Gentiana macrophylla Pall.:a review of the basic source,traditional use,chemical components,pharmacological activities and quality control

Gentiana macrophylla Pall.(G.macrophylla),whose genus and family belong to the Gentianaceae and Gentiana.The main distribution centers of G.macrophylla resources were the Loess Plateau and the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China.G.macrophylla,as a traditional medicine,has a long history and was used in different ethnic medicines.Its roots were used in traditional Chinese medicine,which had the effect of anti-inflammatory,anti-rheumatism,antiviral,promote blood circulation,eliminate swelling and pain,while its flowers were used in traditional Mongolian medicine,which had the effect of removing“Xieriwusu”(“Xieriwusu”means rheumatism),antiviral,reducing swelling.From previous studies,it could be found that there were more than forty components isolated and identified from G.macrophylla.The main chemical components were iridoids,flavonoids,triterpenoids,steroids,phenylpropanoids,and alkaloids.Iridoid terpenoid components represented by gentiopicroside and Loganic acid were the main components of the root of G.macrophylla,which had anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,hepatoprotective,analgesic,antibacterial and promote gastrointestinal tract activities.The flower mainly contains isoorientin and isovitexin as the representative of flavonoids.They have anti-tumor,liver protection,heart protection,inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and inhibition of melanin.It could be seen from previous studies that the research on G.macrophylla was mainly focused on the root,and the flower was rarely studied.It was reported that the experimental data of the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects of G.macrophylla flowers show that its curative effect was very good.Therefore,the flowers of the flower of G.macrophylla can be used as potential medicinal parts for research.Given that flavonoids are mostly found in flowers and exhibit a range of functions,it is possible to investigate the flowers in order to learn more about G.macrophylla’s potential medical benefits.Based on botanical books,Chinese classic texts,medical monographs and academic search engines(Google,Google Scholar,Web of Science,SciFinder,Pubmed,CNKI,Sci-hub,Elsevier and Wanfang),the data and information on G.macrophylla in the past 20 years are inquired and summarized comprehensively.The basic source,traditional use,chemical composition,biological activity,pharmacodynamics and quality control of G.macrophylla was systematically reviewed,in order to provide reliable basis for the subsequent development and utilization of G.macrophylla.

Rhizobacteria facilitate physiological and biochemical drought tolerance of Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss

Growth-promoting bacteria(GPB)have shown promising effects on serving plants against environmental constraints such as drought.Nevertheless,simultaneous effects of different GPB have less been considered for arid land plants and under field conditions.We investigated the effects of single and combined application of GPB,including free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria(NFB),phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB),potassium solubilizing bacteria(KSB),a combination of NFB,PSB,and KSB(NPK),and control,at three drought stress treatments.In order to better understand the interactions between drought and GPB,we measured the morphological,biochemical,and physiological plant traits.The target plant was salt tree(Halimodendron Halodendron(Pall.)Voss),a legume shrub native to arid lands of Central and West Asia.All biofertilizer treatments enhanced the growth,physiology,and biochemistry of salt tree seedlings,and there were significant differences among the treatments.KSB and PSB treatments increased photosynthetic pigments,but KSB treatment was more efficient in transpiration rate and stomatal regulation and increased the soluble carbohydrates.PSB treatment had the highest effect on root traits,such as taproot length,root volume,cumulative root length,and the ratio of root to shoot.NFB treatment enhanced root diameter and induced biomass translocation between root systems.However,only the application of mixed biofertilizer(i.e.,NPK treatment)was the most significant treatment to improve all plant morphological and physiological characteristics of salt tree under drought stress.Therefore,our results provided improvement of some specific plant traits simultaneous with application of three biofertilizers to increase growth and establishment of salt tree seedlings in the degraded arid lands.

考虑几何非线性的Pall型摩擦阻尼器滞回特性分析

从Pall摩擦阻尼器四连杆机构的几何非线性变形特征出发,分析支撑屈曲力、支撑刚度、滑动摩擦力对一种改进的Pall摩擦阻尼器T形芯板摩擦阻尼器的滞回特性以及支撑的受力特点的影响。一方面从分析方法上更严密地论证了T形芯板(或Pall)摩擦阻尼器的滞回特性不受支撑屈曲力影响这一结论。另一方面也揭示出一些新的规律:支撑的拉力在阻尼器起滑后并不保持为一常数,而是呈显著增加趋势;支撑的最大拉力与支撑刚度关系密切,相同摩擦力的条件下,支撑刚度越大,支撑的最大拉力越大。

Uniform Design for Optimizating Regeneration Shoots Directly from Tender Leaves and Plant Regeneration System of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall.

