New Nonparametric Rank-Based Tests for Paired Data

We propose a new nonparametric test based on the rank difference between the paired sample for testing the equality of the marginal distributions from a bivariate distribution. We also consider a modification of the novel nonparametric test based on the test proposed by Baumgartern, Weiβ, and Schindler (1998). An extensive numerical power comparison for various parametric and nonparametric tests was conducted under a wide range of bivariate distributions for small sample sizes. The two new nonparametric tests have comparable power to the paired t test for the data simulated from bivariate normal distributions, and are generally more powerful than the paired t test and other commonly used nonparametric tests in several important bivariate distributions.

The differences and similarities between two-sample t-test and paired t-test

临床研究中经常遇到比较实验组和对照组之间的结果。双样本t检验(又称为独立样本t检验)和配对t检验可能是运用于比较两个样本之间均值的最广泛的统计方法。然而,这两种方法的运用会产生混淆,从而导致使用不当。本文中,我们讨论了这两种t检验之间的异同性,并运用三个范例来阐述双样本t检验和配对t检验的计算过程。

Research on Herb Pairs of Classical Formulae of ZHANG ZhongJing Using Big Data Technology

Objective To analyze various herbal combinations in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases(Shang Han Lun,《伤寒论》)and Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber(Jin Gui Yao Lve,《金匮要略》),seeking to identify fundamental rules dictating the selection of herbal combinations through probability models and big data technology.Methods A total of 252 formulae were collected from Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases(Shang Han Lun,《伤寒论》)and Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber(Jin Gui Yao Lve,《金匮要略》)by ZHANG Zhong-Jing.Formulae were then preprocessed with all herb names standardized.The concepts of candidate herb pair and candidate herb pair probability were proposed to analyze the rules of combinations in classical formulae based on probability statistics.MapReduce parallel computing framework of distributed big data technology was adopted to analyze large data samples combined with inverted index algorithm.Results The results showed that the core herbs were Glycyrrhizae Radix Rhizoma(Gan Cao,甘草),Cinnamomi Ramulus(Gui Zhi,桂枝),Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens(Sheng Jiang,生姜),Jujubae Fructus(Da Zao,大枣),Paeoniae Radix Alba(Bai Shao,白芍),etc.43 high-frequency pairs co-occurring 10 times or above were extracted,and 35 of these combinations were recognized as traditional herb pairs,such as Cinnamomi Ramulus(Gui Zhi,桂枝)-Glycyrrhizae Radix Rhizoma(Gan Cao,甘草),Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens(Sheng Jiang,生姜)-Jujubae Fructus(Da Zao,大枣),and Cinnamomi Ramulus(Gui Zhi,桂枝)-Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma(Ren Shen,人参).The other 8 pairs of combinations,such as Paeoniae Radix Alba(Bai Shao,白芍)-Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens(Sheng Jiang,生姜),Paeoniae Radix Alba(Bai Shao,白芍)-Jujubae Fructus(Da Zao,大枣),and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens(Sheng Jiang,生姜)-Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma(Ren Shen,人参),were not defined traditionally,but in connection with commonly used herbs.Classical formulae took the core herbs as principles,focusing on tonifying deficiency,strengthening the spleen and the stomach,strengthening the healthy Qi,and eliminating pathogenic factors.The compatibility pattern of properties involved was mainly acrid and sweet,which reflected the compatibility laws of benefiting Qi and tonifying Yang,replenishing Qi and nourishing blood,etc.Conclusions The research of classical formulae provides common understanding of some basic rules that have been adopted to tackle common illnesses/diseases using herbal medicine.The results help to reinforce theoretical understanding and development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),and revealing the hidden rules of combination in TCM data.Analyzing wider data samples of various herbal combinations through computation and big data technology can further optimize the use of TCM.

Reversible Data Hiding Based on Greedy Pairing Prediction-Error Expansion

Reversible data hiding(RDH)is a method to embed messages into an image that human eyes are difficult to recognize the differences between the original image and the embedded image.The method needs to make sure that the original image and the embedded information can be exactly recovered.The prediction-error expansion(PEE)is a successful way to realize RDH.However,it is fixed when pairing the conventional twodimensional prediction-error histogram(2D-PEH).So,the embedding capacity(EC)and embedding distortion(ED)are not satisfactory.In this study,we propose a method called greedy pairing prediction-error expansion(GPPEE)based on pairwise RDH and demonstrate GPPEE can achieve a more efficient embedding goal and reduce ED.

