In this article, a routing protocol EARP (Energy Aware Routing Protocol) with the terminal node is proposed, to deal with the impact of the limited energy resources of Cognitive Radio Networks on the whole network rou...In this article, a routing protocol EARP (Energy Aware Routing Protocol) with the terminal node is proposed, to deal with the impact of the limited energy resources of Cognitive Radio Networks on the whole network routing. The protocol allows choosing the route from the neighbor nodes in different transmission paths, according to energy consumption of a single node and the full path. If the path breaks, the protocol will increase local routing maintenance strategy. It effectively reduces the retransmission caused by the situation, and improves the routing efficiency. It also can prevent the link transmission process selecting the fault route due to the energy depletion. Through simulation experiments compared with the LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) routing protocol, the results showed that in the same experimental environment, the proposed EARP could obviously balance the load, protect low energy nodes, prolong the network survival time and reduce packet loss rate and packet delay of data delivery. So it can improve the energy consumption of sensing node and provide routing capabilities.展开更多
The necessary background as well as the details of simulation was presented to simulate and evaluate the performance of the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network with the help of t...The necessary background as well as the details of simulation was presented to simulate and evaluate the performance of the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network with the help of the network simulator NS2 using the common transmission range to deliver the data packets at the destination node. The number of participating nodes played an important role to predict the conditions for the best performance of the protocol with respect to throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio, drop packets, consumed and residual energy of the network. Further, the efforts can be put to control the transmission range dynamically and overheads for reducing the energy consumption in the network and improving its lifetime of the nodes and the lifespan of the network.展开更多
Packet dropping in a mobile ad hoc network can manifest itself as the data plane attacks as well as control plane attacks.The former deal with malicious nodes performing packet drop on the data packets following the r...Packet dropping in a mobile ad hoc network can manifest itself as the data plane attacks as well as control plane attacks.The former deal with malicious nodes performing packet drop on the data packets following the route formation and the latter deal with those malicious nodes which either drop or manipulate the control packets to degrade the network performance.The idea of the proposed approach is that during the route establishment,each of the on-path nodes is provided with pre-computed hash values which have to be used to provide a unique acknowledgement value to the upstream neighbor which acts as a proof of the forwarding activity.The analysis phase results in the detection of nodes which exhibited malicious behavior in the current communication session so as to avoid them in the future communication sessions resulting in an improved packet delivery fraction even in the presence of one or more malicious nodes in the network.The communication overhead incurred is minimum since the acknowledgement reports are sent to the destination for a transmission of N packets rather than an individual acknowledgement for each transmitted packet.In contrast to some of the existing techniques,the proposed mechanism is not dependent on the deployment of additional infrastructure like special Intrusion Detection System(IDS)nodes.The only overhead incurred is in the form of control packets exchanged for the reports request and the reports submission.展开更多
飞行自组织网络是由无人机组成的移动自组织网络,其高动态的特性使得网络拓扑结构频繁变化,应用在传统移动自组织网络的路由协议不再适用。因此提出了一种新的基于萤火虫算法(firefly algorithm,FA)的最优化链路状态(optimized link sta...飞行自组织网络是由无人机组成的移动自组织网络,其高动态的特性使得网络拓扑结构频繁变化,应用在传统移动自组织网络的路由协议不再适用。因此提出了一种新的基于萤火虫算法(firefly algorithm,FA)的最优化链路状态(optimized link state routing,OLSR)协议FA-OLSR作为飞行自组织网络的路由协议。FA-OLSR协议通过节点之间的链路持续时间信息和链路质量信息衡量节点之间的链路稳定性,将链路稳定性作为选择多点中继(multipoint relay,MPR)集合的准则。此外,FA-OLSR协议使用萤火虫算法设计OLSR协议的MPR选择机制。仿真结果表明,FA-OLSR协议能够提高数据包的传输成功率、减小数据包传输的端到端时延,更适用于飞行自组织网络。展开更多
文摘In this article, a routing protocol EARP (Energy Aware Routing Protocol) with the terminal node is proposed, to deal with the impact of the limited energy resources of Cognitive Radio Networks on the whole network routing. The protocol allows choosing the route from the neighbor nodes in different transmission paths, according to energy consumption of a single node and the full path. If the path breaks, the protocol will increase local routing maintenance strategy. It effectively reduces the retransmission caused by the situation, and improves the routing efficiency. It also can prevent the link transmission process selecting the fault route due to the energy depletion. Through simulation experiments compared with the LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) routing protocol, the results showed that in the same experimental environment, the proposed EARP could obviously balance the load, protect low energy nodes, prolong the network survival time and reduce packet loss rate and packet delay of data delivery. So it can improve the energy consumption of sensing node and provide routing capabilities.
文摘The necessary background as well as the details of simulation was presented to simulate and evaluate the performance of the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network with the help of the network simulator NS2 using the common transmission range to deliver the data packets at the destination node. The number of participating nodes played an important role to predict the conditions for the best performance of the protocol with respect to throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio, drop packets, consumed and residual energy of the network. Further, the efforts can be put to control the transmission range dynamically and overheads for reducing the energy consumption in the network and improving its lifetime of the nodes and the lifespan of the network.
基金The author would like to thank Deanship of Scientific Research at Majmaah University for supporting this work under Project Number 1439-59.
文摘Packet dropping in a mobile ad hoc network can manifest itself as the data plane attacks as well as control plane attacks.The former deal with malicious nodes performing packet drop on the data packets following the route formation and the latter deal with those malicious nodes which either drop or manipulate the control packets to degrade the network performance.The idea of the proposed approach is that during the route establishment,each of the on-path nodes is provided with pre-computed hash values which have to be used to provide a unique acknowledgement value to the upstream neighbor which acts as a proof of the forwarding activity.The analysis phase results in the detection of nodes which exhibited malicious behavior in the current communication session so as to avoid them in the future communication sessions resulting in an improved packet delivery fraction even in the presence of one or more malicious nodes in the network.The communication overhead incurred is minimum since the acknowledgement reports are sent to the destination for a transmission of N packets rather than an individual acknowledgement for each transmitted packet.In contrast to some of the existing techniques,the proposed mechanism is not dependent on the deployment of additional infrastructure like special Intrusion Detection System(IDS)nodes.The only overhead incurred is in the form of control packets exchanged for the reports request and the reports submission.
文摘飞行自组织网络是由无人机组成的移动自组织网络,其高动态的特性使得网络拓扑结构频繁变化,应用在传统移动自组织网络的路由协议不再适用。因此提出了一种新的基于萤火虫算法(firefly algorithm,FA)的最优化链路状态(optimized link state routing,OLSR)协议FA-OLSR作为飞行自组织网络的路由协议。FA-OLSR协议通过节点之间的链路持续时间信息和链路质量信息衡量节点之间的链路稳定性,将链路稳定性作为选择多点中继(multipoint relay,MPR)集合的准则。此外,FA-OLSR协议使用萤火虫算法设计OLSR协议的MPR选择机制。仿真结果表明,FA-OLSR协议能够提高数据包的传输成功率、减小数据包传输的端到端时延,更适用于飞行自组织网络。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60473082(国家自然科学基金)the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No.2003CB314801(国家重点基础研究发展计划(973))