[Objective] The experimental was aimed to screen the optimum regeneration shoot induction media and rooting media for tender leaves of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall.[Method] The tender leaves of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall were taken as explants to select the optimum bud induction media and rooting media through uniform design and the screening results were verified.[Result] The optimum media for regeneration shoot of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall contained 1/4 MS,3.70 mg/L ZT, 0.02 mg/L IAA and 1.00 mg/L KT and its induction rate was 95.5% and the rooting media contained modified MS, 0.10 mg/L IAA and 0.07 mg/L NAA and its rooting rate was 98%. [Conclusion] Through this experiment, regeneration systems for regeneration shoot and regenerated plant from tender leaves of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall were created successfully.

Pall型摩擦阻尼框架几何非线性分析

采用大型有限元程序ANSYS分析了Pall型摩擦阻尼器(PFD)的滞回性能,证明了Pall摩擦阻尼器和改进的Pall摩擦阻尼器—T形芯板摩擦阻尼器(TFD)的力学特性是相同的.采用AN-SYS程序对安装Pall型摩擦阻尼器的钢框架和钢筋混凝土框架进行了有限元分析,分析结果表明安装Pall型摩擦阻尼器能有效提高结构的刚度,并且大大提高框架的耗能能力.

新型Pall-BRB摩擦阻尼支撑体系设计方法

考虑几何非线性采用ANSYS有限元软件对一种新型Pall-BRB摩擦阻尼支撑体系(采用防屈曲支撑(BRB)代替Pall型摩擦阻尼器(PFD)的普通支撑)的滞回特性进行分析.首先进行了Pall型普通支撑体系和Pall-BRB摩擦阻尼支撑体系的滞回性能对比分析,结果表明,防屈曲支撑在拉压循环荷载作用下均能达到屈服,拉压承载力基本一致,耗能能力优于普通支撑.然后分析了防屈曲支撑刚度、Pall型阻尼器起滑摩擦力、阻尼器的大小以及防屈曲支撑与水平方向的倾角等因素对体系滞回特性以及支撑内力的影响.结果表明,Pall-BRB支撑体系比Pall型普通支撑体系有更好的耗能性能,支撑内力变化不大且在阻尼器起滑后保持为常数,有利于抗震设计;防屈曲支撑最大内力与起滑摩擦力关系密切,起滑摩擦力越大,体系耗能能力越强,支撑越能充分发挥作用.最后提出了这种新型Pall-BRB摩擦阻尼支撑体系的设计方法.

Pall型摩擦阻尼器的新型应用方式及其性能研究

首次提出了Pall型摩擦阻尼器适用于不规则框架新型安装方式,按常规将阻尼器放置在框架中心。以等腰梯形框架结构为例,考虑几何非线性对安装Pall型摩擦阻尼器的不同坡度的该框架进行了详细的有限元分析,采用ANSYS程序对该Pall型摩擦阻尼器的滞回特性和力学特性进行了详细的分析。分析结果表明,安装Pall型摩擦阻尼器能有效提高结构的刚度,并且大大提高框架的耗能能力,但这种新型安装方式的Pall型摩擦阻尼器与原Pall摩擦阻尼器的耗能能力有差距,提出了该安装方式的适用范围,在此基础上,提出了适合梯形框架的一种新型安装方式。

PALL过滤器在重庆天然气净化总厂的应用

在重庆天然气净化总厂,由于原料气携带微小颗粒进入溶液系统,严重影响了装置的正常生产。经过现场侧线试验,选择了过滤精度高的PALL过滤器过滤分离原料天然气。从性能测试和一年多的使用情况看,除在渠县分厂试验使用效果偏低外,在其它装置的使用中,过滤0.01μm的颗粒有效率达到98.7%(m)以上,基本上解决了溶液受原料气夹带杂质而被污染的问题,给企业带来一定的经济效益和社会效益,也减轻了操作工的劳动强度。

Study on Multiplication, Rooting and Transplanting of Tissue Culture Plantlets of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall

[Objective] This study aimed to shorten the multiplication culture and root- ing culture periods of Rh. chrysanthum Pall. [Method] The Rh. chrysanthum Pall tis- sue culture plantlets collected from Changbai Mountain were used as material, and the effects of different hormone combinations and coconut milk on the proliferation and differentiation of Rh. chrysanthum Pall tissue culture plantlets were investigated. In addition, the rooting medium and transplanting matrix for Rh. chrysanthum Pall tissue culture plantlets were explored. [Result] The medium composed of modified MS, iBA （3 mg/L） and ZT （1.5 mg/L） was the optimum medium for subculture mul- tiplication of Rh. chrysanthum Pall tissue culture plantlets. The multiplication multiple and average plant height were significantly improved by adding coconut milk into the medium （150 mg/L）. [Conclusion] For Rh. chrysanthum Pall tissue culture plantlets, the optimum rooting culture medium was composed of modified MS （1/4） and IBA （5.0 mg/L）, and the tissue culture plantlets began to root 8 d after the inoculation. The root induction treatment was carried out after a 15-d sand culture, and the suitable matrix was composed of tufty soil, humus soil and perlite （2：1：1） with a survival rate of 95.66%.