基于“C藤”Pair Copula的高维OLAP查询建模方法研究

信息爆炸造成的数据仓库维度的急剧增加,大大影响了OLAP查询模型的精度和效率。首次将数理统计学中的"C藤"Pair Copula引入到OLAP查询建模的研究中,有效地解决了高维OLAP查询建模时的"维数灾难"问题,并设计了针对该模型的参数估计方法以提取数据概要知识。实验分析表明与传统方法相比,基于Pair Copula方法的模型可以在保证OLAP的查询精度的基础上减少数据立方体的存储空间,并且在高维数据环境下具有更高的查询效率。

基于集对分析的半监督ISODATA聚类

提出一个基于集对分析的半监督ISODATA聚类算法,用于网络异常检测。在三方面进行了改进:首先,算法能够直接处理字符数字混合属性的数据,并使用集对分析来计算数据记录之间的距离;其次,算法同时处理有标号和无标号的数据,并利用少量的有标号数据来指导算法的分裂过程;最后,将算法的输入参数减少到只有两个。在KDD99入侵检测数据集上的实验结果显示,该算法获得了95.62%的检测率和1.29%的误报率。

Information mining and similarity computation for semi-/un-structured sentences from the social data

In recent years,with the development of the social Internet of Things(IoT),all kinds of data accumulated on the network.These data,which contain a lot of social information and opinions.However,these data are rarely fully analyzed,which is a major obstacle to the intelligent development of the social IoT.In this paper,we propose a sentence similarity analysis model to analyze the similarity in people’s opinions on hot topics in social media and news pages.Most of these data are unstructured or semi-structured sentences,so the accuracy of sentence similarity analysis largely determines the model’s performance.For the purpose of improving accuracy,we propose a novel method of sentence similarity computation to extract the syntactic and semantic information of the semi-structured and unstructured sentences.We mainly consider the subjects,predicates and objects of sentence pairs and use Stanford Parser to classify the dependency relation triples to calculate the syntactic and semantic similarity between two sentences.Finally,we verify the performance of the model with the Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus(MRPC),which consists of 4076 pairs of training sentences and 1725 pairs of test sentences,and most of the data came from the news of social data.Extensive simulations demonstrate that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods regarding the correlation coefficient and the mean deviation.

Medication Rules of Hub Herb Pairs for Insomnia and Mechanism of Action:Results of Data Mining,Network Pharmacology,and Molecular Docking

Objective To explore the medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and mechanism of action of hub herb pairs for treating insomnia.Methods Totally 104 prescriptions were statistically analyzed.The association rule algorithm was applied to mine the hub herb pairs.Network pharmacology was utilized to analyze the mechanism of the hub herb pairs,while molecular docking was applied to simulate the interaction between receptors and herb molecules,thereby predicting their binding affinities.Results The most frequently used herbs in TCM prescriptions for treating insomnia included Semen Ziziphi Spinosae,Radix Glycyrrhizae,Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng,and Poria cum Radix Pini.Among them,the most commonly used were the supplementing herbs,followed by heat-clearing,mind-calming,and exterior-releasing ones,with their properties of warm and cold,flavors of sweet,Pungent,and bitter,and meridian tropisms of liver,lungs,spleen,kidneys,heart,and stomach.The hub herb pairs based on the association rules included Radix Astragali-Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng,Rhizoma Chuanxiong-Radix Glycyrrhizae,Seman Platycladi-Semen Ziziphi Spinosae,Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae-Radix Glycyrrhizae,Radix Polygalae-Semen Ziziphi Spinosae,and Radix Astragali-Semen Ziziphi Spinosae.Network pharmacology revealed that the cAMP signaling pathway might play a key role in treating insomnia synergistically with HIF-1 signaling pathway,prolactin signaling pathway,chemical carcinogenesis receptor activation,and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.Molecular docking indicated that there was good binding between the active ingredients of the hub herb pairs and the hub targets.Conclusions This study identified six hub herb pairs for treating insomnia in TCM.These hub herb pairs may synergistically treat insomnia with HIF-1 signaling pathway,prolactin signaling pathway,chemical carcinogenesis receptor activation,and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway through the cAMP signaling pathway.

