Structural Relationships along a Neoarchean Arc-Continent Collision Zone, North China Craton

The Archean North China Craton is composed of the Western Block,Eastern Block and the intervening Central Orogenic Belt.A 4-10 km wide and 85 km long tectonic mélange belt informally called the Zanhuang tectonic

Numerical Modeling of Basin-Range Tectonics Related to Continent-Continent Collision

Continent-continent collision is the most important driving mechanism for the occurrence of various geological processes in the continental lithosphere. How to recognize and determine continent-continent collision, especially its four-dimensional temporal-spatial evolution, is a subject that geological communities have long been concerned about and studied. Continent-continent collision is mainly manifested by strong underthrusting (subduction) of the underlying block along an intracontinental subduction zone and continuous obduction (thrusting propagation) of the overlying block along the intracontinental subduction zone, the occurrence of a basin-range tectonic framework in a direction perpendicular to the subduction zone and the flexure and disruption of the Moho. On the basis of numerical modeling, the authors discuss in detail the couplings between various amounts and rates of displacement caused by basin subsidence, mountain uplift and Moho updoming and downflexure during obduction (thrusting propagation) and subduction and the migration pattern of basin centers. They are probably indications or criteria for judgment or determination of continent-continent collision.

On Continent-Continent Point-Collision and Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism

Up to now it is known that almost all ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism of non-impact origin occurred in continent-continent collisional orogenic belt, as has been evidenced by many outcrops in the eastern hemisphere. UHP metamorphic rocks are represented by coesite- and diamond-bearing eclogites and eclogite facies metamorphic rocks formed at 650-800℃ and 2.6-3.5 GPa, and most of the protoliths of UHP rocks are volcanic-sedimentary sequences of continental crust. From these it may be deduced that deep subduction of continental crust may have occurred. However, UHP rocks are exposed on the surface or occur near the surface now, which implies that they have been exhumed from great depths. The mechanism of deep subduction of continental crust and subsequent exhumation has been a hot topic of the research on continental dynamics, but there are divergent views. The focus of the dispute is how deep continental crust is subducted so that UHP rocks can be formed and what mechanism causes it to be subducted to great depths and again exhumed to the shallow surface. Through an analysis of the continental process and mechanical boundary conditions of the Dabie collisional belt-an UHP metamorphic belt where the largest area of UHP rocks in the world is exposed, this paper discusses the variations of viscous stresses and average pressure in the viscous fluid caused by tectonism with rock physical properties and the contribution of the tectonic stresses to production of UHP. Calculation indicates that the anomalous stress state on the irregular boundary of a continental block may give rise to stress concentration and accumulation at local places (where the compressional stress may be 5-9 times higher than those in their surroundings). The tectonic stresses may account for 20-35% of the total UHP. So we may infer that the HP (nigh-pressure)-UHP rocks in the Dabie Mountains were formed at depths of 60-80 km. Thus the authors propose a new genetic model of UHP rocks-the point-collision model. This model conforms to the basic principles of the mechanics and also to the geologic records and process in the Dabie orogenic belt. It can explain why UHP rocks do nol exist along the entire length of the collisional orogen but occur in some particular positions. The authors also propose that the eastern and western corners of the Himalaya collision zone are typical point-collision areas and that almost all UHP metamorphism of continental crustal rocks occurred in the two particular positions.

A Paleogeographic and Depositional Model for the Neogene Fluvial Succession, Pishin Belt, Northwest Pakistan: Effect of Post Collisional Tectonics on Sedimentation in a Peripheral Foreland Setting

Detailed facies analysis of the Neogene successions of the Pishin Belt （Katawaz Basin） has enabled documentation of successive depositional systems and paleogeographic settings of the basin formed by the collision of the northwestern continental margin of the Indian Plate and the Afghan Block. During the Early Miocene, subaerial sedimentation started after the final closure of the Katawaz Remnant Ocean. Based on detailed field data, twelve facies were recognized in Neogene successions exposed in the Pishin Belt. These facies were further organized into four facies associations i.e. channels, crevasse splay, natural levee and floodplain facies associations. Facies associations and variations provided ample evidence to recognize a number of fluvial architectural components in the succession e.g., low-sinuosity sandy braided river, mixed-load meandering, high-sinuosity meandering channels, single-story sandstone and/or conglomerate channels, lateral accretion surfaces （point bars） and alluvial fans. Neogene sedimentation in the Pishin Belt was mainly controlled by active tectonism and thrusting in response to the oblique collision of the Indian Plate with the Afghan Block of the Eurasian Plate along the Chaman-Nushki Fault. Post Miocene deformation of these formations successively caused them to contribute as an additional source terrain for the younger formations.

