In silico antiplasmodial effects of phytocompounds derived from Andrographis paniculata on validated drug targets of different stages of Plasmodium falciparum

Background:Andrographis paniculata has been widely reported as an herbal plant for malaria treatment.The increasing rate of resistance to recommended antimalarial drugs has justified the need for a continuous search for new and more potent drugs that target all stages of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle from natural plant sources.This study aimed to determine the antiplasmodial effect of phytocompounds derived from A.paniculata on the stages of plasmodium falciparum.Methods:Phytocompounds from A.paniculata were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry(GCMS)analysis.The phytocompounds were screened for their druggability using Lipinski’s rule of five and subjected to Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism,Excretion,Toxicity(ADMET)and druglikeness analysis.The phytocompounds were docked against some validated drug targets at different stages of Plasmodium falciparum(hepatic,asexual,sexual,and vector targets)using PyRx software to analyze the inhibitory potential and protein-ligand interaction.Thereafter,the stability and flexibility of the best complexes were assessed through molecular dynamics simulations at 50ns using WebGRO.Result:The 7a-Isopropenyl-4,5-dimethyloctahydroinden-4-yl exhibited a higher binding affinity and better stability throughout the simulation period with P.falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase and Plasmodium falciparum M1 alanyl aminopeptidase for asexual blood stage and gametocyte stage of Plasmodium falciparum,respectively than the existing drugs.Meanwhile,N-Ethyl-3-methoxy-4-methylphenethylamine was also found to have a higher binding affinity and more stability throughout the simulation period with P.falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase and Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte surface protein for Hepatic schizonts stage of Plasmodium falciparum and gametocyte transmission blocking stage,respectively,than the existing drugs.Conclusion:The 7a-Isopropenyl-4,5-dimethyloctahydroinden-4-yl and N-Ethyl-3-methoxy-4 methylphenethylamine from A.paniculata are predicted as an antimalarial drug candidate.Thus,it is recommended that in vitro and in vivo bioassays be conducted on these hit compounds to validate these predictions.

一种新的多金属超富集植物——圆锥南芥(Arabis paniculata L.)

野外调查和营养液培养试验表明,圆锥南芥(Arabis Paniculata L.)具有超量富集Pb/Zn/Cd的能力,是国内首次发现的Pb/Zn/Cd多金属超富集植物,它的出现填补了国内多金属超富集植物的空白,为重金属复合污染土壤的植物修复提供了新的种质资源。

白檀种子胚愈伤组织诱导过程中褐化影响因子研究

为探究白檀种子贮藏及愈伤组织诱导过程中种子胚组织褐化的影响因子,以白檀种子为材料,测定其贮藏过程中的生理变化,并研究不同处理对白檀种胚组织培养褐化率、转化率及污染率的影响。结果表明,白檀种子采收后,4℃贮藏14 d多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量均最低,此时进行组织培养种胚褐化率低。白檀种子组织培养在高pH(6.3)和低pH(4.8)下的褐化率高,在pH值5.8时褐化率最低。组织培养接种时去除胚乳,培养基pH值5.3,使用M_(蔗糖)∶M_(葡萄糖)=1∶1混合,碳源浓度为30 g/L,NAA浓度为0.10 mg/L,能获得大量生长状况良好、分化能力较强的愈伤组织。

镉在圆锥南芥(Arabis paniculata Franch.)中的亚细胞分布及其化学形态

通过水培的方式,采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法研究了Cd在圆锥南芥(Arabis paniculata Franch.)叶片和根中的亚细胞分布和化学形态。研究结果表明,在Cd处理浓度为1.0mg·L-1时,圆锥南芥叶片中的Cd主要贮藏在细胞壁和细胞核中,而根系中Cd的分布顺序为:细胞壁>核糖体>细胞核>叶绿体>线粒体;10.0mg·L-1Cd处理时,叶片中的Cd主要集中在细胞壁以及细胞核中,根系中核糖体含量最高,占全量的53.92%。这说明圆锥南芥叶片富集的Cd主要贮存在细胞壁以及细胞核中,而根系富集的Cd主要分布在核糖体与细胞壁中。化学形态结果表明Cd处理水平的变化对圆锥南芥Cd的化学形态有明显的影响。1.0mg·L-1Cd处理时,圆锥南芥叶片中以水提取态Cd为主,根系中乙醇提取态Cd的含量最高;当Cd提高到10.0mg·L-1时,叶片和根系中Cd均以NaCl提取态含量最高,说明随着Cd浓度的增加,Cd与蛋白质、果胶酸等形态结合是圆锥南芥减轻Cd毒害的主要机制。

