mobile cloud computing,faces security and confidentiality issues.However,the main security issues in this article are addressed using the storage and search optimization approach.Hence,the new algorithm developed helps detect intruders through intelligent cross layer analysis with theMarkov model.The proposed model was simulated in Network Simulator 3,and the outcomes were compared with those of prevailing methods for evaluating parameters,like accuracy,end-to-end delay,energy consumption,network lifetime,packet delivery ratio,and throughput.

Effect of Transmission Range on Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol

The necessary background as well as the details of simulation was presented to simulate and evaluate the performance of the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network with the help of the network simulator NS2 using the common transmission range to deliver the data packets at the destination node. The number of participating nodes played an important role to predict the conditions for the best performance of the protocol with respect to throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio, drop packets, consumed and residual energy of the network. Further, the efforts can be put to control the transmission range dynamically and overheads for reducing the energy consumption in the network and improving its lifetime of the nodes and the lifespan of the network.

The Impact of Turbulence on MANET FSO Networks Using NS-3

In this paper, the impact of atmospheric turbulence is investigated and analyzed for the Free Space Optical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (FSO MANET) using the Network Simulator NS-3. The FSO channel random intensity fluctuations have been modeled using the Exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution. Further, the FSO module has been implemented and integrated with NS3 using the FSO propagation model and the FSO error models. The computation of the key performance indicators (KPI) mainly the throughput and the packet delivery ratio (PDR) shows that the network density affects the network performance. Its effect was illustrated for the different turbulence regimes, strong and weak. It is found that the throughput and PDR values decrease as the number of mobile nodes becomes larger. For instance, at 150 kbps and in the presence of strong turbulence with 25, 50, and 75 nodes, the PDRs are 77%, 76%, and 73% respectively. Moreover, the throughput and PDR values in the strong turbulence regime are lower than those in the weak turbulence regime for the same date rate. The throughput in the strong turbulence regime with 75 mobile nodes at the data rate 150 kbps is 2100 kbps while it is 2300 kbps in the weak turbulence mode at the same rate.