基于改进快速行进平方法的无人帆船动态避碰方法

[目的]为解决无人帆船在开阔水域的多船避碰问题,对基于改进快速行进平方(IFMS)法的局部动态避碰算法进行研究。[方法]考虑到帆船的速度不可控,将其避碰行为转化为航向控制问题,并以总势场梯度下降方向为期望避碰航向。当帆船没有碰撞危险或顺风航行时,仅通过构造时间势场来避开所有静止不规则障碍并到达目标点;而当帆船存在航行约束时,根据《国际海上避碰规则》(COLREGS)为特定会遇场景设计高斯似然函数用以动态地构建障碍势场。同时,考虑到帆船的航行死区,引入局部风势场,实现帆船动态避碰与“之”字形航行策略相结合的应用需求。[结果]结果显示,所提算法可以使无人帆船在遵守避碰规则和避免航行死区的同时,成功地在各种会遇场景下实现与其他帆船、受限机动船的避碰操作,相比原始快速行进平方(FMS)算法,逆风航行时间大大缩短,避碰航迹也更加合理、安全。[结论]所提方法符合帆船运动特性及避碰规则,在复杂环境下具有较高的安全性和鲁棒性,对无人帆船自主避障技术发展具有一定的科学价值。

非通航孔桥梁防船撞系统恒阻力装置研究

为给非通航孔桥梁防船撞系统拦截过程提供稳定持续的阻力,提出了一种利用耗能索持续协同大变形和连续破断输出稳定阻力的恒阻力装置。恒阻力装置由主绳、耗能索、破断环及其它连接件组成,与自适应浮筒、拦截网、系泊浮体等装置共同组成非通航孔桥梁自适应恒阻力船舶拦阻系统,有效拦截偏航船舶,保护非通航孔桥梁和来撞船舶的安全。通过理论分析研究该装置的阻力输出特性,建立该装置的阻力输出力学模型与计算方法,并通过拉伸破坏试验验证计算方法的准确性,进一步对影响装置阻力输出的耗能索的初始间距、长度及伸长率进行分析。结果表明:恒阻力装置能够有效地输出稳定且持续的阻力;耗能索初始间距越小,恒阻力装置阻力输出越大,阻力输出越稳定;耗能索长度或伸长率越大,恒阻力装置阻力输出越大,阻力输出越稳定。该装置已应用于力洋港大桥非通航孔区桥梁防撞中,有效地保护了大桥的安全。

复杂行星表面着陆避障增广曲率制导方法

针对复杂行星表面安全着陆问题,提出避障增广曲率制导方法。在基本曲率制导律的基础上引入障碍规避增广项。该方法利用着陆器着陆空间区域划分的思想,在障碍附近易发生碰撞区域建立膨胀预警区,基于膨胀预警区推导连续解析的障碍规避制导律,在满足几何凸轨迹状态约束的同时,考虑着陆器与障碍的相对位置关系,能够快速引导着陆器远离障碍,提高着陆器着陆过程中的安全性。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效规避复杂行星表面的地形障碍,实现在行星表面定点软着陆,具有良好的灵活性和可靠性。

Structural and Geochronological Evidence for Multiple Episodes of Tertiary Deformation along the Ailaoshan-Red River Shear Zone, Southeastern Asia, Since the Paleocene