“Astragali Radix−Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma”herb pair in the treatment of liver cirrhosis and its pharmacological mechanisms

Objective:Liver cirrhosis is a disease that seriously damages human health.Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)formulae have a good therapeutic effect on cirrhosis,and the herb pair is the smallest unit in formula compatibility,which is important for improving the therapeutic effect.Therefore,identifying core herb pairs among TCM formulae is key.Methods:We mined the data of TCM formulae for the treatment of cirrhosis in the China National Intellectual Property Administration for the first time and analyzed their herb characteristics and association rules.We screened 405 patented TCM formulae,including 953 herbs.Based on frequency statistics and association rules,we determined“Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma”as the core herb pair.Results:Six active compounds,Isorhamnetin,Formononetin,Calycosin,Cryptotanshinone,Dihydrotanshinone I,and Tanshinone II A,were screened out based on previous studies and network pharmacology.We found that SRC,TP53,HSP90AA1,MAPK3,MAPK1,and STAT3 played pivotal roles in treating cirrhosis.Interestingly,molecular docking indicated that MAPK3 might be a potential pharmacological target for cirrhosis.Conclusion:We preliminarily predicted and verified the pharmacological and molecular mechanism of“Astragali Radix-Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma”in treating cirrhosis.This can expand the scope of TCM in the treatment of cirrhosis,guide people to use clinical formulae,and provide valuable insights for further drug discovery studies.

Analysis on the Medication Law of Drug Pair Acorus Tatarinowii-Polygala Tenuifolia Based on the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions

Objective:Using data mining method to dig and sort out the prescriptions with Acorus tatarinowiiPolygala tenuifolia drug pair,and summarize the medication characteristics and compatibility of their prescriptions after preliminary screening.Methods:By searching the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions,a standardized database of prescriptions was established,and the properties,tastes and meridian tropism of prescriptions were classified,and the indications of prescriptions and core combinations of traditional Chinese medicines were analyzed.Results:178 prescriptions were collected,of which 210 were related.Most of the drugs were warm in nature and sweet in taste,and mainly return to the heart and kidney meridians.Under the same confidence and different support,the core drug combination for treating brain diseases was Acorus tatarinowiiPolygala tenuifolia-Ginseng,and the core drug combination for treating asthenia was Acorus tatarinowii-Poria cocos-Rehmannia glutinosa-Polygala tenuifolia.Conclusion:The compatibility characteristics of the prescriptions containing Acorus Tatarinowii and Polygala tenuifolia in the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions are remarkable,which provides reference for scientific guidance of clinical rational drug use and basic research of prescriptions containing Acorus tatarinowii and Polygala tenuifolia.

治疗脾胃病的含救必应药对对溃疡性结肠炎的治疗作用

目的分析治疗脾胃病的含救必应药对对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的治疗作用。方法(1)在中国知网数据库和万方数据知识服务平台中检索使用救必应治疗脾胃病的临床研究,收集其临床处方。应用数据挖掘技术分析治疗脾胃病的含救必应核心药对。(2)选择90只小鼠,将其随机分为正常组、模型组、救必应组及6组救必应药对组,每组10只。除正常组外,给予其余组小鼠饮用3%葡聚糖硫酸钠以建立UC模型,同时给予各给药组小鼠灌胃1.8 g/kg的相应药物,连续灌胃6 d,1次/d。在实验期间记录各组小鼠的一般症状,实验第7天观察其结肠外观、病理改变,检测其结肠组织Occludin蛋白、抗黏蛋白2(MUC2)、ATOH1蛋白的表达水平。结果(1)共获得6组含救必应的核心药对,分别为救必应-白芍、救必应-白术、救必应-茯苓、救必应-蒲公英、救必应-柴胡、救必应-党参。(2)与正常组比较,模型组小鼠的结肠长度缩短,体重下降率、疾病活动指数(DAI)及肺脏系数升高,结肠组织中MUC2、ATOH1和Occludin的蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,救必应-党参组小鼠体重下降率降低,救必应组、救必应-白芍组及救必应-党参组小鼠的结肠长度增加,救必应组、救必应-茯苓组及救必应-党参组小鼠的DAI降低,救必应组及救必应-白芍组小鼠的肺脏系数降低(P<0.05);救必应组及救必应-白芍组、救必应-柴胡组、救必应-党参组小鼠结肠组织黏膜下层水肿及炎症细胞浸润有所改善,救必应-白术组、救必应-茯苓组、救必应-蒲公英组小鼠结肠的黏液屏障损伤有所改善;救必应组MUC2、ATOH1和Occludin的蛋白表达水平上调,救必应-白术组、救必应-茯苓组、救必应-蒲公英组和救必应-党参组MUC2的蛋白表达水平上调,救必应-白芍能组ATOH1的蛋白表达水平上调,救必应-白术组Occludin的蛋白表达水平上调(P<0.05)。与救必应组相比,救必应-党参组的结肠长度增加,救必应-党参组及救必应-白芍药组对结肠病理改变的改善作用更为明显,救必应-白术组MUC2的蛋白表达水平更高(P<0.05)。结论救必应治疗脾胃病常用配伍药物为白芍、白术、茯苓、蒲公英、柴胡和党参。大多数含救必应药对可不同程度地改善UC小鼠模型的一般症状、病理表现及黏膜屏障蛋白的表达,其中,救必应-党参药对在改善结肠短缩及结肠病理改变方面均优于单用救必应,而救必应-白术药对在上调MUC2蛋白表达方面优于单用救必应。