满天星茎腐病中一种新病原菌的分离与鉴定

满天星是当今世界最流行的鲜切花配花之一,茎腐病是满天星的一种常见病害,严重时导致植株枯萎死亡,影响鲜花的观赏性和利用价值,造成一定的经济损失。2021年3月,笔者在云南省昆明市海口镇发现满天星茎腐病,该病主要为害茎基部,表现为茎基部腐烂和萎蔫。为明确其病原,本研究对满天星茎腐病病原菌进行分离与鉴定。柯赫氏法则证明该分离物可造成满天星组培苗和盆栽苗表现出与田间病株相似的症状,经接种后获得的分离物与田间自然发病的分离物一致。通过形态学鉴定,分离物能产生大量致密的气生菌丝,颜色从白色到淡橙色或黄色不等,菌落背面有暗红色色素沉积。显微镜观察发现其分离物的分生孢子呈镰刀形,腹面较平直,背侧呈拱形,具有3~6个隔膜,分生孢子大小为(21.1~57.9)μm×(2.7~5.1)μm(n=100),未见小型分生孢子,形态学上与镰刀菌属病原真菌相似。通过对其ITS基因序列与形态学鉴定,将分离物初步确定为禾谷镰孢复合种(Fusarium graminearum species complex,FGSC),为进一步确定亚种,使用翻译延伸因子(TEF-1α)序列进行测序,发现该分离物与南方镰孢菌(F.meridionale)的同源性达100%。因此结合形态学和分子生物学特征,满天星茎腐病的病原确定为南方镰孢菌。目前国内尚未发现由南方镰孢菌侵染为害满天星茎部的相关研究报道,本研究结果将为防治满天星病害提供重要理论依据。

穿心莲内酯生物合成与调控的研究进展

穿心莲内酯是中药材穿心莲的主要活性成分,具有清热解毒、抗菌消炎、保肝利胆等功效,临床上主要用于治疗小儿肺炎和上呼吸道感染等疾病。近年来,由于环境因素长期影响、品种纯度不高以及优良品种选育工作滞后等原因,很大程度上限制了穿心莲的品质提升。在穿心莲药材质量评价中,穿心莲内酯的含量是一项非常重要的指标,通过解析穿心莲内酯生物合成的分子机制及积累规律,有助于提升穿心莲药材质量。该文综述了穿心莲内酯的生物合成途径与分子调控机制,穿心莲内酯的生物合成主要分为两大阶段,即穿心莲内酯前体的合成阶段和穿心莲内酯合成的修饰阶段,其中前体合成研究已经较为清楚,但有关穿心莲内酯合成修饰阶段的途径和关键酶的挖掘还处于空白水平,需进一步研究。通过从环境因素和栽培措施两个层面对穿心莲内酯合成积累的关键影响因子进行挖掘,有利于建立完善的高品质穿心莲种植体系。此外,对调控穿心莲内酯生物合成的研究进展进行总结和展望,可为穿心莲药材品质提升提供参考。

基于高光谱技术的穿心莲药材中穿心莲内酯类成分检测研究

基于高光谱技术结合化学计量学,建立不同种质穿心莲药材中穿心莲内酯类成分含量的检测方法。采集穿心莲样品的高光谱信息,获得原始光谱数据(Raw Data)。采用一阶导数(D1)、二阶导数(D2)、SG平滑(SG)、乘性散射校正(MSC)对Raw Data预处理,结合偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)建立分类模型,结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、反向传播神经网络(BPNN)、随机森林回归(RFR)建立回归模型。应用连续投影算法(SPA)简化模型。不同种质的穿心莲最佳分类模型为D1-PLS-DA。穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯、去氧穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯4种穿心莲内酯类化合物总含量的最佳回归模型分别为SG-PLSR、MSC-PLSR、Raw Data-SPA-BPNN、MSC-SPA-BPNN和Raw Data-PLSR。应用高光谱技术可实现穿心莲品质的快速准确检测。