Structural analyses show that the Ailaoshan-Red River shear zone （ASRRSZ） in Ailao Mountain is composed of three different deformational domains. These domains may represent three episodes of left-lateral slip experienced by the ASRRSZ. The first episode of such deformation occurred throughout the eastern high-grade belt of the ASRRSZ under a transtensional regime and produced L- type tectonites of amphibolite grade. The second episode of left-lateral slip formed high strain zones overprinting the high-grade belt. Its deformational mechanism is similar to simple shear and the deformed rocks are L-S mylonites of greenschist grade. The third episode of left-lateral slip took place chiefly in a western low-grade belt of the ASRRSZ. This deformation occurred in a transpressional regime, formed an overall structure pattern of a sinistral thrust system and produced phyllonites of low-greenschist grade. Geochronological data indicated that the three episodes of left-lateral slip happened before ～58-56 Ma, at least from ～27 Ma to 22 Ma and at ～13-12 Ma respectively. The first episode of slip in the ASRRSZ appeared to correspond to the initial collision of India and Asia at ～60 Ma. The second episode took place almost at the same time as the most intensive compression and uplift in Tibet. The latest event might represent a further eastward material flow in Tibet after ～16-13 Ma. Thus, the ASRRSZ of southeastern Asia probably experienced three main episodes of Tertiary left- lateral slip in the course of intracontinental convergence since the India-Asia collision.

Set methods of left-turn waiting zone at signalized intersection

To maximize the number of vehicles passing by the stop-line in a cycle and improve the operation efficiency of intersection in China,the settlement of left-turn lane waiting-zone is becoming prevailing. Based on conflicting-point method,the internal mechanism of left-turn flow after stopping line was analyzed through taking postposition left-turn lane waiting-zone intersection for instance. The relationship between the first left-turn vehicle and the last vehicle of previous phase passing the conflicting point was expounded. According to the time of successive arriving of two vehicle flows at conflicting-point,the reasonable layout for waiting area of left-turn vehicles was researched when the clearance index was less than 0. The results suggest that the appropriate layout for waiting area of left-turning vehicles can improve the operation efficiency of intersections.

基于内聚力模型的飞机风挡与无人机碰撞仿真及试验验证

为有效支持无人机撞击飞机仿真分析,降低试验研究成本,开展无人机与某型运输类飞机风挡碰撞试验及有限元仿真方法研究。研究建立符合实际尺寸和曲面构型的风挡和无人机的建模方法;考虑到碰撞后风挡玻璃的裂纹萌生和扩展的不可预测性和复杂性,通过Python二次开发在风挡模型中玻璃单元间及玻璃层与胶层间嵌入零厚度内聚力单元,研究给出基于固有内聚力的风挡玻璃有限元模型。研究发现,对应工况的仿真结果与试验结果基本一致,证明内聚力模型应用在该仿真中的有效性。同时相对于常规的单元删除法,基于内聚力模型的仿真结果更加接近试验结果,证明所建立方法的精度更高。

印度-欧亚板块主碰撞带全地壳尺度相互作用关系研究

印度板块自新生代早期开始沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带向北与欧亚板块碰撞以来,印度板块的深俯冲过程一直是大家关注的焦点,而垂向上主碰撞带全地壳尺度由深及浅的相互作用关系研究程度相对较弱,主要归咎于之前缺少全地壳尺度高分辨率数据资料,从而也阻碍了对主碰撞带巨厚地壳成因机制及深部地球动力学过程的了解。在本次研究中,分别基于横穿主碰撞带中部和东部的180 km及100 km长的深反射地震剖面进行精细构造地球物理学分析,揭示了主碰撞带全地壳尺度由深及浅的相互作用关系:(1)横向上,印度板块下地壳存在北向俯冲,且俯冲前缘有限的存在于南拉萨地体南缘。上覆的南拉萨地体则出现透明反射结构和中拉萨地体统一北倾的反射结构。(2)垂向上,印度地壳主要表现下地壳俯冲、中上地壳双冲构造回返结构。南拉萨地体四分之三的地壳表现为透明反射。占据另外四分之一的上地壳顶部表现为统一的南倾结构形态;中拉萨地体则以下地壳北倾、上地壳上拱反射结构为主。三者皆在垂向上出现差异性变形。(3)主碰撞带上地壳顶部表现为统一的后展式顶板逆冲推覆构造,该逆冲推覆系统可一直从南拉萨地体北边界的洛巴堆—米拉山断裂向南越过南倾的雅江缝合带延伸至北喜马拉雅穹窿背斜北翼。结合大地电磁数据所揭示的南拉萨地体高熔体百分比区域沿俯冲印度下地壳顶边界发生的南移现象,研究结果揭示南拉萨地体巨厚地壳主要由新特提斯构造域幕式岩浆作用所形成的新生地壳物质易挤压变形引起。同时,南拉萨地体幕式岩浆作用在印度与欧亚板块的相互碰撞作用过程中发生了热量的向南运移。该过程引发北喜马拉雅构造带深熔作用的同时减弱了北喜马拉雅构造带地壳机械强度,从而使中上地壳物质的双冲构造回返主要表现为短波长背型堆垛结构,并垂向增厚了俯冲印度地壳厚度。同时,背型堆垛构造形变过程所导致的北喜马拉雅穹窿带的加速出露给主碰撞带区域上地壳顶部带来北向的构造挤压推覆作用,最终使主碰撞带区域在北喜马拉雅穹窿区域以北展现为统一的后展式顶板逆冲推覆结构构造。印度-欧亚板块主碰撞带的圈层相互关系是造成该区域巨厚地壳的关键,其上地壳顶板逆冲推覆过程亦降低了主碰撞区域的地形起伏。