Architecture and Methodology of Unit Testing Embedding Pair-Wise Mode for Small Team

In this paper, the new organization for unit testing embedding pair-wise mode is proposed with the core thought focused on the cooperation of programmer and tester by “cross-testing”. The typical content of unit testing for the new organizing mode should have three aspects, including self-checking, cross-testing and independent-testing. For cross-testing, executing “pair-wise” mode, mainly tackles data testing, function testing and state testing, which function testing must be done by details and state testing must be considered for completeness. With the specializing of independent-testing, it should be taken as more rigid testing without arbitrariness. Consequently, strategy and measure are addressed for data testing focusing on boundary testing and function/state testing. And organizing method of procedure and key points of tackling unit testing are investigated for the new organizing mode. In order to assess the validity of our study and approach, a series of actual examples are demonstrated for GUI software. The result indicates that the execution of unit testing for the new organizing mode is effective and applicable.

融合共现和语义信息的药对提取方法研究及应用

目的针对处方数据特点,提出一种融合共现和语义信息的药对提取算法。方法将处方数据转化为矩阵数据,计算药物之间的关联信息作为初始筛选指标,再根据处方数据构建词向量,计算药物之间的语义相似度,作为第二筛选指标,从而提取潜在药对。将本文算法与经典的Apriori算法分别对1090条肺癌门诊处方用药数据进行实验,对比分析实验提取结果,从而验证本算法提取的有效性及实用性。结果与Apriori算法相比,本算法提取药对效果较好,可以在药物频次相差较大的情况下合理地缩小潜在药对选择范围,此外对阈值结果进行比对,针对本文数据根据数量变化与专家经验,分别推出两组建议阈值,在推荐阈值设置的范围下分别成功提取出医案中的88组与33组药对。结论词频结合语义信息用于筛选潜在药对的方法是可行且有效的,可为中医临床处方用药经验挖掘提供方法参考。

半配对的多模态询问哈希方法

多模态哈希能够将异构的多模态数据转化为联合的二进制编码串。由于其具有低存储成本、快速的汉明距离排序的优点,已经在大规模多媒体检索中受到了广泛的关注。现有的多模态哈希方法假设所有的询问数据都具备完整的多种模态信息以生成它们的联合哈希码。然而,实际应用中很难获得全完整的多模态信息,针对存在模态信息缺失的半配对询问场景,该文提出一种新颖的半配对询问哈希(SPQH),以解决半配对的询问样本的联合编码问题。首先,提出的方法执行投影学习和跨模态重建学习以保持多模态数据间的语义一致性。然后,标签空间的语义相似结构信息和多模态数据间的互补信息被有效地捕捉以学习判别性的哈希函数。在询问编码阶段,通过学习到的跨模态重构矩阵为未配对的样本数据补全缺失的模态特征,然后再经习得的联合哈希函数生成哈希特征。相比最先进的基线方法,在Pascal Sentence,NUS-WIDE和IAPR TC-12数据集上的平均检索精度提高了2.48%。实验结果表明该算法能够有效编码半配对的多模态询问数据,取得了优越的检索性能。