Heavy metal accumulation by panicled goldenrain tree(Koelreuteria paniculata) and common elaeocarpus(Elaeocarpus decipens) in abandoned mine soils in southern China

Phytoremediation can be used as a sustainable technology for mine spoil remediation to remove heavy metals. This study investigated the concentration of 7 heavy metal contamination in soil and plant samples at an abandoned mine site. We found that, after vegetation remediation at the abandoned mine site, the reduction rates for 7 heavy metals were in the range of 4.2%-86%, where reduction rates over 50% were achieved for four heavy metals （Zn, Mn, Cd, Ni）. Transfer coefficients of the panicled goldenrain tree （Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm） and the common elaeocarpus （Elaeocarpus decipens） for Zn, Mn, Ni, and Co were more than 1. Enrichment coefficients of both trees for Mn were higher than 1. Our results suggest that the panicled goldenrain tree and the common elaeocarpus tree may act as accumulators in remediation. Moreover, the woody vegetation remediation in abandoned mining areas play an important role in improving scenery besides removing heavy metal from contaminated soil.

环境因子对千里香(Murraya paniculata)蒸腾强度的影响

蒸腾作用是植物水分关系中的一个重要部分,它基本上是蒸发的物理过程,因此受环境因子的影响,同时它也是受植物体本身结构特点影响的生理过程。对植物的蒸腾强度测定,有利于了解植物与环境之间的关系。千里香[Murraya paniculata(L.)Jack]是一种主要生长于石灰岩地区的具有重要药理作用的植物。其生长地的土壤浅薄,而基岩本身又易透水,故石灰岩地区蓄水保水能力较差,土壤常较干燥,测定千里香植物的蒸腾强度,有利于了解石灰岩地区植物的某些特点。

LC-MS/MS法同时测定穿心莲中6种农药残留量

本研究旨在建立测定穿心莲中6种农药残留量的方法,更好地控制药材质量。研究通过高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪以多反应监测(MRNI)的扫描模式对空白、样品和对照品进行测试,采用ACQUITY UPLC BEHC18柱分离,高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用方法测定穿心莲中常用的6种农药残留量。结果表明:该方法下霜脲氰、敌敌畏、2,4-滴、精喹禾灵、毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯的检测限分别为0.015 mg/kg、0.125 mg/kg、0.04 mg/kg、0.01 mg/kg、0.03 mg/kg、0.025 mg/kg,在一定浓度范围内,响应值与质量浓度的线性关系良好(r> 0.990),6种目标物对照品溶液及样品加标溶液在仪器参数波动时结果RSD均小于10%。室温下,6种目标物对照品溶液及样品加标溶液在14h内峰面积RSD均小于5%,在14h内溶液稳定。20批穿心莲样品检测结果:仅其中1批检出氯氰菊酯41.2ng/g,其余样品均未检出,符合要求。本研究方法简便,线性、耐用性良好,能满足同时测定6种农药在穿心莲中的残留量。

发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes) Ri T-DNA遗传转化丝石竹(Gypsophila paniculata)的研究

近年来,已发展出遗传转化高等植物的一些新技术,其中有些技术如脂质体融合,微注射技术和电击导入都是基于动物细胞培养方面的工作,而另一些技术是来自于植物界独特的天然转化系统,其中包括已知能遗传转化高等植物的农杆菌(Agrobacterium)的二个种,即致瘤农杆菌(A.tumefaciens)和发根农杆菌(A.rhizogenes),这二个种都能够将其致病质粒Ti或Ri所携带的DNA序列(T-DNA)插入到双子叶植物细胞核基因组中。pTi诱发寄主产生根基肿瘤,pRi诱发寄主产生毛状根。二者的差别可能是毛状根可以从毛状根培养物获得具有完整的T-DNA序列的有生育能力的再生植株,而从致病农杆菌(A.tumefaciens)菌株所诱发的肿瘤很难获得再生植株。因此,利用发根农杆菌(A.rhizogenes)pRi作为遗传转化高等植物的基因克隆载体的研究和应用日益受到重视。