考虑车队速度反馈机制的高速公路事故区交通流仿真研究

针对高速公路事故瓶颈处拥堵严重的问题,提出利用自动驾驶车队进行速度控制,以缓解交通拥堵,提升安全性.首先,基于车联网(Vehicle-to-Everything,V2X)技术中的基本安全信息(Basic Safety Message,BSM)数据,设计高速公路事故瓶颈处网联自动驾驶车速度反馈机制.其次,构建考虑车队速度反馈机制的元胞自动机模型,引入考虑通行优势的多车道换道模型,以更加真实地刻画车辆在事故区的换道行为.最后,基于提出模型,对低、中、高3类交通量等级和封锁车道、区段限速两类事故场景的人类车和自动驾驶车混合流交通分别进行模拟仿真.研究结果表明:速度反馈机制可以提升约7%~43%的预碰撞时间,并且有效缩小事故影响范围,使车辆更加平稳、安全地通过事故瓶颈区域.

西藏那曲地区早白垩世A型花岗岩成因及其构造意义

班公湖-怒江缝合带及其两侧广泛分布早白垩世岩浆岩,它们是班公湖-怒江洋俯冲消减及拉萨地块与南羌塘地块碰撞过程的直接响应,为研究特提斯大洋演化、青藏高原早期陆块聚合提供了重要素材。本文报道了班公湖-怒江缝合带中段那曲地区黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析结果。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,黑云母二长花岗岩形成于114~113 Ma(早白垩世晚期)。地球化学分析表明,岩石显示出高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列特征,同时具有高的Ga/Al×10000比值(介于2.02~3.15之间,平均为2.61)和Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量(平均为524.87×10^(-6))。此外,锆饱和温度和锆石Ti温度计共同指示岩浆形成于高温的环境(>800℃),这些特征与典型的A型花岗岩相一致。黑云母二长花岗岩中锆石具有低的ε_(Hf)(t)值(10.1~6.4),对应的Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))为1852~1547 Ma,指示其岩浆可能源自安多微陆块中下地壳古老结晶基底的部分熔融。结合区域研究成果,认为那曲地区黑云母二长花岗岩可能形成于后碰撞伸展的构造背景,早白垩世晚期伴随着拉萨和南羌塘地块的拼合,班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋中段地区已经闭合。

煤巷掘进过断层破碎带超前支护研究

由于巷道掘进过断层破碎带期间面临围岩破碎、承载能力差等,容易出现冒落、片帮等问题,制约掘进效率并存在较大安全风险。基于此,以3905运输巷过F1、F2及F9断层破碎带为研究对象,提出综合使用撞锲+超前注浆方式进行超前支护,通过锚网索+钢架棚方式进行永久支护。现场应用后,巷道过断层破碎带期间围岩始终稳定,未出现冒落或者变形量大等问题,为巷道安全高效过断层破碎带创造了良好条件。

Multistage exhumation and partial melting of high-T ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks in continental subduction-collision zones

