The Middle East and North Africa(MENA) region has endured several major events of infection parenteral transmission. Recent work has established the utility of using hepatitis C virus(HCV) as a proxy biomarker for ass...The Middle East and North Africa(MENA) region has endured several major events of infection parenteral transmission. Recent work has established the utility of using hepatitis C virus(HCV) as a proxy biomarker for assessing the epidemic potential for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) parenteral transmission. In this review, we use data on the prevalence of HCV infection antibody(seroprevalence) among general population and high risk population groups to assess the potential for HIV parenteral transmission in MENA. Relatively low prevalence of HCV infection in the general population groups was reported in most MENA countries indicating that parenteral HIV transmission at endemic levels does not appear to be a cause for concern. Nonetheless, there could be opportunities for localized HIV outbreaks and transmission of other blood-borne infections in some settings such as healthcare facilities. Though there have been steady improvements in safety measures related to parenteral modes of transmission in the region, these improvements have not been uniform across all countries. More precautions, including infection control training programs, surveillance systems for nosocomial infections and wider coverage and evaluation of hepatitis B virus immunization programs need to be implemented to avoid the unnecessary spread of HIV, HCV, and other blood-borne pathogens along the parenteral modes of transmission.展开更多
The effects of exposure to UV-B radiation, 280-315 nm, and dark or dark repair conditions on the early development of Chondrus ocellatus Holm collected from Qingdao coast were studied under the laboratory condition. A...The effects of exposure to UV-B radiation, 280-315 nm, and dark or dark repair conditions on the early development of Chondrus ocellatus Holm collected from Qingdao coast were studied under the laboratory condition. After being exposed to different doses [0, 36, 72, 108, 144 and 180 J/（m2.d）] of UV-B radiation, one treatment of tetraspores were put back to normal culture condition （PAR）, the other treatment were put into dark condition to repair for 2 h. During the cultivation, the diameter of the tetraspores were recorded every 4 d till the 50th day when vertical branches formed in all treatments. Then at the 50th day, CPDs, phycoerythrin, chlorophyll a and MAAs （Palythine and asterina-330） were measured. The results showed that low doses UV-B radiation could significantly accelerate the growth rate of the rate reduced gradually with UV-B radiation keep on tetraspores of C. ocellatus and the growth increasing. The variation trend of both the phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a concentration reduced significantly （P 〈0.05） once given the UV- B radiation. Under UV-B stress, the CPDs were induced, and the concentrations of CPDs were significant low in dark repair groups. The data of MAAs analyzed by LC/MS in the tetraspores of C. ocellatus suggested that there were two MAAs formed （palythine and asterina-330） after UV-B radiation induced, and low dose of UV-B irradiation could significantly induced the concentration of MAAs. From the growth and development state of the tetraspores, negative effects of UV-B radiation on the dark repair groups were more serious than PAR.展开更多
Objective To review the update research progress about the treatment of diabetic macular edema and to give helpful guidelines in the treatment of diabetic macular edema based on available evidence to date. Data source...Objective To review the update research progress about the treatment of diabetic macular edema and to give helpful guidelines in the treatment of diabetic macular edema based on available evidence to date. Data sources A literature search of all English articles was performed on the online electronic PubMed database dated 1984 to 2009. The keywords searched included： macular edema, therapy, laser coagulation, intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, protein kinase C inhibitor and Pars plana vitrectomy. After finding relevant articles within these search limits, a manual search was conducted through the references from these articles. Study selection Original articles and critical reviews were reviewed and selected to address the stated purpose. Results To date, demonstrated means to reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic macular edema include focal/grid laser photocoagulation and improved metabolic control. Emerging pharmacologic therapies （intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors and protein kinase C beta-isoform inhibitors） and Pars plana vitrectomy have shown early promise in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Conclusions As there has been extensive development in multiple treatments of diabetic macular edema, choice of the most suitable treatment for specific patients becomes important. Combination therapy of laser, pharmacological and surqical treatment modalities mav offer an alternative to treatment of diabetic macular edema.展开更多
基金Supported by NPRP grant from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation), No. NPRP 04-924-3-251the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Biomathematics Research Core at the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar
文摘The Middle East and North Africa(MENA) region has endured several major events of infection parenteral transmission. Recent work has established the utility of using hepatitis C virus(HCV) as a proxy biomarker for assessing the epidemic potential for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) parenteral transmission. In this review, we use data on the prevalence of HCV infection antibody(seroprevalence) among general population and high risk population groups to assess the potential for HIV parenteral transmission in MENA. Relatively low prevalence of HCV infection in the general population groups was reported in most MENA countries indicating that parenteral HIV transmission at endemic levels does not appear to be a cause for concern. Nonetheless, there could be opportunities for localized HIV outbreaks and transmission of other blood-borne infections in some settings such as healthcare facilities. Though there have been steady improvements in safety measures related to parenteral modes of transmission in the region, these improvements have not been uniform across all countries. More precautions, including infection control training programs, surveillance systems for nosocomial infections and wider coverage and evaluation of hepatitis B virus immunization programs need to be implemented to avoid the unnecessary spread of HIV, HCV, and other blood-borne pathogens along the parenteral modes of transmission.
文摘The effects of exposure to UV-B radiation, 280-315 nm, and dark or dark repair conditions on the early development of Chondrus ocellatus Holm collected from Qingdao coast were studied under the laboratory condition. After being exposed to different doses [0, 36, 72, 108, 144 and 180 J/（m2.d）] of UV-B radiation, one treatment of tetraspores were put back to normal culture condition （PAR）, the other treatment were put into dark condition to repair for 2 h. During the cultivation, the diameter of the tetraspores were recorded every 4 d till the 50th day when vertical branches formed in all treatments. Then at the 50th day, CPDs, phycoerythrin, chlorophyll a and MAAs （Palythine and asterina-330） were measured. The results showed that low doses UV-B radiation could significantly accelerate the growth rate of the rate reduced gradually with UV-B radiation keep on tetraspores of C. ocellatus and the growth increasing. The variation trend of both the phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a concentration reduced significantly （P 〈0.05） once given the UV- B radiation. Under UV-B stress, the CPDs were induced, and the concentrations of CPDs were significant low in dark repair groups. The data of MAAs analyzed by LC/MS in the tetraspores of C. ocellatus suggested that there were two MAAs formed （palythine and asterina-330） after UV-B radiation induced, and low dose of UV-B irradiation could significantly induced the concentration of MAAs. From the growth and development state of the tetraspores, negative effects of UV-B radiation on the dark repair groups were more serious than PAR.
文摘Objective To review the update research progress about the treatment of diabetic macular edema and to give helpful guidelines in the treatment of diabetic macular edema based on available evidence to date. Data sources A literature search of all English articles was performed on the online electronic PubMed database dated 1984 to 2009. The keywords searched included： macular edema, therapy, laser coagulation, intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, protein kinase C inhibitor and Pars plana vitrectomy. After finding relevant articles within these search limits, a manual search was conducted through the references from these articles. Study selection Original articles and critical reviews were reviewed and selected to address the stated purpose. Results To date, demonstrated means to reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic macular edema include focal/grid laser photocoagulation and improved metabolic control. Emerging pharmacologic therapies （intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors and protein kinase C beta-isoform inhibitors） and Pars plana vitrectomy have shown early promise in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Conclusions As there has been extensive development in multiple treatments of diabetic macular edema, choice of the most suitable treatment for specific patients becomes important. Combination therapy of laser, pharmacological and surqical treatment modalities mav offer an alternative to treatment of diabetic macular edema.