盐胁迫和干旱胁迫对穿心莲种子萌发特性的影响

目的研究盐胁迫和干旱胁迫对穿心莲种子萌发特性的影响。方法以质量浓度分别为0%、0.05%、0.10%、0.20%、0.40%的NaCl溶液处理来自8个不同产地的穿心莲种子,测定其发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、胚根胚芽长及活力指数,并对其进行隶属函数分析,评价不同穿心莲种子的抗盐性;以质量浓度分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的PEG-6000处理采集于广西玉林基地的穿心莲种子,测定其发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、胚根胚芽长、活力指数,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力,以及可溶性蛋白和丙二醛的含量。结果随着盐质量浓度的增加,来自8个产地的穿心莲种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、胚根胚芽长、活力指数均随盐度增加而下降,盐度超过0.20%的环境不利于穿心莲种子萌发,隶属函数分析显示8种不同来源穿心莲种子的耐盐性依次为:广东省英德市>广东省湛江市(常规)、广东省湛江市(大叶)>福建省漳州市>广西壮族自治区南宁市>广西壮族自治区贵港市>广西壮族自治区玉林市>四川省成都市;随着干旱程度的增加,穿心莲种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、胚根胚芽长、活力指数均下降,且丙二醛含量升高,但在5%PEG-6000作用下,SOD、POD、CAT酶活力和可溶性蛋白含量均增大。结论盐和干旱胁迫对穿心莲种子萌发特性影响较大,穿心莲种子具有一定耐盐性且不同产地的耐盐力强弱不一,广东和福建产穿心莲具有较好的耐盐力。穿心莲种苗培育过程中,当水势低于-0.026 MPa(5%PEG-6000)时,需及时补充水分。

建筑垃圾环境下干旱胁迫对栾树生长影响调查分析

定量分析了建筑垃圾环境下干旱胁迫对栾树生长的影响,为栾树养护的土壤和气候条件提供指导。对园林划分不同区块进行对比试验,建筑垃圾覆盖于已种栾树苗木的地面表层记为A组,建筑垃圾的厚度在2 cm内;建筑垃圾在种植栾树过程中拌和到整个种植根部记为B组,根据拌和比例再细分3组;分别展开生长跟踪统计和干旱胁迫统计。结果表明:建筑垃圾覆盖于土壤表层有利于栾树的生长,这可能是建筑垃圾在土壤表层能够起到隔离水分蒸发,为生物幼虫的繁殖和生长提供更好的条件,A组的生物总重量增长率96.8%,而对照组为91.1%;在中度干旱胁迫下,A组栾树生物总重降低了7.67%,对照组降低了10.05%。建筑垃圾拌和于土壤中时,轻度干旱胁迫下B3组栾树生物总量下降了1.99%;在中度干旱胁迫下,B3栾树生物总重量下降25.99%。当建筑垃圾薄层覆盖于土壤表面,能够起到水分蒸发隔离、增加土壤的透气性作用,能够为栾树提供有益的土壤环境;当建筑垃圾拌和于土壤时会对栾树生长带来影响,并随着拌和量增加影响越显著。

响应面法优选穿心莲多糖大孔树脂脱色工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

为了明确大孔树脂脱除穿心莲多糖中色素的工艺参数,研究大孔树脂添加量、脱色时间以及脱色温度对穿心莲多糖脱色效果的影响,采用响应面法优选大孔树脂脱除穿心莲多糖色素的工艺,并探究穿心莲多糖的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,穿心莲多糖大孔树脂最佳脱色工艺为大孔树脂添加量3.0g/100mL多糖溶液,脱色温度50℃,脱色2.0h,脱色1次。基于该工艺条件,穿心莲多糖色素去除率可达81.35%,多糖保留率73.16%,穿心莲多糖色素去除率和多糖保留率的加权综合评分77.25,表明该穿心莲多糖大孔树脂脱色工艺稳定,可用于穿心莲多糖中色素脱除的生产实际。抗氧化试验结果表明,穿心莲多糖对·OH自由基有较好的清除作用,其具有一定的抗氧化活性。

Investigation of hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark in diabetic rats