High-temperature(HT, >850℃) metamorphism in continental collision orogens, particularly for those ultrahigh-pressure(UHP) metamorphic rocks, has become one of the remarkable topics in Earth science. It has bearing on the element and isotope behaviors of UHP rocks, their partial melting and related geodynamic effects during exhumation. In this paper, five representative continental collision orogens with typical HT/UHP rocks, including the Dabie orogen in China, the Kokchetav in Kazakhstan, the Caledonides in Greenland, the Rhodope in Greece, and the Erzgebirge in Germany are introduced, and their HT/UHP metamorphism and evolution processes are summarized. In addition, metamorphic P-T-t paths, multistage exhumation processes, and partial melting and preservation and retrogression of UHP index minerals during exhumation and their possible mechanisms are discussed. On this basis, the forthcoming key fields and scientific subjects of HT/UHP rocks within continental subduction channel are proposed.

印度-欧亚侧向碰撞带构造-岩浆演化的动力学背景与过程——以藏东三江地区构造演化为例

对于印度与欧亚板块的侧向碰撞带,即藏东三江地区的新生代构造分析揭示出三种不同性质的构造样式,它们形成于不同的地质时期,发育于不同的地壳层次:(1)区域规模至露头尺度上发育的具有薄皮属性的逆冲断层与推覆构造,它们广泛分布于三江地区,尤其是兰坪-思茅盆地内;(2)以红河-哀牢山断裂、澜沧江和怒江-高黎贡山断裂等为代表的区域高温型走滑韧性剪切带构造和局部发育的脆性走滑断裂构造,后者在中新生代盆地内部断裂更为发育;(3)遍布全区发育的变质核杂岩构造与地堑-半地堑盆地。区域岩浆活动性与区域构造事件的发生具有密切的时空联系。区域性递进收缩事件与走滑事件发生于碰撞过程的早期阶段,并随后伴随着早期具有岩石圈板块俯冲性质的碰撞弧高钾岩浆活动,而后期的递进伸展事件诱发了板内伸展环境中的晚期高钾岩浆活动。二者之间的碱性岩浆活动间歇期,对应着区域构造体制的转变与区域伸展作用的发生,变质核杂岩的发育与微弱的钙碱性岩浆活动是其最直接的表现。区域古地磁资料分析表明,印度-欧亚板块之间的板块相互作用、区域板块与地块的旋转以及由此所致的不同构造环境制约着各种地质事件的发生与发展。北向运动的印度板块的旋转致使三江地块在新生代演化中发生了两次规模与特点不一的地块旋转过程,即早期的大角度快速旋转和晚期的小角度慢速旋转事件。它们分别对应于早期的递进收缩变形、走滑事件和具有碰撞弧属性的碱性岩浆活动与中期的区域伸展、变质核杂岩的发育与微弱的钙碱性岩浆活动性,以及后期的递进伸展作用和晚期陆内碱性岩浆活动性。

大陆造山运动:从大洋俯冲到大陆俯冲、碰撞、折返的时限--以北祁连山、柴北缘为例

北祁连山和柴北缘是典型的早古生代大陆造山带,分别发育有北祁连山大洋型俯冲缝合带和柴北缘大陆型俯冲碰撞带。作为早古生代大洋冷俯冲的典型代表,北祁连山经历了从新元古代-寒武纪大洋扩张、奥陶纪俯冲和闭合及早泥盆世隆升造山的过程。高压变质岩变质年龄为490～440Ma,证明古祁连洋经历了至少50m.y.的俯冲过程。柴北缘超高压变质带是大陆深俯冲的结果,岩石学、地球化学和同位素年代学表明,柴北缘超高压变质带中榴辉岩的原岩分别来自洋壳和陆壳两种环境。高压/超高压变质的蛇绿岩原岩的年龄为517±11Ma,与祁连山蛇绿岩年龄一致。榴辉岩早期的变质年龄为443～473Ma,与祁连山高压变质年龄一致,代表大洋地壳俯冲的时代,而柯石英片麻岩和石榴橄榄岩所限定的超高压变质时代为420～426Ma,代表大陆俯冲的年龄。从大洋俯冲结束到大陆俯冲最大深度的转换时间最少需要20m.y.。自420Ma起,俯冲的大洋岩石圈与跟随俯冲的大陆岩石圈断离,大陆地壳开始折返,发生隆升和造山。北祁连山和柴北缘两个不同类型的高压-超高压变质带反映了早古生代从大洋俯冲到大陆俯冲、隆升折返的造山过程。