导管架式海洋平台Pall型摩擦阻尼控制研究

笔者考虑几何非线性,首次提出了适用于海洋平台结构的Pall型摩擦阻尼器的一种新型应用方式,对安装Pall型摩擦阻尼器的不同坡度的等腰梯形框架进行了有限元分析,采用ANSYS程序对该Pall型摩擦阻尼器的滞回特性和力学特性进行了详细的分析.分析结果表明安装Pall型摩擦阻尼器能有效减小动荷载作用下的最大位移,并且大大提高框架的耗能能力,证明了这种新型Pall型摩擦阻尼器与原Pall摩擦阻尼器具有同样的耗能能力.最后,将这种摩擦阻尼器放置在海洋平台结构中,分析了此种摩擦阻尼器在海洋平台结构中的减震效果.

Pall型摩擦阻尼支撑体系试验研究

鉴于Pall型摩擦阻尼普通支撑会对框架边柱产生附加轴力,考虑采用防屈曲支撑来代替普通支撑,使支撑充分发挥作用,同时不会对边柱产生增长的附加轴力,为防屈曲支撑在Pall型摩擦阻尼支撑体系中的应用奠定基础.由于Pall型摩擦阻尼器滞回特性不受支撑屈曲力影响的特性,故采用普通钢板来代替防屈曲支撑进行Pall型摩擦阻尼支撑体系试验研究,同时对此支撑体系在考虑几何非线性情况下进行有限元AN-SYS仿真分析.对比试验结果和仿真分析结果,表明试验结果与仿真分析结果得出的Pall型摩擦阻尼器摩擦力和支撑内力的变化规律基本相同,为下一步采用防屈曲支撑体系进行试验研究奠定基础.

Effects of EMS Treatment on Leaf Regeneration and Heat Tolerance of Tissue-cultured Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. Seedlings

With tissue cultured-seedlings of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. in Changbai Mountain as test material, the effect of EMS treatment on the heat toler- ance of R. chrysanthum, as well as the possible heat tolerance mechanism, was in- vestigated in this study so as to lay a foundation for the popularization, application and germplasm resource innovation of R. chrysanthum. The results showed that when the leaves of the tissue cultured seedlings were treated with medium with 0.1% of EMS for 2 d, the survival rate of the leaves was 48.92%, thus the con- centration of EMS was close to the semi-lethal dose, and the EMS concentration and treatment time could be used as screening conditions for heat-tolerant mutants. The plantlets regenerated from EMS-treated leaves were treated with different tem- peratures, and related physiological indicators were determined. The results showed that the chlorophyll content, MDA content, Pro content, SOD activity, POD activity and soluble sugar content of regeneration plantlets in the treatment group were sig- nificantly different from those in the control group. At the same temperature, the chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, Pro content, SOD activity and POD ac- tivity were significantly higher and the MDA content was significantly lower in the treatment group compared with the control. In conclusion, EMS treatment improved the heat tolerance of tissue-cultured R. chrysanthum seedlings.

Determination of Aromatic Components of Rosa davurica Pall. by Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Combined with GC-MS

[Objectives] To determine the aromatic components of Rosa davurica Pall. [Methods] 42 kinds of aromatic components were identified from the flowers of R. davurica by headspace solid phase microextraction( HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS). The main compounds were alcohols( 54. 88%) and aldehydes( 19. 55%). [Results] The top five components with the highest relative content were phenylethyl alcohol( 12. 69%),geraniol( 9. 85%),citronellol( 8. 80%),nerol( 7. 84%) and 2-n-pentylfuran( 7. 45%). [Conclusions] Headspace solid phase microextraction( HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS) can provide basis for further development and utilization of R. davurica.

New Chemical Compound from Caragana jubata(pall.) Poir.

A new pterocarpan glycoside, （-）-maackiain 3-O-6＇-O-acrylyl-β-D-galactopyranoside（1） was isolated from the whole parts of Caragana jubata（pall.） Poir., together with three known pterocarpan glycosides, （-）-maackiain 3-O-6＇-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside（2）, （-）-maackiain 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（3） and （-）-maackiain 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside（4）. All the compounds were isolated from the title plant for the first time. The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of detailed 1D, 2D NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopic analyses. All the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against three tumor cell lines, A549, HL-60 and P388.