Objective:To investigate the hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark(AETPB) in streptozotocin(STZ)-mduced diabetic rats.Methods:Acute toxicity was studied in rats after the oral administration of AETPB to determine the dose to assess hypoglycemic activity.In rats,diabetes was induced by injection of STZ(60 mg/kg,i.p.) and diabetes was confirmed 72 h after induction,and then allowed for 14 days to stabilize blood glucose level.In diabetic rats,AETPB was orally given for 28 days and its effect on blood glucose and body weight was determined on a weekly basis.At the end of the experimental day,fasting blood sample was collected to estimate the haemoglobin(Hb),glycosylated haemoglobin(HbA1c),serum creatinine,urea,serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase(SGPT),serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase(SGOT) and insulin levels. The liver and kidney were collected to determine antioxidants levels in diabetic rats.Results: Oral administration of AETPB did not exhibit toxicity and death at a dose of 2000 mg/kg.AETPB treated diabetic rats significantly(P<0.001,P<0.01 and P<0.05) reduced elevated blood glucose, HbAlc,creatinine,urea,SGPT and SGOT levels when compared with diabetic control rats.The body weight,Hb,insulin and total protein levels were significantly(P<0.001,P<0.01 and P<0.05) increased in diabetic rats treated with AETPB compared to diabetic control rats.In diabetic rats, AETPB treatment significantly reversed abnormal status of antioxidants and lipid profile levels towards near normal levels compared to diabetic control rats.Conclusions:Present study results confirm that AETPB possesses significant hypoglycemic,hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities in diabetic condition.

Evaluation of Andrographis paniculata Burm.f.(Family.Acanthaceae) extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus(Say.) and Aedes aegypti(Linn.)(Diptera:Culicidae)

Objective:To investigate the larvicidal and ovicidal efficacy of different extracts of Andrographis paniculata（A.paniculata） against Culex quinquefasciatus（Cx.quinquefasciatus） Say and Aedes aegypti（Ae.aegypti ） L（Diptera:Culicidae）.Methods:Larvicidal efficacy of the crude leaf extracts of A.paniculata with five different solvents like benzene,hexane,ethyl acetate, methanol and chloroform was tested against the early third instar larvae of Cx.quinquefasciatus and Ae.aegypti.The ovicidal activity was determined against two mosquito species to various concentrations ranging from 50-300 ppm under the laboratory conditions.Results:The benzene, hexane,ethyl acetate,methanol and chloroform leaf extract of A.paniculata was found to be more effective against Cx.quinquefasciatus than Ae.aegypti.The LC50 values were 112.19,137.48, 118.67,102.05,91.20 ppm and 119.58,146.34,124.24,110.12,99.54 ppm respectively.Among five tested solvent,methanol and ethyl acetate crude extract was found to be most effective for ovicidal activity against two mosquito species.The extract of methanol and ethyl acetate exerted 100%mortality at 200 ppm against Cx.quinquefasciatus and at 250 ppm against Ae.aegypti. Conclusions:From the results it can be concluded the crude extract of A.paniculata was a potential for controlling Cx.quinquefasciatus and Ae.aegypti mosquitoes.

Hepatoprotective activity of Terminalia paniculata against paracetamol induced hepatocellular damage in Wistar albino rats

Objective:To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Terminalia paniculata against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats.Methods:The plant material was shade dried, powdered and extracted with ethanol.Liv 52 and silymarin were used as standard drugs and 2%gum acacia as a control(vehicle).Alteration in the levels of biochemical markers of hepatic damage like AST,ALT,ALP and lipid peroxides were tested,and phytochemical tests were also performed.Results:Paracetamol(2 g/kg) increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransfer (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and the lipid peroxides. Treatment of Liv 52,silymarin and ethanolic extract of Terminalia paniculata(200 mg/kg) altered levels of biochemical marker and showed significant hepatoprotective activity.Ethanolic extract revealed the presence of phenolic compound and flavanoids.Our findings suggested that ethanolic bark extract of Terminalia paniculata possessed hepatoprotective activity in a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:Terminalia paniculata possesses hepatoprotective activity.It could be an effective and promising preventive agent against PCT induced hepatotoxicity.