东天山康古尔塔格金矿带构造与成矿规律

康古尔塔格金矿带是近几年新疆东天山境内发现的重要成矿带。以康古尔塔格─黄山断裂为一级板块边界，其南发育晚古生代岛弧系和巨型韧性剪切带，后者东西延伸数百km，强弱应变相间，分四期变形，第二、三期变形与金矿关系最为密切。晚古生代碰撞构造及其演化与金成矿亦具有重要的时空控制关系。碰撞花岗岩系列特征与成矿对应关系明显。成矿构造演化分三个阶段，提出了六条该区构造演化与成矿规律方面的认识，表明该带构造控矿和动力（变质）热液成矿均较明显。

碰撞造山型斑岩铜矿蚀变分带模式——以西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带为例

岛弧环境斑岩铜矿蚀变分带模式已为人们所熟知 ,但碰撞造山环境的斑岩铜矿蚀变分带特征尚不清楚。对此 ,文中以西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带为例 ,选择驱龙、冲江、厅宫 3个典型斑岩铜矿 ,对其蚀变系统进行了系统研究。依据蚀变矿物组合可分为 3个蚀变带 ,呈环带状分布。从中心向外依次为钾硅酸盐化带、石英绢云母化带、青磐岩化带。泥化带不太发育 ,通常叠加在其它蚀变带之上。钾硅酸盐化带主要蚀变矿物为钾长石、黑云母、石英、硬石膏 ,伴有大量的黄铜矿与辉钼矿 ,是成矿物质的主要堆积区。石英绢云母化带与钾硅酸盐化带渐变过渡或叠加其上 ,是次于钾硅酸盐化带的储矿部位。蚀变矿物组合为绢云母 +石英 +钾长石 ,金属硫化物有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿、斑铜矿 ,少量的方铅矿、闪锌矿。主要的辉钼矿以石英 +辉钼矿脉的形式出现于本矿带。青磐岩化在斑岩体内不发育 ,矿化极微弱。蚀变岩石组分分析表明 ,岩石蚀变及其分带是岩浆流体 /岩石反应时K ,Na ,Ca ,Mg等组分迁移的结果 ,矿化伴随着蚀变发生。钾硅酸盐化带、石英绢云母化带和青磐岩化带的蚀变岩石与未 (弱 )蚀变斑岩具有一致的稀土配分模式 ,REE含量有规律地变化 ,说明蚀变岩石均经历了源于岩浆的流体的交代 ,不同的蚀变形成于岩浆流体演化的不同阶段。蚀?

“钉合岩体”与新疆北部主要缝合带的形成时限

本文介绍了钉合岩体的概念,强调钉合岩体在造山带研究中具有重要的大地构造意义。在科迪勒拉增生造山带中,钉合岩体是在增生事件之后形成的;而在喜马拉雅碰撞造山带中,钉合岩体是在碰撞事件之后形成的。因此可以区分后增生和后碰撞两类钉合岩体,它们可以为限定增生或碰撞事件的时间上限提供年代学约束。特别是在缝合带被钉合岩体侵入的情况下,缝合带的形成时限(即增生或碰撞事件的起止时间)可以根据缝合带中最年轻的蛇绿岩质岩石和最老的钉合岩体给予严格限定。应用这种方法,能够限定新疆北部的主要缝合带(如额尔齐斯-斋桑缝合带、北天山缝合带和南天山缝合带等,东准噶尔和西准噶尔的蛇绿岩带)最晚是在晚石炭世形成的。西准噶尔增生杂岩也是在在晚石炭世形成的,但当时是否存在洋壳俯冲还需要进一步研究。目前的资料显示,虽然新疆北部各主要缝合带的形成时限存在一定差异,但没有三叠纪形成的缝合带。特别是南天山缝合带内发育的钉合岩体不但有效地限定了缝合带的时间上限,而且还从地质上约束了受到质疑的晚二叠世放射虫化石的可靠性和高压-超高压变质岩中三叠纪锆石U-Pb年龄的解释的合理性。