基于区块链和聚合签名的可穿戴设备数据共享方案

可穿戴设备可以收集并共享数据来为健康监测、医学研究等提供帮助。区块链具有去中心化和不可篡改性,保证了共享数据在存储中的安全性,然而,在数据传输过程中仍面临潜在攻击者篡改伪造数据的问题。针对上述问题,提出了一种星际文件系统(interplanetary file system, IPFS)结合区块链的架构以提升区块链效率,解决存储空间不足问题;设计了一种基于椭圆曲线的无证书无配对聚合签名方案,在数据上链前对其进行签名,实现了高效安全的数据传输。安全性分析证明所提签名方案可以防范大部分攻击;性能分析表明该方案相较于现有方案具有更低的计算开销和通信开销。

基于工况参数信息的摩擦界面形貌反演

为优化湿式离合器设计,增强传动系统可靠性,并为工程研究与应用提供基础数据,以湿式离合器为研究对象,设计通用机械性能测试仪(universal mechanical testing machine,UMT)摩擦磨损试验机盘-盘实验,在给定工况下应用循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)算法,构建了湿式离合器摩擦元件三维微界面形貌反演模型。通过对比11组工况下的真实值和反演值,验证了RNN反演模型的准确性,其中测试工况的平均绝对百分比误差为4.04%,决定系数为0.9806。最后,借助反演模型分析了转速和压力2个工况参数对界面形貌特征的影响,湿式摩擦副界面形貌受压力的影响较为显著。

基于循环相关熵估计海流计多普勒频移

声学多普勒海流计基于脉冲对算法允许非侵入式高分辨率速度测量,但在稀流和稠流环境下由于低散射和多次散射的原因,其回波信号通常信噪比较低,导致多普勒频移估计变得困难。为了更好地估计回波信号的多普勒频移,文章在脉冲对算法的基础上,引入循环域信号处理方法,并建立了最大循环相关熵算法来估计多普勒频移。根据海流计的硬件结构及其基本工作原理建立了海流计的相干散射回波仿真模型和实验样机,利用仿真数据和实验数据对脉冲对算法和最大循环相关熵算法进行测试。测试结果表明,与脉冲对算法相比,所提出的最大循环相关熵算法不仅在低信噪比时有着更好的多普勒频移估计效果,而且在瞬时速度估计方面也有很大的潜力。

基于集对分析理论的多传感器数据融合方法

现代战争对信息的准确性以及全面性都提出了更高的要求。而多传感器数据融合不仅能够提供比单一传感器更加准确的信息,而且能够提供比单一传感器更加完整的信息。论文以多元概率信息合并为依据,以集对分析理论为基础,提出了基于集对分析理论的多传感器数据融合方法。通过文中实例验证,该方法能够较好地解决多传感器数据融合问题。

新一代单对线以太网NG-SPE技术及在流程工业数据通信中的应用

回顾了流程工业两线制通信技术的发展历程,包括4~20mA,HART,RS-485和新兴的APL/10BASE-T1L单对线以太网通信技术,以及各自的优缺点、面临的问题和后续的演进方向;重点介绍了新一代单对线以太网NG-SPE技术,以及该技术在带宽、距离、节点数和供电四个方面的均衡表现。通过与其他主流单对线技术对比后表明,新一代单对线以太网NG-SPE技术可实现在1km内,通信速率为100Mibit/s的数据传输,15节点接入,点到多点供电,并支持多种线缆和拓扑结构,可应用于流程工业、物联等领域,取代低速总线,利用已有线缆,实现高速远距离总线通信。

基于数据挖掘探析远志厚朴配伍的临床运用思路及原理

目的:挖掘含远志-厚朴的方剂,统计用药规律并探讨临床运用思路。方法:收集含有远志-厚朴的方剂并建立方剂数据库,对其源流、主治疾病、病理因素、用药特点等进行频次分析、聚类分析、关联规则分析、绘制关联规则网络图。结果:共收集符合纳排标准的方剂73首,涉及病理因素14种,以虚和痰湿为主。主治疾病58种,涉及气血津液系、心系、脾胃系、肢体经络系疾病。共包含292种中药,高频中药(频次≥30)有肉桂、茯苓等,药性以性温,味辛、甘、苦为主。远志与厚朴多为等量配伍,平均用量都远超《中国药典》的范围。结论:含远志-厚朴的方剂可治疗内、外、妇、儿诸科诸多疾病。尤能治疗痰湿与虚共见、心与脾胃病共见的疾病,推荐在《药典》规范内厚朴用量等于远志使用。