Effects of Atmospheric Pressure Air Plasma Pretreatment on the Seed Germination and Early Growth of Andrographis paniculata

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate whether air plasma can change the seed germination characteristics, seedling emergence, as well as biochemical reactivity, in Andrographis paniculata （A. paniculata） seedlings by modifying the seed coat and finding a beneficial treatment dose. Eight treatment doses and one control were used to conduct electrical conductivity determination, a germination test, a seedling emergence test and a biochemical assay. The results showed that after being treated with air plasma excited at 5950 V for 10 s, the perme- ability of the seeds was improved significantly, resulting in the acceleration of seed germination and seedling emergence. In the meantime, the catalase activity and catalase isoenzyme expression were also improved, while the malondialdehyde content in the seedlings was decreased （which means greater counteraction with environmental stress）. After being treated with 4250 V for 10 s and 5950 V for 20 s, the seed germination was enhanced, but without an obvious change in seedUng emergence. However, after treatment with 3400 V for 20 s and 5100 V for 10 s, the permeability of the seeds was decreased, resulting in a delay in seedling emergence. These results indicate that air plasma can change the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Andrographis paniculata seeds by modifying the seed coat, combined with the effects of the active plasma species, and that different treating doses have different effects.

Mechanism of antagonistic effects of Andrographis paniculata methanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus

Objective: To investigate the effects of Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.) Wall. Ex Nees(A. paniculata) on expressions and activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and alkylhydroperoxide reductase C in Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) with respect to its survival in vitro. Methods: Antioxidative property of methanolic leaves extract of A. paniculata(0.06 mg/m L). Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was determined by its ability to reduce hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) toxicity against S. aureus ATCC 25923(3.8×10~8 cfu/m L). Effects of the extract on expressions of kat A(encoding catalase), sod A and sod M [encoding superoxide dismutases(SODs)], and ahp C [encoding alkylhydroperoxide reductase C(AhpC)] in S. aureuswere determined by RT-q PCR and corresponding enzyme activity assays were performed. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction(NBT) assay was performed to determine effects of the extract on intracellular and extracellular levels of O_2-in S. aureus. Results: Cells challenged with 7.5 mmol/L H_2O_2 showed 0% survival in 30 min whereas 25% survived after treatment with the extract and H_2O_2. Cells that were treated with the extract alone had 43% survival in the same exposure period. Expressions of sod A and sod M genes in extract-treated cells were lowered 0.8-fold and 0.7-fold, respectively with decrease in total SOD activity of 26.8 U compared to untreated cells, 32.4 U(P<0.05). In contrast, extract-treated S. aureus cells showed 3.3-fold increase in kat A expression with corresponding increase in catalase activity of 1.828 U compared to untreated cells which was 1.248 U,(P<0.05). More profoundly, ahp C expression was increased 61-fold in extract-treated cells,(P<0.05) with corresponding increase in Ahp C activity of 0.018 U compared to untreated cells, 0.012U,(P<0.05). Extract-treated cells had significantly lower intra-and extracellular O_2-levels with absorbance readings(A_(575nm)) of 0.340 and 0.524 compared to untreated cells which were 0.516 and 0.928(P<0.05), respectively. Conclusions: Taken together these results suggest that the low MIC of A. paniculatamethanolic leaves extract(0.06 mg/m L) reduce H_2O_2 toxicity and more importantly, was in itself effectively inhibitory against S. aureus. Further, our observations suggest that a probable mode of its inhibitory mechanism against S. aureus is by reducing total SOD activity through downregulation of sod A and sod M expressions.

Studies on antioxidative activities of methanol extract from Murraya paniculata

Murraya paniculata(L.),a well-known medical plant,has widely been used to treat inflammation,stomach ache,internal and external injuries,and for other purposes.In this study,we determined the reducing,lipid peroxidation inhibition,1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil radical(DPPH•)scavenging,superoxide anion radical(O2−•)scavenging,hydroxyl radical(HO•)scavenging and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)scavenging activities of the methanolic extract of M.paniculata(MPE)by UV–vis spectrophotometer.The results showed that M.paniculata was rich in flavonoids(375 mg RE/g of extract).Reducing,lipid peroxidation inhibition and HO•scavenging activities of the extract were 0.26 mg/mL,0.023 mg/mL and 0.302 mg/mL,respectively,these activities were significantly higher than those of trolox.Other antioxidative behavior indicators,i.e.,DPPH•scavenging,O2−•scavenging and H2O2 scavenging activities of MPE were 0.93 mg/mL,0.581 mg/mL and 0.47 mg/mL,respectively,and were comparable to those exhibited by trolox.These results indicate that the methanolic extract of M.paniculata exhibited strong antioxidative and radical scavenging activities.