Cultivating Erect Milkvetch (Astragalus adsurgens Pall.) (Leguminosae) Improved Soil Properties inLoess Hilly and Gulliesin China

Erect milkvetch （Astragalus adsurgens Pall.）, a leguminous grass, is a major source of fuel and forage, and has an important role in the restoration of the degraded ecosystems in central and northeastern China. The objective of this work was to investigate how erect milkvetch planting would affect the physical and chemical properties of soil in degraded arable lands. Soil samples at the depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm were collected from erect milkvetch planting fileds at ages of 0, 1, 2 and 3 yr. Changes in soil bulk density, soil porosity, total N and P, organic matter content, available P, hydrolysable N and available K were measured. The results showed that root biomass and above-ground plant biomass were both significantly increased with plantation age. The significant increase in root nodule biomass was not observed in the first two years. However, it was significantly increased after three years. Root growth of erect milkvetch improved soil structure, and hence, decreased soil bulk density and increased soil porosity. Furthermore, the nitrogen fixation by erect milkvetch and return of erect milkvetch plant to soil increased the soil total N, hydrolysable N and organic matter content of the soil. Low concentrations of P in the soil with erect milkvetch planting could be ascribed to high plant uptakes and possibly to high sequestrations of P in plant biomass. Concentrations of K significantly increased during the first two years of erect milkvetch planting. The high accumulation of K under erect milkvetch cultivation in the first two years could partly be attributed to low plant uptake, and partly to relatively quick recycling within plant-soil systems. Three years after erect milkvetch plantingr, K accumulation at 0-20 cm soil layer was significantly lower than that from non-vegetated field sites, which could be attributed to high plant uptake. These parameters, except for soil bulk density, were all decreased with increasing soil depth. Soil total N, organic matter, porosity and available K in the 20-40 cm layer all showed linear increase trends, and soil bulk density, total P and available P in the depth 0-20 cm layer soil were decreased with increasing planting age. Erect milkvetch establishment could be an effective and applicable measure to improve soil nutrients, and prevent further soil degradation and erosion.

Physiological Response of Halophyte (<i>Suaeda altissima</i>(L.) Pall.) and Glycophyte (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i>L.) to Salinity

We have done a comparative study of ion status, growth and biochemical parameters in shoots and roots of seablite (Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) grown with different salinity levels in the medium (0.5 - 750 mМ). A distinctive feature of the halophyte was a high Na+ content in tissues at its low concentration in the medium (0.5 mM). In these conditions, Na+ accumulation in seablite roots was four-fold higher than in spinach roots, and Na+ content in seablite leaves was almost 20-fold higher than in spinach. Together with an increase in sodium concentration in the medium, K+ content decreased six-fold in seablite leaves, while in spinach it did not decrease so drastically. We can suppose that in the halophyte, some processes occur only in the presence of sodium, and these functions of sodium cannot be fully fulfilled by potassium. Analysis of protein and total nitrogen content in tissues shows that at high salinity, the ability to synthesize non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds increases in the halophyte and decreases in the glycophyte. Data on proline content dynamics show that its increase in tissues of spinach (salinity levels 150 and 250 mМ) and seablite (salinity levels 0.5 and 750 mМ) is an indicator of plant injury. In seablite and spinach, proline is not a major osmoregulator. Its concentration both in roots and leaves was no more than 2.5 μmol/g fresh weight. The data presented in this work concern the accumulation and distribution of Na+, Cl?, K+ and ions, as well as growth and biochemical parameters. Our data show that the development of adaptation reactions in the whole plants in the conditions of high salinity is determined by morphofunctional systems and their interaction.

Analysis of the Volatile Components in Flowers of <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>Pall. and <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>Pall. var. <i>Trichocarpa</i>

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. var. trichocarpa is a variety of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and is currently the peony herb’s principal cultivar group. Here, we study the differences in aromatic components and flowers of different varieties between two groups of cultivars, providing a reference for applying natural fragrance substances of peonies, breeding fragrant flower types, and developing and using improved varieties. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), peak area normalization for each component relative to content, component library (NIST14/NIST14S) retrieval, and a literature review were used to analyze the volatile compounds in flowers of eight peony varieties, such as “Gaoganhong”, and ten comospore peony varieties, such as “Jinshanhong”. Results showed that the main volatile compound constituents in flowers of the two groups were terpenes and alcohols. Additionally, the content of eucalyptol, caryophyllene, α-Pinene, citronellol, and 3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate, (Z) was high. Peony cultivars contained linalool, (1R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, while comospore peony varieties contained 1,3,6-octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-, phenylethyl alcohol, and geraniol. In this study, the differences between the volatile components of flowers of different peony varieties were clarified, laying a foundation for further molecular biology research into the floral fragrance of peonies and the cultivation of new varieties of aromatic peonies. At the same time, it also provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of peony flower by-products.

Pall摩擦耗能减震器减震性能研究

针对结构减震技术迅速发展的现状,介绍了Pall摩擦耗能减震器的应用情况,就Pall摩擦耗能减震器的基本构造及减震性能进行了分析,结果表明:采用安装Pall摩擦减震装置的耗能支撑来保护结构,可耗散大量地震能量,减震效果好。